Re-enclosure of the urban picturesque: Green-space transformations in postmodern urbanism

Town Planning Review

Volumn 79, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 31-59

  Hebbert, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; GREENSPACE; LANDSCAPE; MODERNIZATION; PLANNING THEORY; REGULATORY FRAMEWORK; URBAN DESIGN; URBAN PLANNING; URBAN POLICY;

EID: 49149087124     PISSN: 00410020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3828/tpr.79.1.4     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. ABRAMS, R. (2003), 'Byker revisited', Built Environment, 29, 117-31.
2. AR (ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW) (1956), 'Subtopia' (December Special Issue).
3. AR (ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW) (1973), 'SLOAP - space left over after planning', Architectural Review, 920, 201-66.
4. BARBER, A. (2005), Green Future: A Study of the Management of Multi-functional Urban Green Spaces in England, Reading, Green-space Forum.
5. BARDET, G. (1949), Mission de l'Urbanisme, Paris, Les Edition Ouvrières.
6. BEATLEY, T. and MANNING, K. (1997), The Ecology of Place: Planning for Environment, Economy and Community, Washington, DC, Island Press.
7. BECKETT, K. P., FREER-SMITH, P. H. and TAYLOR, G. (1998), 'Urban woodlands: their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution', Environmental Pollution, 99, 347-60.
8. BEER, A., DELSHAMMAR, T. and SCHILDWACHT, P. (2003), 'A changing understanding of the role of green-space in high density housing', Built Environment, 29, 132-43.
9. BENNETT, A. (2004), 'Is there too much space?', Green Places, 13 April.
10. BLAKE, P. (1964), God's Own Junkyard: The Planned Deterioration of America's Landscape, New York, Holt Rinehart & Winston.
11. BLAKE, P. (1981), 'The Surgeon General has determined that urban open space is dangerous to your health', in Taylor (ed.), 11-12.
12. BONAMONI, L. (1990), Le Temps des Rues: vers un nouvel aménagement de l'éspace rue, Lausanne, IREC.
13. BRL (BALLYMUN REGENERATION LTD) (1998), Master Plan for the New Ballymun, Dublin, Ballymun Regeneration Ltd.
14. BRUIJNE, D., VON HOOGSTRATEN, D., KWEKKEBOOM, W. and LUIJTEN, A. (2003), Amsterdam Southeast: Central Area Southeast and Urban Renewal in the Bijlmermeer 1992-2010, Bossom, Thoth.
15. BURG, A. (ed.) (1997), Planwerk Innenstadt Berlin: ein erster Entwurf, Berlin, Kulturbuch-Verlag.
16. CABE (COMMISSION FOR ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT) (2004), Creating Successful Masterplans:A Guide for Clients, London, Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment.
17. CABE (COMMISSION FOR ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT) (2006), Making Contracts Work for Wildlife: How To Encourage Biodiversity in Urban Parks, London, Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment.
18. CHAC (CENTRAL HOUSING ADVISORY COMMITTEE) (1944), The Design of Dwellings: Report of the Central Housing Advisory Committee, London, HMSO.
19. CIRIA (CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND INFORMATION ASSOCIATION) (2000), Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems: Design Manual for England and Wales (CIRIA C522), London, Construction Industry Research and Information Association.
20. CAMPBELL, K. (2001), Rethinking Open Space: Open Space Provision and Management, A Way Forward, Edinburgh, Kit Campbell Associates for Scottish Executive Central Research Unit.
21. CARR, S. and LYNCH, K. (1981), 'Open space: freedom and control', in Taylor (ed.), 17-18.
22. CASSON, H. (1956), 'Outrageous postscript', Journal of the Town Planning Institute, 42, 187-91.
23. CLARK, P. (ed.) (2006), European City and Green-space, Aldershot, Ashgate.
24. COAFFEE, J. (2003), Terrorism, Risk and the City: The Making of a Contemporary Urban Landscape, Aldershot, Ashgate.
25. COHEN, J.-L. (1995), Scenes of the World to Come: European Architecture and the American Challenge 1893-1960, Paris, Flammarion.
