Extratropical stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange associated with isentropic mixing: A 1992-2005 climatology derived from advection-diffusion calculations

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 112, Issue 24, 2007, Pages

  Nakamura, Noboru ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVECTION; CALCULATIONS; CLIMATOLOGY; DIFFUSION; TROPOSPHERE; UPPER ATMOSPHERE; VORTICITY; WIND;

ADVECTION-DIFFUSION EQUATION; CLIMATOLOGY; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; SEASONAL VARIATION; SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE; STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE INTERACTION; TROPOPAUSE;

EID: 49249137971     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2006JD008382     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Allen, D. R., and N. Nakamura (2001), A seasonal climatology of effective diffusivity in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D8), 7917-7936.
2. Allen, D. R., and N. Nakamura (2003), Tracer equivalent latitude: a diagnostic tool for isentropic transport studies, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 287-304.
3. Andrews, D. G., J. R. Holton, and C. B. Leovy (1987), Middle Atmosphere Dynamics, 489 pp., Elsevier, New York.
4. Appenzeller, C., and H. C. Davies (1992), Structure of stratospheric intrusions into the troposphere, Nature, 358, 570-572.
5. Appenzeller, C., H. C. Davies, and W. A. Norton (1996a), Fragmentation of stratospheric intrusions, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1435-1456.
6. Appenzeller, C., J. R. Holton, and K. H. Rosenlof (1996b), Seasonal variation of mass transport across the tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D10), 15,071-15,078.
7. Bimer, T. (2006), Fine-scale structure of the extratropical tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D04104, doi:10.1029/2005JD006301.
8. Chen, P. (1995), Isentropic cross-tropopause mass exchange in the extratropics, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16,661-16,673.
9. Danielsen, E. F. (1968), Stratospheric-tropospheric exchange based on radioactivity, ozone, and potential vorticity, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 502-518.
10. Dethof, A., A. O'Neill, and J. Slingo (2000), Quantification of e isentropic mass transport across the dynamical tropopause, J. Geop. Res., 105(D10), 12,279-12,293.
11. Durran, D. R. (1991), The 3rd-order Adams-Bashforth method - An attractive alternative to leapfrog time differencing, Mon. Weather Rev., 199(3), 702-720.
12. Edmon, H. J., B. J. Hoskins, and M. E. McIntyre (1980), Eliassen-Palin cross sections for the troposphere, J Atmos. Sci., 37, 2600-2616.
13. Gettleman, A., and A. H. Sobel (2000), Direct diagnoses of stratospheretroposphere exchange, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3-16.
14. Hall, T. M., and M. Holzer (2003), Advective-diflusive mass flux and implications for stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(5), 1222, doi:10.1029/2002GL016419.
15. Haynes, P., and E. Shuckburgh (2000), Effective diffusivity as a diagnostic of atmospheric transport: 2. Troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22,795-22,810.
16. Haynes, P. H., C. J. Marks, M. E. McIntyre, T. G. Shepherd, and K. P. Shine (1991), On the downward control of extratropical diabatic circulations by eddy-induced mean zonal forces, J. Atmos. Sci., 48(4), 651-679.
17. Held, I. M., and B. J. Hoskins (1985), Large-scale eddies and the general circulation of the troposphere, in Advances in Geophysics, vol. 28A, pp. 3-31, Elsevier, New York.
18. Holton, J. R. (1990), On the global exchange of mass between the stratosphere and troposphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 392-395.
19. Holton, J. R., P. H. Haynes, M. E. McIntyre, A. R. Douglass, R. B. Rood, and L. Pfister (1995), Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys, 33(4), 403-439.
20. Hoskins, B. J. (1991), Towards a PV-theta view of the general circulation, Tellus, Ser. AB, 43, 27-35.
