Anniversary paper: Development of x-ray computed tomography: The role of Medical Physics and AAPM from the 1970s to present

Medical Physics

Volumn 35, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 3728-3739

  Pan, Xiaochuan ^a   Siewerdsen, Jeffrey ^b,c   La Riviere, Patrick J ^a   Kalender, Willi A ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Computed tomography; Tomosynthesis

Indexed keywords

BIOPHYSICS; MEDICAL IMAGING; MEDICAL PHYSICS; X RAYS;

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANNERS; TOMOSYNTHESIS; X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY;

COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY;

COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HEALTH PHYSICS; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLICATION; REVIEW; SPIRAL COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY;

EID: 48349110336     PISSN: 00942405     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1118/1.2952653     Document Type: Review

References (218)

1. P. F. Judy, S. Balter, D. Bassano, E. C. McCullough, J. T. Payne, and L. Rothenberg, AAPM Report No. 1: Phantoms for Performance Evaluation and Quality Assurance of CT Scanners (American Association of Physicists in Medicine, Chicago, 1977).
2. M. Siedband, AAPM Report No. 4: Basic Quality Control in Diagnostic Radiology (American Association of Physicists in Medicine, Chicago, 1978).
3. R. Y. L. Chu, J. Fisher, B. R. Archer, B. J. Conway, M. M. Goodsitt, S. Glaze, J. E. Gray, and K. J. Strauss, AAPM Report No. 31: Standardized Methods for Measuring Diagnostic X-Ray Wxposures (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1990).
4. L. K. Wagner, D. P. Fontenla, C. Kimme-Smith, L. N. Rothenberg, J. Shepard, and J. M. Boone, AAPM Report No. 35: Recommendations on Performance Characteristics of Diagnostic Exposure Meters (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1991); Printed also as: L. K. Wagner, D. P. Fontenla, C. Kimme-Smith, L. N. Rothenberg, J. Shepard, and J. M. Boone, " Recommendations on performance characteristics of diagnostic exposure meters: Report of AAPM Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging Task Group No. 6.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596904 19, 231-241 (1992).
5. P. -J. Lin, T. J. Beck, C. Borras, G. Cohen, R. A. Jucius, R. J. Kriz, E. L. Nickoloff, L. N. Rothenberg, K. J. Strauss, T. Villafana, R. K. Cacak, J. E. Gray, T. N. Hangartner, R. E. Hendrick, and R. P. Rossi, AAPM Report No. 39: Specification and Acceptance Testing of Computed Tomography Scanners (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1993).
6. G. J. Kutcher, L. Coia, M. Gillin, W. F. Hanson, S. Leibel, R. J. Morton, J. R. Palta, J. Purdy, L. E. Reinstein, G. K. Svensson, M. Weller, and L. Wingfield, " AAPM Report No. 46: Comprehensive QA for Radiation Oncology (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1994); Printed also as: G. J. Kutcher, L. Coia, M. Gillin, W. F. Hanson, S. Leibel, R. J. Morton, J. R. Palta, J. A. Purdy, L. E. Reinstein, G. K. Svensson, M. Weller, and L. Wingfield, " Comprehensive QA for radiation oncology: Report of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 40.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597316 21, 581-618 (1994).
7. J. R. Fisher, P. -J. P. Lin, P. Butler, B. J. Conway, F. Ranallo, R. Rossi, J. Sheppard, and K. Strauss, AAPM Report No. 60: Instrumentation Requirements of Diagnostic Radiological Physicists (Medical Physics, Madison, WI, 1998).
8. B. Fraass, K. Doppke, M. Hunt, G. Kutcher, G. Starkschall, R. Stern, and J. V. Dyke, " American Association of Physicists in Medicine Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 53: Quality assurance for clinical radiotherapy treatment planning.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598373 25, 1773-1829 (1998).
9. S. J. Shepard, AAPM Report No. 74: Quality Control in Diagnostic Radiology (Medical Physics, Madison, WI, 2002).
10. S. Mutic, J. R. Palta, E. K. Butker, I. J. Das, M. S. Huq, L. -N. D. Loo, B. J. Salter, C. H. McCollough, and J. V. Dyk, " Quality assurance for computed-tomography simulators and the computed-tomography-simulation process: Report of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Task Group No. 66.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1609271 30, 2762-2792 (2003).
11. A. J. Olch, R. W. Kline, G. S. Ibbott, J. R. Anderson, J. Deye, T. J. FitzGerald, D. Followill, M. T. Gillin, M. S. Huq, J. R. Palta, J. A. Purdy, and M. M. Urie, Quality Assurance for Clinical Trials: A Primer for Physicists (Medical Physics, Madison, WI, 2004).
12. P. J. Keall, G. S. Mageras, J. M. Balter, R. S. Emery, K. M. Forster, S. B. Jiang, J. M. Kapatoes, H. D. Kubo, D. A. Low, M. J. Murphy, B. R. Murray, C. R. Ramsey, M. B. van Herk, S. S. Vedam, J. W. Wong, and E. Yorke, The Management of Respiratory Motion in Radiation Oncology (American Association of Physicists in Medicine, College Park, MD, 2006).
13. M. J. Murphy, J. Balter, S. Balter, J. A. BenComo, I. J. Das, S. B. Jiang, C. -M. Ma, G. H. Olivera, R. F. Rodebaugh, K. J. Ruchala, H. Shirato, and F. -F. Yin, " The management of imaging dose during image-guided radiotherapy.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2775667 34, 4041-4063 (2007).