26. COMEDIA and DEMOS (2002), Park Life: Urban Parks and Social Renewal, Stroud, Comedia.
27. CONWAY, H. (2000), 'Everyday landscapes: public parks from 1930 to 2000', Garden History, 28, 117-34.
28. CORONA, G. (2005), 'Sustainable Naples: the disappearance of nature as resource', in Schott et al. (eds), 97-112.
29. CROWE, S. (1960), The Landscape of Roads, London, Architectural Press.
30. DAILY, G. C. (ed.) (1997), Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, Washington, DC, Island Press.
31. DESFONTAINES, M. (2004), 'Un nouveau concept, la résidentialisation des HLM', La Gazette des Communes, 1735, 40.
32. DfT (DEPARTMENT FOR TRANSPORT) (2007), Manual for Streets, London, Department for Transport.
33. DIEFENDORF, J. (1993), In the Wake of War: The Reconstruction of German Cities after World War II, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
34. DOCTER, R. (2000), 'Postwar town planning in its midlife crisis', in T. Dekker (ed.), The Modern City Revisited, London, E & FN Spon, 197-213.
35. DOE (DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT) (1996), People Parks and Cities, London, Department of the Environment.
36. DRAMSTAD, W. R., OLSON, J. and FORMAN, R. (1996), Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land Use Planning, Washington, DC, Island Press.
37. DTLR (DEPARTMENT FOR TRANSPORT, LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND THE REGIONS) (2002), Improving Urban Parks, Play Areas and Open Spaces, London, Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions.
38. ECHENIQUE, M. and SAINT, A. (eds) (2001), Cities for the New Millennium, London, E & FN Spon.
39. ELLIOTT B. (2000), 'Historical revivalisms in the twentieth century: a brief introduction', Garden History, 28, 17-31.
40. ENGEL, B. (2006), 'Public spaces in the blue cities of Russia', Progress in Planning, 66, 147-239.
41. ENGELS, F. (1952), The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 (translated by Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky), London, George Allen & Unwin.
42. FAIRBROTHER, N. (1974), The Nature of Landscape Design, London, Architectural Press.
43. FORD, L. (2000), The Spaces Between Buildings, Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press.
44. FORMAN, R. (1995), Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions, New York, Cambridge University Press.
45. FORSHAW, J. H. (1943), Town Planning and Public Health (Chadwick Public Lecture), London, P. S. King and Staples.
46. FOX, C. (1995), 'The battle of the railings', Architectural Association Files, 29, 50-60.
47. GANDY, M. (2002), Concrete and Clay: Reworking Nature in New York, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
48. GIEDION, S. (1941), Space Time and Architecture: The Growth of a New Tradition, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
49. GILBERT, O. L. (1989), The Ecology of Urban Habitats, London, Chapman & Hall.
50. GORDON, D. and TAMMINGA, K. (2002), 'Large-scale traditional neighbourhood development and pre-emptive ecosystem planning: the Markham experience 1989-2001, Journal of Urban Design, 7, 321-40.
51. GUTKIND, E. A. (1962), The Twilight of Cities, New York, Free Press of Glencoe.
52. HAJER, M. (1997), The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
53. HAJER, M. and REIJNDORP, A. (2001), In Search of New Public Domain, Amsterdam, NAI Publishers.
54. HALPRIN, L. (1966), Freeways, New York, Reinhold Publishing.
55. HARRISON, S., PILE, S. and THRIFT, N. (eds) (2004), Patterned Ground, London, Reaktion Books.
56. HAYDEN, D. (1995), The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
57. HEBBERT, M. (1999), N city in good shape: town planning and public health', Town Planning Review, 70, 433-54.
58. HEBBERT M. (2003), 'New urbanism: the movement in context', Built Environment, 29, 193-209.
59. HEBBERT, M. (2005a), 'The street as locus of collective memory', Society & Space, 23, 581-96.
60. HEBBERT, M. (2005b), 'Engineering, urbanism and the struggle for street design', Journal of Urban Design, 10, 39-60.
61. HEBBERT M. (2006), 'Town planning versus Urbanismo', Planning Perspectives, 21, 233-52.
62. HEBBERT, M. (forthcoming), 'An everyday unity: the art of street architecture', in J.-E Lejeune and C. Bohl (eds), Modern Civic Art: Sitte Hegemann and the Metropolis, London, Routledge.
63. HIGSON, N. (1997), 'Landscape', in New Towns Record 1966-1996 (CD-ROM), Glasgow, The Planning Exchange.
64. HIRSCH, E. and O'HANLON, M. (1995), The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
65. HOC (HOUSE OF COMMONS) (1999), House of Commons Select Committee on the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions: Town and Country Parks, London, HMSO.
66. HOC (HOUSE OF COMMONS) (2002-03), House of Commons Select Committee on the Offise of the Deputy Prime Minister, Eleventh Report: Town and Country Parks, London, HMSO.
67. HOUGH, M. (1990), Out of Place: Restoring Identity to the Regional Landscape, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press.
68. HOUGH, M. (1994), Cities and Natural Process, London, Routledge.
69. HODNUT, W. H. (2004), 'Mayors' Forum: the unifying lens of green infrastructure', Urban Land Institute, available at experts.uli.org/ Content/ResFellows/Hudnut/UL.
70. JACOBS, A., MACDONALD, E. and ROVÉ, Y. (2002), The Boulevard Book: History, Evolution, Design of Multiway Boulevards, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
71. JACOBS, J. (1962), The Death and Life of Great American Cities, London, Jonathan Cape.
72. JACQUES, D. (2000), 'Modern needs, art and instincts: modernist landscape theory', Garden History, 28, 88-101.
73. JORGENSEN, A., HITCHMOUGH, J. and DUNNETT, N. (2007), 'Woodland as a setting for housing in Warrington New Town UK', Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 273-87.
74. KEEBLE, L. (1956), Principles and Practice of Town and Country Planning, London, Estates Gazette.
75. KONIJNENDIJK C. C., NILSSON, K., RANDRUP, T. B. and SCHIPPERIJN, J. (eds) (2005), Urban Forests and Trees, Berlin, Springer.
76. KOWARIK, I. and KÖRNER, S. (eds) (2005), Wild Urban Woodlands, New Perspectives for Urban Forestry, Heidelberg, Springer.
77. LATZ, P. (2000), 'Structuring the avant-garde landscape', Garden History, 28, 4-5.
78. LAURIE, I. (1979), Nature in Cities: The Natural Environment in the Design and Development of Urban Green-space, Chichester, Wiley
79. LEWIS, P., LOWETHAL, D. and TUAN, Y.-F. (1973), Visual Blight in America, Washington, DC, Association of American Geographers.
80. LUBOVE, R. (1967), The Urban Community: Housing and Planning in the Progressive Era, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall.
81. MCHARG, I. (1969), Design with Nature, New York, Natural History Press.
82. MANTHORPE, W. (1956), 'The machinery of sprawl', Architectural Review, 120, 409-19.
83. MANTZIARAS, P. (2003), 'Rudolf Schwarz and the concept of Stadtlandschaft', Planning Perspectives, 18, 147-76.
84. MATLESS, D. (1998), Landscape and Englishness, London, Reaktion Books.
85. MELLER, H. (2005), 'Citizens in pursuit of nature: gardens, allotments and private space in European cities 1850-2000', in Schott et al. (eds), 80-96.
86. MERRIMAN, P. (2004), 'Freeways', in Harrison et al. (eds), 86-88.
87. MKP (MILTON KEYNES PARTNERSHIP) (2005), The New Plan for Milton Keynes: Environment and City Design, Milton Keynes, Milton Keynes Partnership.
88. MUMFORD, L. (1964), The Highway and the City, London, Secker and Warburg.
89. NECKAR, L. M. (1990), 'Christopher Tunnard's gardens in the modern landscape', Journal of Garden History, 10, 237-46.
90. NICHOLAS, R. (1945), City of Manchester Plan, Norwich and London, Jarrold & Sons.
91. NICHOLSON-LORD, D. (1987), The Greening of Cities, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
92. NICHOLSON-LORD, D. (2004), 'Crimes against nature', The Guardian, 26 July:
93. NOWAK, D. J. (2002), 'The effects of urban forests on the physical environment', in Randrup et al. (eds), 22-42.
94. NOWAK, D. J., KURODA, M. and CRANE, D. E. (2004), 'Tree mortality rates and tree population projections in Baltimore, Maryland, USA', Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 2, 139-47.
95. ODPM (OFFICE OF THE DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER) (2002), Planning Policy Guidance 17: Planning for Open Space, Sport and Recreation, London, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
96. PANERAI, P. (1999), 'Convictions et références', Projet Urbain, 18, 19-21.
97. PAULEIT, S. (ed.) (2003), 'Perspectives on urban green space in Europe', Built Environment, 29, 89-93.
98. PRIGGE, W. (1996), 'Layerings: architecture and landscape in the urban area of Frankfurt/Main', in K. Wachten (ed.), Change Without Growth? Sustainable Urban Development for the 21st Century, Braunschweig/ Weisbaden, Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, 98-105.
99. RABINOW, P. (1989), French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
100. RANDRUP, T. B. et al. (eds) (2002), Urban Forests and Trees, Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
101. RASMUSSEN, S. E. (1982), London: The Unique City, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
102. RAVETZ, A. (1995), The Place of Home: English Domestic Environments 1914-2000, London, E & FN Spon.
103. RCEP (ROYAL COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION) (2007), The Urban Environment, Norwich, HMSO.
104. REGISTER, R. (2002), Ecocities: Building Cities in Balance with Nature, Berkeley, CA, Berkeley Hills Books.
105. ROHDE, C. L. E. and KENDLE, A. D. (1994), Human Wellbeing, Natural Landscape and Wildlife in Urban Areas (English Nature Science Report No. 22), London, English Nature.
106. RUDLIN, D. and FALK, N. (1999), Building the 21st Century Home: The Sustainable Urban Neighbourhood, London, Architectural Press.
107. SCHOTT, D., LUCKIN, B. and MASSARD-GUILBARD, G. (eds) (2005), Resources of the City: Contributions to an Environmental History of Modern Europe, Aldershot, Ashgate.
108. SG (SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT) (2007), Open Space and Physical Activity, Edinburgh, Scottish Government.
109. SITTE, c. (1900), 'Greenery in the city' in G. R. Collins and C. C. Collins (trans. and intro.), City Planning According to Artistic Principles, London, Phaidon Press, 303-21.
110. SNOW, W. B. (ed.) (1959), The Highway and the Landscape, New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press.
111. SOHN, E. (2003), 'Hans Bernhard Reichow and the concept of Stadtlandschaft in German planning', Planning Perspectives, 18, 119-46.
112. SPIRN, A. W. (1984), The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design, New York, Basic Books.
113. SWANWICK, C., DUNNET, N. and WOOLLEY, H. (2003), 'Nature role and value of green space in towns and cities: an overview', Built Environment, 29, 94-106.
114. SZCZYGIEL, B. and HEWITT, R. (2000), 'Nineteenth century medical landscapes: John H. Rauch, Frederick Law Olmsted and the search for salubrity', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 74, 708-34.
115. TAYLOR, E. (ed.) (1981), Urban Open Spaces, London, Academy Editions.
116. TCPA (TOWN & COUNTRY PLANNING ASSOCIATION) (2004), Biodiversity by Design: A Guide for Sustainable Communities, London, Town & Country Planning Association.
117. TJALLINGH, S. (2003), 'Green and red, enemies or allies? The Utrecht experience with green structure planning', Built Environment, 29, 107-16.
118. TRANCIK, R. (1986), Finding Lost Space, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold.
119. TUAN, V.-F. (1974), Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall.
120. TUAN, Y.-F. (1980), Landscapes of Fear, Oxford, Blackwell.
121. TUNNARD, C. (1938), Gardens in the Modern Landscape, London, Architectural Press.
122. TURNER, T. (1996), City as Landscape, London, E & FN Spon.
123. TURNER, T. (1998), Landscape Planning and Environmental Impact Design, London, UCL Press.
124. UGSTF (URBAN GREEN SPACES TASK FORCE) (2002), Green Spaces Better Places London, DTLR.
125. UTF (URBAN TASK FORCE) (1999), Towards an Urban Renaissance: Final Report of the Urban Task Force Chaired by Lord Rogers of Riverside, London, Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions.
126. WALKER, D. (2007), 'Milton Keynes at 40', Urban Design, 104, 14-16.
127. WDS (WOMEN'S DESIGN SERVICE) (2004), Making Safer Places: Interim Reports, available at www.wds.org.uk.
128. WEBSTER, C. (2007), 'Property rights, public space and urban design', Town Planning Review, 78, 81-102.
129. WHITE, I. and HOWE, J. (2005), 'Unpacking the barriers to sustainable urban drainage use', Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 7, 24-41.
130. WHITE, R. P. (1959), 'The functional uses of plants on the complete highway', in Snow (ed.), 182-92.
131. WOODFORD, G., WILLIAMS, K. and HILL, N. (1976), The Value of Standards for the External Residential Environment, London, Department of the Environment.
132. WOOLLEY, H. (2003), Urban Open Spaces, London, E & FN Spon.
133. WORPOLE, K. (2000), Here Comes The Sun: Architecture and Public Space in Twentieth Century European Culture, London, Reaktion Books.
134. WOUDSTRA, J. (2000), 'The Corbusian landscape: arcadia or no man's land?', Garden History, 28, 135-51.