21. James, P., A. Stohl, C. Forster, S. Eckhardt, P. Seibert, and A. Frank (2003), A 15-year climatology of stratosphere-troposphere exchange with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model 2. Mean climate and seasonal variability, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8522, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD002639.
22. Lelieveld, J., B. Bregman, F. Arnold, V. Burger, P. J. Crutzen, H. Fischer, A. Waibel, P. Siegmund, and P. F. J. vanVelthoven (1997), Chemical perturbation of the lowermost stratosphere through exchange with the troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(5), 603-606.
23. Marshall, J., E. Shuckburgh, H. Jones, and C. Hill (2006), Estimates and implications of surface eddy diffusivity in the Southern Ocean derived from tracer transport, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36(9), 1806-1821.
24. Nakamura, N. (1995), Modified Lagrangian-mean diagnostics of the stratospheric polar vortices. 1. Formulation and analysis of GFDL SKYHI GCM, J. Atmos. Sci., 52(11), 2096-2108.
25. Nakamura, N. (2004), Quantifying asymmetric wave breaking and two-way transport, J. Atmos. Sci., 61(22), 2735-2748.
26. Olsen, M. A., M. R. Schoeberl, and A. R. Douglass (2004), Stratospheretroposphere exchange of mass and ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24114, doi:10.1029/2004JD005186.
27. Pierrehumbert, R. T. (1994), Tracer microstructure in the large-eddy dominated regime, Chaos Solitons Fractals, 4, 1091-1110.
28. Ray, E. A., F. L. Moore, J. W. Elkins, G. S. Dutton, D. W. Fahey, H. Vomel, S. J. Oltmans, and K. H. Rosenlof (1999), Transport into the Northern Hemisphere lowermost stratosphere revealed by in situ tracer measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D21), 26,565-26,580.
29. Reed R. J. (1955), A study of a characteristic type of upper frontogenesis, J. Meteorol., 12, 226-237.
30. Schoeberl, M. R. (2004), Extratropical stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D13303, doi:10.1029/2004JD004525.
31. Seo, K. H., and K. P. Bowman (2001), A climatology of isentropic crosstropopause exchange, J Geophys. Res., 106(D22), 28,159-28,172.
32. Shapiro, M. A. (1980), Turbulent mixing within tropopause folds as a mechanism for the exchange of chemical constituents between the stratosphere and troposphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 994-1004.
33. Siegmund, P. C., P. F. J. van Velthoven, and H. Kelder (1996), Cross-tropopause transport in the extratropical northern winter hemisphere, diagnosed from high-resolution ECMWF data, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122(536), 1921-1941.
34. Sobel, A. H., R. A. Plumb, and D. W. Waugh (1997), Methods of calculating transport across the polar vortex edge, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2241-2260.
35. Sprenger, M., and H. Wemli (2003a), A northern hemispheric climatology of cross-tropopause exchange for the ERA15 time period (1979-1993), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8521, doi:10.1029/2002JD002636.
36. Sprenger, M., M. Croci Maspoli, and H. Wernli (2003b), Tropopause folds and cross-tropopause exchange: A global investigation based upon ECMWF analyses for the time period March 2000 to February 2001, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8518, doi:10.1029/2002JD002587.
37. Stohl, A. (2001), A 1-year Lagrangian "climatology" of airstreams in the Northern Hemisphere troposphere and lowermost stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D7), 7263-7279.
38. Stohl, A., et al. (2003a), Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8516, doi:10.1029/2002JD002490.
39. Stohl, A., H. Wernli, P. James, M. Bourqui, C. Forster, M. A. Liniger, P. Seibert, and M. Sprenger (2003b), A new perspective of stratospheretroposphere exchange, Bull. Am. Meteorol., 84(11), 1565-1573.
40. Swinbank, R., and A. O'Neill (1994), A stratosphere troposphere data assimilation system, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 686-702.
41. Vaughan, G., and C. Timmis (1998), Transport of near-tropopause air into the lower midlatitude stratosphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124(549), 1559-1578.
42. Wemli, H., and M. Bourqui (2002), A Lagrangian "1-year climatology" of (deep) cross-tropopause exchange in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D2), 4021, doi:10.1029/2001JD000812.