14. M. T. Madsen, J. A. Anderson, J. R. Halama, J. Kleck, D. J. Simpkin, J. R. Votaw, R. E. Wendt, L. E. Williams, and M. V. Yester, " AAPM Task Group 108: PET and PET/CT shielding requirements.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2135911 33, 4-15 (2006).
15. C. McCollough, AAPM Report 96: The Measurement, Reporting, and Management of Radiation Dose in CT (Medical Physics, Madison, WI, 2008).
16. E. C. McCullough, " Photon attenuation in computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594199 2, 307-320 (1975).
17. E. C. McCullough and J. T. Payne, " X-ray-transmission computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594381 4, 85-98 (1977).
18. M. Szulc and P. F. Judy, " Effect of x-ray source filtration on dose and image performance of CT scanners.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594609 6, 479-486 (1979).
19. M. R. Millner, W. H. Payne, R. G. Waggener, W. D. McDavid, M. J. Dennis, and V. J. Sank, " Determination of effective energies in CT calibration.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594488 5, 543-545 (1978).
20. J. A. Sorenson, " Technique for evaluating radiation beam and image slice parameters of CT scanners.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594554 6, 68-69 (1979).
21. S. C. Prasad, " Effects of focal spot intensity distribution and collimator width in reconstructive x-ray tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594570 6, 229-232 (1979).
22. S. R. Thomas, A. J. Schneider, J. G. Kereiakes, R. R. Lukin, A. A. Chambers, and T. A. Tomsick, " An evaluation of the performance characteristics of different types of collimators used with the EMI brain scanner (MKI) and their significance in specific clinical applications.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594419 5, 124-132 (1978).
23. P. F. Judy, " The line spread function and modulation transfer function of a computed tomographic scanner.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594283 3, 233-236 (1976).
24. C. J. Bischof and J. C. Ehrhardt, " Modulation transfer function of the EMI CT head scanner.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594305 4, 163-167 (1977).
25. R. A. Brooks and G. Di Chiro, " Statistical limitations in x-ray reconstructive tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594240 3, 237-240 (1976).
26. R. F. Wagner, D. G. Brown, and M. S. Pastel, " Application of information theory to the assessment of computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594559 6, 83-94 (1979).
27. K. M. Hanson, " Detectability in computed tomographic images.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594534 6, 441-451 (1979).
28. W. D. McDavid, R. G. Waggener, W. H. Payne, and M. J. Dennis, " Spectral effects on three-dimensional reconstruction from x rays.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594200 2, 321-324 (1975).
29. W. D. McDavid, R. G. Waggener, W. H. Payne, and M. J. Dennis, " Correction for spectral artifacts in cross-sectional reconstruction from x rays.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594302 4, 54-57 (1977).
30. P. K. Kijewski and B. E. Bjärngard, " Correction for beam hardening in computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594429 5, 209-214 (1978).
31. R. C. Chase and J. A. Stein, " An improved image algorithm for CT scanners.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594486 5, 497-499 (1978).
32. M. R. Millner, W. D. McDavid, R. G. Waggener, M. J. Dennis, W. H. Payne, and V. J. Sank, " Extraction of information from CT scans at different energies.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594555 6, 70-71 (1979).
33. F. Kelcz, P. M. Joseph, and S. K. Hilal, " Noise considerations in dual energy CT scanning.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594520 6, 418-425 (1979).
34. R. M. Lewitt, " Processing of incomplete measurement data in computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594519 6, 412-417 (1979).
35. G. Gross and E. C. McCullough, " Exposure values around an x-ray scanning transaxial tomograph (EMI scanner).," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594194 2, 282 (1975).
36. A. Suzuki and M. N. Suzuki, " Use of a pencil-shaped ionization chamber for measurement of exposure resulting from a computed tomography scan.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594445 5, 536-539 (1978).
37. S. K. Agarwal, E. J. Friesen, D. Bhaduri, and G. Courlas, " Dose distribution from a Delta-25 head scanner.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594632 6, 302-304 (1979).
38. P. R. Moran, W. H. Perman, and R. L. Brown, " Order-of-magnitude dose reduction for the EMI CT-5005.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594397 5, 67-68 (1978).
39. L. S. Edelheit, G. T. Herman, and A. V. Lakshminarayanan, " Reconstruction of objects from diverging x rays.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594370 4, 226-231 (1977).
40. W. H. Payne, R. G. Waggener, W. D. McDavid, and M. J. Dennis, " Treatment planning in cobalt-60 radiotherapy using computerized tomography techniques.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594393 5, 48-51 (1978).
41. R. Datta, S. Datta, W. D. McDavid, and R. G. Waggener, " Electron beam depth dose scaling by means of effective atomic number reconstructed from CT scans.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594644 6, 526-529 (1979).
42. J. E. Holden and W. R. Ip, " Continuous time-dependence in computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594458 5, 485-490 (1978).
43. S. C. Orphanoudakis and J. W. Strohbehn, " Mathematical model of conventional tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594239 3, 224-232 (1976).
44. S. C. Orphanoudakis, J. W. Strohbehn, and C. E. Metz, " Linearizing mechanisms in conventional tomographic imaging.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594400 5, 1-7 (1978).
45. G. Harding, U. Bertram, and H. Weiss, " Towards optimum blurring in spiral tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594432 5, 280-284 (1978).
46. G. N. Hounsfield, " Computed medical imaging.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594709 7, 283-290 (1980).
47. G. H. Glover and N. J. Pelc, " Nonlinear partial volume artifacts in x-ray computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594678 7, 238-248 (1980).
48. G. H. Glover and N. J. Pelc, " An algorithm for the reduction of metal clip artifacts in CT reconstructions.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595032 8, 799-807 (1981).
49. G. H. Glover, " Compton scatter effects in CT reconstructions., " Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595197 9, 860-867 (1982).
50. J. G. Verly, " X-ray computed tomography in the presence of arbitrary symmetrical focal spot intensity distributions.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594655 7, 27-34 (1980).
51. N. J. Schneiders, " Computer assisted MTF determination in CT.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594769 7, 76-78 (1980).
52. K. M. Hanson, " Detectability in computed tomographic images.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594534 6, 441-451 (1979).
53. P. F. Judy, R. G. Swensson, and M. Szulc, " Lesion detection and signal to noise ratio in CT images.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594903 8, 13-23 (1981).
54. A. J. Duerinckx and A. Macovski, " Information and artifact in computed tomography image statistics.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594771 7, 127-134 (1980).
55. D. L. Parker, J. L. Couch, K. R. Peschmann, V. Smith, M. Jimbo, and E. C. Wang, " Design constraints in computed tomography: A theoretical review.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595105 9, 531-539 (1982).
56. T. B. Shope, R. M. Gagne, and G. C. Johnson, " A method for describing the doses delivered by transmission x-ray computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594995 8, 488-495 (1981).
57. J. J. Spokas, " Dose descriptors for computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595072 9, 288-292 (1982).
58. M. M. Moore, R. K. Cacak, and W. R. Hendee, " Multisegmented ion chamber for CT scanner dosimetry.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595022 8, 640-645 (1981).
59. J. W. Beck, W. L. Dunn, and F. O'Foghludha, " Monte Carlo model for absorbed dose calculations in computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595306 10, 314-320 (1983).
60. J. W. Wong and R. M. Henkelman, " A new approach to CT pixel-based photon dose calculations in heterogeneous media.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595294 10, 199-208 (1983).
61. R. Y. L. Chu, AAPM Report No. 31: Standardized Methods for Measuring Siagnostic X-Ray Exposures (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1991).
62. D. J. Drost and A. Fenster, " Experimental dual xenon detectors for quantitative CT and spectral artifact correction.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594672 7, 101-107 (1980).
63. M. Edwards, J. Keller, G. Larsen, A. Rowberg, B. Sandler, and R. Whitaker, " A computed tomography radiation therapy treatment planning system utilizing a whole body CT scanner.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594944 8, 242-248 (1981).
64. R. G. Simpson, C. T. Chen, E. A. Grubbs, and W. Swindell, " A 4-MV CT scanner for radiation therapy: The prototype system.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595102 9, 574-579 (1982).
65. W. Swindell, " A 4-MV CT scanner for radiation therapy; spectral properties of the therapy beam.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595280 10, 347-351 (1983).
66. D. L. Parker, " Optimal short scan convolution reconstruction for fan beam CT.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595078 9, 254-257 (1982).
67. P. C. Johns and M. Yaffe, " Scattered radiation in fan beam imaging system.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595076 9, 231-239 (1982).
68. P. M. Joseph and R. D. Spital, " The effects of scatter in x-ray computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595111 9, 464-472 (1982).
69. T. N. Hangartner, " Correction of scatter in computed tomography images of bone.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596089 14, 335-340 (1987).
70. J. R. Vetter and J. E. Holden, " Correction for scattered radiation and other background signals in dual-energy computed tomography material thickness measurements.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596187 15, 726-731 (1988).
71. F. C. Wagner, A. Macovski, and D. G. Nishimura, " Dual-energy x-ray projection imaging: Two sampling schemes for the correction of scattered radiation.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596188 15, 732-748 (1988).
72. S. C. Moore, P. F. Judy, J. D. Garnic, G. X. Kambic, F. Bonk, G. Cochran, P. Margosian, W. McCroskey, and F. Foote, " Prospectively gated cardiac computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595420 10, 846-855 (1983).
73. S. C. Moore and P. F. Judy, " Cardiac computed tomography using redundant-ray prospective gating.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596134 14, 193-196 (1987).
74. R. L. Siddon, " Fast calculation of the exact radiological path for a three-dimensional CT array.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595715 12, 252-255 (1985).
75. M. Nassi and W. R. Brody, " Regional myocardial flow estimation using computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594875 8, 302-307 (1981).
76. K. J. Kearfott, H. C. Lu, D. A. Rottenberg, and M. D. F. Deck, " The effects of CT drift on xenon CT measurement of regional cerebral blood flow.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595552 11, 686-689 (1984).
77. D. F. Guthaner, M. Nassi, B. Bradley, E. B. Gould, C. H. Mai, and K. E. Schmidt, " Quantitative evaluation of left ventricular function using computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595692 12, 333-338 (1985).
78. W. Jaschke, R. G. Gould, P. A. Assimakopoulos, and M. J. Lipton, " Flow measurements with a high-speed computed tomography scanner.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596076 14, 238-243 (1987).
79. W. F. Good, D. Gur, H. Yonas, and J. M. Herron, " Errors in cerebral blood flow determinations by xenon-enhanced computed tomography due to estimation of arterial xenon concentrations.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596051 14, 377-381 (1987).
80. W. F. Good and D. Gur, " The effect of computed tomography noise and tissue heterogeneity on cerebral blood flow determination by xenon-enhanced computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596067 14, 557-561 (1987).
81. W. F. Good, D. Gur, J. M. Herron, and W. H. Kennedy, " The development of a xenon/computed tomography cerebral blood flow quality assurance phantom.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596014 14, 867-869 (1987).
82. W. A. Kalender, W. H. Perman, J. R. Vetter, and E. Klotz, " Evaluation of a prototype dual-energy computed tomographic apparatus. I. Phantom studies.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595958 13, 334-339 (1986).
83. J. R. Vetter, W. H. Perman, W. A. Kalender, R. B. Mazess, and J. E. Holden, " Evaluation of a prototype dual-energy computed tomographic apparatus. II. Determination of vertebral bone mineral content.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595951 13, 340-343 (1986).
84. D. D. Robertson, Jr. and H. K. Huang, " Quantitative bone measurements using x-ray computed tomography with second-order correction.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595971 13, 474-479 (1986).
85. T. Sandor, B. Weissman, and E. Brown, " Effect of intervertebral changes of the spinal trabecular and cortical mineral content on the precision requirements in longitudinal single and dual energy computed tomography examinations.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596417 16, 218-224 (1989).
86. B. G. Fallone, P. R. Moran, and E. B. Podgorsak, " Noninvasive thermometry with a clinical x-ray CT scanner.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595117 9, 715-721 (1982).
87. M. H. Buonocore, W. R. Brody, and A. Macovski, " Fast minimum variance estimator for limited angle CT image reconstruction.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.594838 8, 695-702 (1981).
88. U. E. Ruttimann, X. -L. Qi, and R. L. Webber, " An optimal synthetic aperture for circular tomosynthesis.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596348 16, 398-405 (1989).
89. J. Liu, D. Nishimura, and A. Macovski, " Vessel imaging using dual-energy tomosynthesis.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595998 14, 950-955 (1987).
90. R. A. Kruger, D. R. Reinecke, S. W. Smith, and R. Ning, " Reconstruction of blood vessels from x-ray subtraction projections: Limited angle geometry.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.595997 14, 940-949 (1987).
91. C. R. Crawford and K. F. King, " Computed tomography scanning with simultaneous patient translation.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596464 17, 967-982 (1990).
92. W. A. Kalender and A. Polacin, " Physical performance characteristics of spiral CT scanning.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596607 18, 910-915 (1991).
93. G. Wang and M. W. Vannier, " Helical CT image noise-analytical results.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596950 20, 1635-1640 (1993).
94. G. Wang and M. W. Vannier, " Spatial variation of section sensitivity profile in spiral computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597199 21, 1491-1497 (1994).
95. A. Polacin, W. A. Kalender, J. Brink, and M. A. Vannier, " Measurement of slice sensitivity profiles in spiral CT.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597251 21, 133-140 (1994).
96. J. Hsieh, " A general approach to the reconstruction of x-ray helical computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597706 23, 221-229 (1996).
97. J. Hsieh, " Nonstationary noise characteristics of the helical scan and its impact on image quality and artifacts.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598026 24, 1375-1384 (1997).
98. H. Hu, " Helical CT reconstruction with longitudinal filtration.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598409 25, 2130-2138 (1998).
99. S. Y. Yen, G. D. Rubin, and S. Napel, " Spatially varying longitudinal aliasing and resolution in spiral computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598801 26, 2617-2625 (1999).
100. X. Pan, " Optimal noise control in and fast reconstruction of fan-beam computed tomography image.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598574 26, 689-697 (1999).
101. W. Huda and J. V. Atherton, " Energy imparted in computed tomograpy.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597564 22, 1263-1269 (1995).
102. J. V. Atherton and W. Huda, " Energy imparted and effective doses in computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597667 23, 735-741 (1996).
103. W. A. Kalender, H. Wolf, and C. Suess, " Dose reduction in CT by anatomically adapted tube current modulation. II. Phantom measurements.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598738 26, 2248-2253 (1999).
104. M. F. McNitt-Gray, C. H. Cagnon, T. D. Solberg, and I. Chetty, " Radiation dose in spiral CT: The relative effects of collimation and pitch.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598532 26, 409-414 (1999).
105. Y. Liang and R. A. Kruger, " Dual-slice spiral versus single-slice spiral scanning: Comparison of the physical performance of two computed tomography scanners.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597705 23, 205-220 (1996).
106. K. Taguchi and H. Aradate, " Algorithm for image reconstruction in multi-slice helical CT.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598230 25, 550-561 (1998).
107. H. Hu, " Multi-slice helical CT: Scan and reconstruction.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598470 26, 5-18 (1999).
108. C. H. McCollough and F. E. Zink, " Performance evaluation of a multi-slice CT system.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598777 26, 2223-2230 (1999).
109. N. M. Corrigan, A. E. Chavez, E. R. Wisner, and J. M. Boone, " A multiple detector array helical x-ray microtomography system for specimen imaging.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598662 26, 1708 (1999).
110. H. N. Cardinal and A. Fenster, " An accurate method for direct dual-energy calibration and decomposition.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596512 17, 327-341 (1990).
111. M. M. Goodsitt and R. H. Johnson, " Precision in quantitative CT: Impact of x-ray dose and matrix size.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596820 19, 1025-1036 (1992).
112. J. C. M. Steenbeek, C. van Kuijk, J. L. Grashuis, and R. B. van Panthaleon van Eck, " Selection of fat-equivalent materials in postprocessing dual-energy quantitative CT.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596823 19, 1051-1056 (1992).
113. M. Kachelriess and W. A. Kalender, " Electrocardiogram-correlated image reconstruction from subsecond spiral computed tomography scans of the heart.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598453 25, 2417-2432 (1998).
114. G. J. Kemerink, H. H. Kruize, R. J. S. Lamers, and J. M. A. van Engelshoven, " Density resolution in quantitative computed tomography of foam and lung.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597757 23, 1697-1708 (1996).
115. E. P. Durand and P. Ruegsegger, " High-contrast resolution of CT images for bone structure analysis.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596847 19, 569-573 (1992).
116. P. F. Judy, R. G. Swensson, R. D. Nawfel, K. H. Chan, and S. E. Seltzer, " Contrast-detail curves for liver CT.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596791 19, 1167-1174 (1992).
117. A. Polacin, W. A. Kalender, and H. Eidloth, " Simulation study of cerebral blood flow measurements in xenon-CT: Evaluation of washin/washout procedures.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596738 18, 1025-1031 (1991).
118. C. Ling, C. C. Rogers, and R. J. Morton, Computed Tomography in Radiation therapy (Raven, New York, 1983).
119. W. Swindell, E. J. Morton, P. M. Evans, and D. G. Lewis, " The design of megavoltage projection imaging systems: Some theoretical aspects.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596735 18, 855-866 (1991).
120. M. A. Mosleh-Shirazi, W. Swindell, and P. M. Evans, " Optimization of the scintillation detector in a combined 3D megavoltage CT scanner and portal imager.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598377 25, 1880-1890 (1998).
121. D. A. Jaffray, J. J. Battista, A. Fenster, and P. Munro, " X-ray source of medical linear accelerators: Focal and extra-focal radiation.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597106 20, 1417-1427 (1993).
122. M. Takahashi, S. Yoshioka, H. Bussaka, Y. Higashida, M. Kamiya, and M. Tsuneoka, " Digital TV tomography: Description and physical assessment.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596466 17, 681-685 (1990).
123. T. Takahashi, M. Nakagawa, M. Yoshida, and H. Takeuchi, " Highly stable solid-state x-ray detector array.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596919 19, 1161-1166 (1992).
124. D. W. Holdsworth, M. Drangova, and A. Fenster, " A high-resolution XRII-based quantitative volume CT scanner.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597038 20, 449-462 (1993).
125. R. Fahrig and D. W. Holdsworth, " Three-dimensional computed tomographic reconstruction using a C-arm mounted XRII: image-based correction of gantry motion nonidealities.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598854 27, 30-38 (2000).
126. M. Salome, F. Peyrin, P. Cloetens, C. Odet, A. -M. Laval-Jeantet, J. Baruchel, and P. Spanne, " A synchrotron radiation microtomography system for the analysis of trabecular bone samples.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598736 26, 2194-2204 (1999).
127. N. Yagi, Y. Suzuki, K. Umetani, Y. Kohmura, and K. Yamasaki, " Refraction-enhanced x-ray imaging of mouse lung using synchrotron radiation source.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598735 26, 2190-2193 (1999).
128. Z. Kolitsi, G. Panayiotakis, V. Anastassopoulos, A. Scodras, and N. Pallikarakis, " A multiple projection method for digital tomosynthesis.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.596822 19, 1045-1050 (1992).
129. Z. Kolitsi, G. Panayiotakis, and N. Pallikarakis, " A method for selective removal of out-of-plane structures in digital tomosynthesis.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597060 20, 47-50 (1993).
130. C. J. Henri, D. L. Collins, and T. M. Peters, " Analysis of projection geometry for fiew-view reconstruction of sparse objects.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597117 20, 1537-1547 (1993).
131. C. J. Henri and T. M. Peters, " Three-dimensional reconstruction of vascular trees: Experimental evaluation.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597815 23, 617-627 (1996).
132. N. Robert, F. Peyrin, and M. J. Yaffe, " Binary vascular reconstruction from a limited number of cone beam projections.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597223 21, 1839-1851 (1994).
133. R. D. Zwicker and N. A. Atari, " Transverse tomosynthesis on a digital simulator.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598006 24, 867-871 (1997).
134. T. Flohr, K. Stierstorfer, H. Bruder, J. Simon, A. Polacin, and S. Schaller, " Image reconstruction and image quality evaluation for a 16-slice CT scanner.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1562168 30, 832-845 (2003).
135. S. Mori, M. Endo, T. Tsunoo, S. Kandatsu, and S. Tanada, " Physical performance evaluation of a 256-slice CT-scanner for four-dimensional imaging.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1747758 31, 1348-1356 (2004).
136. M. Endo, S. Mori, and T. Tsunoo, " Magnitude and effects of x-ray scatter in a 256-slice CT scanner.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2239366 33, 3359-3368 (2006).
137. T. G. Flohr, K. Stierstorfer, S. Ulzheimer, H. Bruder, A. N. Primak, and C. H. McCollough, " Image reconstruction and image quality evaluation for a 64-slice CT scanner with z -flying focal spot.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1949787 32, 2536-2547 (2005).
138. D. A. Jaffray and J. H. Siewerdsen, " Cone-beam computed tomography with a flat-panel imager: Initial performance characterization.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.599009 27, 1311-1323 (2000).
139. Y. El-Mohri, K. -W. Jee, L. E. Antonuk, M. Maolinbay, and Q. Zhao, " Determination of the detective quantum efficiency of a prototype, megavoltage indirect detection, active matrix flat-panel imager.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1413516 28, 2538-2550 (2001).
140. B. A. Groh, J. H. Siewerdsen, D. G. Drake, J. W. Wong, and D. A. Jaffray, " A performance comparison of flat-panel imager-based MV and kV cone-beam CT.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1477234 29, 967-975 (2002).
141. R. Fahrig and D. W. Holdsworth, " Three-dimensional computed tomographic reconstruction using a C-arm mounted XRII: Image-based correction of gantry motion nonidealities.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598854 27, 30-38 (2000).
142. J. H. Siewerdsen, D. J. Moseley, S. Burch, S. K. Bisland, A. Bogaards, B. C. Wilson, and D. A. Jaffray, " Volume CT with a flat-panel detector on a mobile, isocentric C-arm: Pre-clinical investigation in guidance of minimally invasive surgery.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1836331 32, 241-254 (2005).
143. J. J. Sonke, L. Zijp, P. Remeijer, and M. Van Herk, " Respiratory correlated cone beam CT.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1869074 32, 1176-1186 (2005).
144. M. B. Sharpe, D. J. Moseley, T. G. Purdie, M. Islam, J. H. Siewerdsen, and D. A. Jaffray, " The stability of mechanical calibration for a kV cone beam computed tomography system integrated with linear accelerator.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2143141 33, 136-144 (2006).
145. S. Yoo, G. Y. Kim, R. Hammoud, E. Elder, T. Pawlicki, H. Guan, T. Fox, G. Luxton, F. F. Yin, and P. Munro, " A quality assurance program for the on-board imagers.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2362872 33, 4431-4447 (2006).
146. J. H. Siewerdsen, D. J. Moseley, S. Burch, S. K. Bisland, A. Bogaards, B. C. Wilson, and D. A. Jaffray, " Volume CT with a flat-panel detector on a mobile, isocentric C-arm: Pre-clinical investigation in guidance of minimally invasive surgery.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1836331 32, 241-254 (2005).
147. M. J. Daly, J. H. Siewerdsen, D. J. Moseley, D. A. Jaffray, and J. C. Irish, " Intraoperative cone-beam CT for guidance of head and neck surgery: Assessment of dose and image quality using a C-arm prototype.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2349687 33, 3767-3780 (2006).
148. R. Fahrig, R. Dixon, T. Payne, R. L. Morin, A. Ganguly, and N. Strobel, " Dose and image quality for a cone-beam C-arm CT system.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2370508 33, 4541-4550 (2006).
149. C. Schmidgunst, D. Ritter, and E. Lang, " Calibration model of a dual gain flat panel detector for 2D and 3D x-ray imaging.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2760024 34, 3649-3664 (2007).
150. M. Marxen, M. M. Thornton, C. B. Chiarot, G. Klement, J. Koprivnikar, J. G. Sled, and R. M. Henkelman, " MicroCT scanner performance and considerations for vascular specimen imaging.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1637971 31, 305-313 (2004).
151. C. Badea, L. W. Hedlund, and G. A. Johnson, " Micro-CT with respiratory and cardiac gating.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1812604 31, 3324-3329 (2004).
152. B. Chen and R. Ning, " Cone-beam volume CT breast imaging: Feasibility study.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1461843 29, 755-770 (2002).
153. R. L. McKinley, M. P. Tornai, E. Samei, and M. L. Bradshaw, " Simulation study of a quasi-monochromatic beam for x-ray computed mammotomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1668371 31, 800-813 (2004).
154. A. L. C. Kwan, J. M. Boone, and N. Shah, " Evaluation of x-ray scatter properties in a dedicated cone-beam breast CT scanner.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1954908 32, 2967-2975 (2005).
155. X. Gong, S. J. Glick, B. Liu, A. A. Vedula, and S. Thacker, " A computer simulation study comparing lesion detection accuracy with digital mammography, breast tomosynthesis, and cone-beam CT breast imaging.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2174127 33, 1041-1052 (2006).
156. A. L. C. Kwan, J. M. Boone, K. Yang, and S. Huang, " Evaluation of the spatial resolution characteristics of a cone-beam breast CT scanner.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2400830 34, 275-281 (2007).
157. C. J. Lai, C. C. Shaw, L. Chen, M. C. Altunbas, X. Liu, T. Han, T. Wang, W. Yang, G. J. Whitman, and S. Tu, " Visibility of microcalcification in cone beam breast CT: Effects of x-ray tube voltage and radiation dose.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2745921 34, 2995-3004 (2007).
158. K. D. Nakonechny, B. G. Fallone, and S. Rathee, " Novel methods of measuring single scan dose profiles and cumulative dose in CT.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1835571 32, 98-190 (2005).
159. R. Fahrig, R. Dixon, T. Payne, R. L. Morin, A. Ganguly, and N. Strobel, " Dose and image quality for a cone-beam C-arm CT system.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2370508 33, 4541-4550 (2006).
160. J. H. Siewerdsen, D. J. Moseley, B. Bakhtiar, S. Richard, and D. A. Jaffray, " The influence of antiscatter grids on soft-tissue detectability in cone-beam computed tomography with flat-panel detectors.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1819789 31, 3506-3520 (2004).
161. S. A. Graham, D. J. Moseley, J. H. Siewerdsen, and D. A. Jaffray, " Compensators for dose and scatter management in cone-beam computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2740466 34, 2691-2703 (2007).
162. P. J. La Rivìre and X. Pan, " Favorable noise uniformity properties of Fourier-based interpolation and reconstruction approaches in single-slice helical computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1477229 29, 943-951 (2002).
163. M. KachelrieΒ, S. Schaller, and W. A. Kalender, " Advanced single-slice rebinning in cone-beam spiral CT.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598938 27, 754-772 (2000).
164. G. H. Chen, " An alternative derivation of Katsevich's cone-beam reconstruction formula.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1628413 30, 3217 (2003).
165. C. Bontus, T. Köhler, and R. Proksa, " A quasiexact reconstruction algorithm for helical CT using a 3-Pi acquisition.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1601913 30, 2493-2502 (2003).
166. X. Pan, Y. Zou, and D. Xia, " Image reconstruction in peripheral and central regions-of-interest and data redundancy.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1844171 32, 673-684 (2005).
167. H. Yu, S. Zhao, Y. Ye, and G. Wang, " Exact BPF and FBP algorithms for nonstandard saddle curves.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2074207 32, 3305-3312 (2005).
168. R. Ning, X. Tang, and D. Conover, " X-ray scatter correction algorithm for cone beam CT imaging.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1711475 31, 1195-1202 (2004).
169. J. H. Siewerdsen, M. J. Daly, B. Bakhtiar, D. J. Moseley, S. Richard, H. Keller, and D. A. Jaffray, " A simple, direct method for x-ray scatter estimation and correction in digital radiography and cone-beam CT.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2148916 33, 187-197 (2006).
170. M. Karolczak and W. Kalender, " Implementation of a cone-beam reconstruction algorithm for the single-circle source orbit with embedded misalignment correction using homogeneous coordinates.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1406514 28, 2050-2069 (2001).
171. L. von Smekal, M. KachelrieΒ, E. Stepina, and W. A. Kalender, " Geometric misalignment and calibration in cone-beam tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1803792 31, 3242-3266 (2004).
172. J. Sillanpaa, J. Chang, H. Amols, and G. Mageras, " A method for determining the gantry angle for megavoltage cone beam imaging.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1854776 32, 566-569 (2005).
173. Y. Cho, D. J. Moseley, J. H. Siewerdsen, and D. A. Jaffray, " Accurate technique for complete geometric calibration of cone-beam computed tomography systems.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1869652 32, 968-983 (2005).
174. J. Hsieh, " An iterative approach to the beam hardening correction in cone beam CT.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598853 27, 23-29 (2000).
175. J. Alles and R. F. Mudde, " Beam hardening: Analytical considerations of the effective attenuation coefficient of x-ray tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2742501 34, 2882-2889 (2007).
176. W. Lu, P. J. Parikh, J. P. Hubenschmidt, D. G. Politte, B. R. Whiting, J. D. Bradley, S. Mutic, and D. A. Low, " Reduction of motion blurring artifacts using respiratory gated CT in sinogram space: A quantitative evaluation.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2074187 32, 3295-3304 (2005).
177. M. A. Anastasio, D. Shi, and X. Pan, " A preliminary investigation of local tomography for megavoltage CT imaging.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1619232 30, 2969-2980 (2003).
178. G. M. Stevens, R. Fahrig, and N. J. Pelc, " Filtered backprojection for modifying the impulse response of circular tomosynthesis.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1350588 28, 372-380 (2001).
179. S. Li and H. Jiang, " A practical method for three-dimensional reconstruction of joints using a C-arm system and shift-and-add algorithm.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1915289 32, 1491-1499 (2005).
180. Y. Chen, J. Y. Lo, and J. T. Dobbins III, " Importance of point-by-point back projection correction for isocentric motion in digital breast tomosynthesis: Relevance to morphology of structures such as microcalcifications.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2776256 34, 3885-3892 (2007).
181. T. Wu, R. H. Moore, E. A. Rafferty, and D. B. Kopans, " A comparison of reconstruction algorithms for breast tomosynthesis.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1786692 31, 2636-2647 (2004).
182. Y. Zhang, H. -P. Chan, B. Sahiner, J. Wei, M. M. Goodsitt, L. M. Hadjiiski, J. Ge, and C. Zhou, " A comparative study of limited-angle cone-beam reconstruction methods for breast tomosynthesis.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2237543 33, 3781-3795 (2006).
183. J. T. Rakowski and M. J. Dennis, " A comparison of reconstruction algorithms for C-arm mammography tomosynthesis.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2219090 33, 3018-3032 (2006).
184. J. G. Mainprize, K. A. Bloomquist, M. P. Kempston, and M. J. Yaffe, "Resolution at oblique incidence angles of a flat panel imager for breast tomosynthesis.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2241994 33, 3159-3164 (2006).
185. A. Badano, I. S. Kyprianou, R. J. Jennings, and J. Sempau, " Anisotropic imaging performance in breast tomosynthesis.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2779943 34, 4076-4091 (2007).
186. D. J. Godfrey, H. P. McAdams, and J. T. Dobbins III, " Optimization of the matrix inversion tomosynthesis (MITS) impulse response and modulation transfer function characteristics for chest imaging.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2170398 33, 655-667 (2006).
187. A. R. Pineda, S. Yoon, D. S. Paik, and R. Fahrig, " Optimization of a tomosynthesis system for the detection of lung nodules.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2190329 33, 1372-1379 (2006).
188. I. B. Tutar, R. Managuli, V. Shamdasani, P. S. Cho, S. D. Pathak, and Y. Kim, " Tomosynthesis-based localization of radioactive seeds in prostate brachytherapy.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1624755 30, 3135-3142 (2003).
189. J. Duryea, J. T. Dobbins III, and J. A. Lynch, " Digital tomosynthesis of hand joints for arthritis assessment.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1543573 30, 325-333 (2003).
190. J. J. Sonke, L. Zijp, P. Remeijer, and M. Herk, " Respiratory correlated cone beam CT.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1869074 32, 1176-1186 (2005).
191. H. Yan, L. Ren, D. J. Godfrey, and F. Yin, " Accelerating reconstruction of reference digital tomosynthesis using graphics hardware.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2779945 34, 3768-3776 (2007).
192. T. G. Schmidt, R. Fahrig, N. J. Pelc, and E. G. Solomon, " An inverse-geometry volumetric CT system with a large-area scanned source: A feasibility study.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1786171 31, 2623-2627 (2004).
193. T. G. Schmidt, R. Fahrig, and N. J. Pelc, " A three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm for an inverse-geometry volumetric CT system.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2064827 32, 3234-3245 (2005).
194. C. Chappard, A. Basillais, L. Benhamou, A. Bonassie, B. A. Brunet-Imbault, N. Bonnet, and F. Peyrin, " Comparison of synchrotron radiation and conventional x-ray microcomputed tomography for assessing trabecular bone microarchitecture of human femoral heads.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2256069 33, 3568-3577 (2006).
195. R. L. McKinley, M. P. Tornai, E. Samei, and M. L. Bradshaw, " Simulation study of a quasi-monochromatic beam for x-ray computed mammotomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1668371 31, 800-813 (2004).
196. M. Saito, " Quasimonochromatic x-ray computed tomography by the balanced filter method using a conventional x-ray source.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1819553 31, 3436-3443 (2004).
197. J. V. Atherton and W. Huda, " Energy imparted and effective doses in computed tomography.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.597667 23, 735-741 (1996).
198. M. Caon, G. Bibbo, J. Pattison, and M. Bhat, " The effect on dose to computed tomography phantoms of varying the theoretical x-ray spectrum: a comparison of four diagnostic x-ray spectrum calculating codes.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598281 25, 1021-1027 (1998).
199. R. L. Dixon, " A new look at CT dose measurement: Beyond CTDI.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1576952 30, 1272-1280 (2003).
200. N. Theocharopoulos, J. Damilakis, K. Perisinakis, A. Tzedakis, A. Karantanas, and N. Gourtsoyiannis, " Estimation of effective doses to adult and pediatric patients from multislice computed tomography: A method based on energy imparted.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2349694 33, 3846-3856 (2006).
201. J. M. Boone, " The trouble with CTD100.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2713240 34, 1364-1371 (2007).
202. M. Gies, W. A. Kalender, H. Wolf, and C. Suess, " Dose reduction in CT by anatomically adapted tube current modulation. I. Simulation studies.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598779 26, 2235-2247 (1999).
203. A. E. Papadakis, K. Perisinakis, and J. Damilakis, " Angular on-line tube current modulation in multidetector CT examinations of children and adults: The influence of different scanning parameters on dose reduction.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2747048 34, 2864-2874 (2007).
204. H. J. Brisse, L. Madec, G. Gaboriaud, T. Lemoine, A. Savignoni, S. Neuenschwander, B. Aubert, and J. C. Rosenwald, " Automatic exposure control in multichannel CT with tube current modulation to achieve a constant level of image noise: Experimental assessment on pediatric phantoms.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2746492 34, 3018-3033 (2007).
205. D. J. Tward, J. H. Siewerdsen, M. J. Daly, S. Richard, D. J. Moseley, D. A. Jaffray, and N. S. Paul, " Soft-tissue detectability in cone-beam CT: evaluation by 2AFC tests in relation to physical performance metrics.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2790586 34, 4459-4471 (2007).
206. W. Huda and S. C. Bushong, " In x-ray computed tomography, technique factors should be selected appropriate to patient size.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1388903 28, 1543-1545 (2001).
207. P. F. Judy, " Comment on: Med. Phys. (8): 1543-1545 (2001). 'In x-ray computed tomography, technique factors should be selected appropriate to patient size'," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1415075 28, 2389 (2001).
208. E. L. Nickoloff, A. K. Dutta, and Z. F. Lu, " Influence of phantom diameter, kVp and scan mode upon computed tomography dose index.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1543149 30, 395-402 (2003).
209. T. Toth, Z. Ge, and M. P. Daly, " The influence of patient centering on CT dose and image noise.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2748113 34, 3093-3101 (2007).
210. W. Huda, E. M. Scalzetti, and M. Roskopf, " Effective doses to patients undergoing thoracic computed tomography examinations.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.598949 27, 838-844 (2000).
211. N. S. Paul, J. H. Siewerdsen, D. Patsios, and T. B. Chung, " Investigating the low-dose limits of multidetector CT in lung nodule surveillance.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2768866 34, 3587-3595 (2007).
212. W. Huda, C. C. Chamberlain, A. E. Rosenbaum, and W. Garrisi, " Radiation doses to infants and adults undergoing head CT examinations.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1350435 28, 393-399 (2001).
213. K. Perisinakis, M. Raissaki, N. Theocharopoulos, J. Damilakis, and N. Gourtsoyiannis, " Reduction of eye lens radiation dose by orbital bismuth shielding in pediatric patients undergoing CT of the head: A Monte Carlo study.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1881852 32, 1024-1030 (2005).
214. G. Giacco, V. Cannata, C. Furetta, F. Santopietro, and G. Fariello, " On the use of pediatric phantoms in the dose evaluation during computed tomography (CT) thorax examinations.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1344205 28, 199-204 (2001).
215. D. J. Brenner, C. D. Elliston, E. J. Hall, and W. E. Berdon, " Comment on: Med. Phys. 2001 28(8):1543-1545. Estimates of the cancer risks from pediatric CT radiation are not merely theoretical: Comment on 'Point/counterpoint: In x-ray computed tomography, technique factors should be selected appropriate to patient size. Against the proposition'," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1415074 28, 2387-2388 (2001).
216. A. Tzedakis, J. Damilakis, K. Perisinakis, J. