Skin care of the diaper area

Pediatric Dermatology

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 427-433

  Adam, Ralf ^a  

^a PROCTER AND GAMBLE COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUFFER; SOAP;

ANATOMY; CHILD CARE; CLEANING; CREAM; DIAPER; DIAPER DERMATITIS; HUMAN; HYDRATION; LOTION; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROFLORA; OINTMENT; PH; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN CARE; WATER LOSS;

DIAPER RASH; DIAPERS, INFANT; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT CARE; INFANT, NEWBORN; SKIN; SKIN CARE; SKIN PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA;

EID: 49349100428     PISSN: 07368046     EISSN: 15251470     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00725.x     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Holbrook KA, Sybert VP. Basic science. In : Schachner L, Hansen R, eds. Pediatric dermatology, 2nd ed. New York : Churchill Livingston, 1995 : 1 70.
2. Pickens WL, Warner RR, Boissy YL et al. Characterization of vernix caseosa: water content, morphology, and elemental analysis. J Invest Dermatol 2000 115 : 875 881.
3. Visscher MO, Chatterjee R, Munson KA et al. Changes in diapered and nondiapered infant skin over the first month of life. Pediatr Dermatol 2000 17 : 45 51.
4. Kalia YN, Nonato LB, Lund CH et al. Development of skin barrier function in premature infants. J Invest Dermatol 1998 111 : 320 326.
5. Kalia YN, Alberti I, Sekkat N et al. Normalization of stratum corneum barrier function and transepidermal water loss in vivo. Pharm Res 2000 17 : 1148 1150.
6. Renwick AG, Dorne JL, Walton K. An analysis of the need for an additional uncertainty factor for infants and children. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2000 31 : 286 296.
7. The Scientific Committee on Cosmetic products and Non-Food Products (SCCNFP) Intended for Consumers. Position Statement on the calculation of the margin of safety of ingredients incorporated in cosmetics, which may be applied to the skin of children. SCCNFP/0557/02, final, 2002.
8. Chiou YB, Blume-Peytavi U. Stratum corneum maturation. A review of neonatal skin function. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2004 17 : 57 66.
9. Hoeger PH, Enzmann CC. Skin physiology of the neonate and young infant: a prospective study of functional skin parameters during early infancy. Pediatr Dermatol 2002 19 : 256 262.
10. Hoath SB, Maibach HI. Neonatal skin - structure and function. New York : Marcel Dekker, 2003.
11. Pinnagoda J, Tupker RA, Agner T et al. Guidelines for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1990 22 : 164 178.
12. Odio MR, O'Connor RJ, Sarbaugh F et al. Continuous topical administration of a petrolatum formulation by a novel disposable diaper. 2. Effect on skin condition. Dermatology 2000 200 : 238 243.
13. Baldwin S, Odio MR, Haines SL et al. Skin benefits from continuous topical administration of a zinc oxide/petrolatum formulation by a novel disposable diaper. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001 15 (Suppl. 1 5 11.
14. Grove GL, Lemmen JT, Garafalo M et al. Assessment of skin hydration caused by diapers and incontinence articles. Curr Probl Dermatol 1998 26 : 183 195.
15. Giusti F, Martella A, Bertoni L et al. Skin barrier, hydration, and pH of the skin of infants under 2 years of age. Pediatr Dermatol 2001 18 : 93 96.
16. Yosipovitch G, Maayan-Metzger A, Merlob P et al. Skin barrier properties in different body areas in neonates. Pediatrics 2000 106 : 105 108.
17. Visscher MO, Chatterjee R, Ebel JP et al. Biomedical assessment and instrumental evaluation of healthy infant skin. Pediatr Dermatol 2002 19 : 473 481.
18. Van R, Wun CC, Morrow AL et al. The effect of diaper type and overclothing on fecal contamination in day-care centers. JAMA 1991 265 : 1840 1844. Erratum in JAMA 1991;265:2810.
19. Bartlett AV, Hurtado E, Schroeder DG et al. Association of indicators of hygiene behaviour with persistent diarrhea of young children. Acta Pediatr Suppl 1992 381 : 66 71.
20. Akin F, Spraker M, Aly R et al. Effects of breathable disposable diapers: reduced prevalence of Candida and common diaper dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol 2001 18 : 282 290.
21. Korting HC, Braun-Falco O. The effect of detergents on skin pH and its consequences. Clin Dermatol 1996 14 : 23 27.
22. Fluhr JW, Elias PM. Stratum corneum pH: formation and function of the "acid mantle." Exog Dermatol 2002 1 : 163 175.
23. Rippke F, Schreiner V, Schwanitz HJ. The acidic milieu of the horny layer: new findings on the physiology and pathophysiology of skin pH. Am J Clin Dermatol 2002 3 : 261 272.
24. Visscher MO, Narendran V, Pickens WL et al. Vernix caseosa in neonatal adaptation. J Perinatol 2005 25 : 440 446.
25. Proksch E, Jensen JM, Elias PM. Skin lipids and epidermal differentiation in atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol 2003 21 : 134 144.
26. Henderson CA, Taylor J, Cunliffe WJ. Sebum excretion rates in mothers and neonates. Br J Dermatol 2000 142 : 110 111.
27. Fluhr JW, Kao J, Jain M et al. Generation of free fatty acids from phospholipids regulates stratum corneum acidification and integrity. J Invest Dermatol 2001 117 : 44 51.
28. Behne MJ, Meyer JW, Hanson KM et al. NHE1 regulates the stratum corneum permeability barrier homeostasis. Microenvironment acidification assessed with fluorescence lifetime imaging. J Biol Chem 2002 277 : 47399 47406.
29. Krien PM, Kermici M. Evidence for the existence of a self-regulated enzymatic process within the human stratum corneum - an unexpected role for urocanic acid. J Invest Dermatol 2000 115 : 414 420.
30. Hanson KM, Behne MJ, Barry NP et al. Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging of the skin stratum corneum pH gradient. Biophys J 2002 83 : 1682 1690.
31. Behne MJ, Barry NP, Hanson KM et al. Neonatal development of the stratum corneum pH gradient: localization and mechanisms leading to emergence of optimal barrier function. J Invest Dermatol 2003 120 : 998 1006.
32. Bouwstra JA, Gooris GS, Cheng K et al. Phase behaviour of isolated skin lipids. J Lipid Res 1996 37 : 999 1011.
33. Gelmetti C. Skin cleansing in children. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001 15 (Suppl. 1 12 15.
34. Hachem JP, Crumrine D, Fluhr J et al. pH directly regulates epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis, and stratum corneum integrity/cohesion. J Invest Dermatol 2003 121 : 345 353.
35. Atherton DJ. A review of the pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of irritant diaper dermatitis. Curr Med Res Opin 2004 20 : 645 649.
36. Berg RW. Etiology and pathophysiology of diaper dermatitis. Adv Dermatol 1988 3 : 75 98.
37. Andersen PH, Bucher AP, Saeed I et al. Faecal enzymes: in vivo human skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis 1994 30 : 152 158.
38. Gfatter R, Hackl P, Braun F. Effects of soap and detergents on skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration and fat content in infants. Dermatology 1997 195 : 258 262.
39. Tsai TF, Maibach HI. How irritant is water? An overview. Contact Dermatitis 1999 41 : 311 314.
40. Bornkessel A, Flach M, Arens-Corell M et al. Functional assessment of a washing emulsion for sensitive skin: mild impairment of stratum corneum hydration, pH, barrier function, lipid content, integrity and cohesion in a controlled washing test. Skin Res Technol 2005 11 : 53 60.
41. Ehretsmann C, Schaefer P, Adam R. Cutaneous tolerance of infant wipes by infants with atopic dermatitis, and comparison of the mildness of infant wipe and water in infant skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001 15 (Suppl. 1 16 21.
42. Odio M, Streicher-Scott J, Hansen RC. Disposable infant wipes: efficacy and skin mildness. Dermatol Nurs 2001 13 : 107 112, 117-118, 121.
43. Barel AO, Lambrecht R, Clarys P et al. A comparative study of the effects on the skin of a classical bar soap and a syndet cleansing bar in normal use conditions and in the soap chamber test. Skin Res Technol 2001 7 : 98 104.
44. Bechor R, Zlotogorski A, Dikstein S. Effect of soaps and detergents on the pH and casual lipid levels of the skin surface. J Appl Cosmetol 1988 6 : 123 128.
45. Fluhr JW, Mao-Qiang M, Brown BE et al. Functional consequences of a neutral pH in neonatal rat stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 2004 123 : 140 151.
46. Ertel KD. Bathing the term newborn: personal cleanser considerations. In : Hoath SB, Maibach HI, eds. Neonatal skin - structure and function, 2nd ed. New York : Marcel Dekker, 2003 : 211 238.
47. DiNardo A, Sugino K, Wertz P et al. Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) induced irritant contact dermatitis: a correlation study between ceramides and in vivo parameters of irritation. Contact Dermatitis 1996 35 : 86 91.
48. Rawlings AV, Harding CR. Moisturization and skin barrier function. Dermatol Ther 2004 17 (Suppl. 1 43 48.
49. De Paepe K, Hachem JP, Vanpee E et al. Effect of rice starch as a bath additive on the barrier function of healthy but SLS-damaged skin and skin of atopic patients. Acta Derm Venereol 2002 82 : 184 186.
50. Rawlings AV, Matts PJ. Stratum corneum moisturization at the molecular level: an update in relation to the dry skin cycle. J Invest Dermatol 2005 124 : 1099 1110.
51. Madison KC. Barrier function of the skin: "la raison d'etre" of the epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2003 121 : 231 241.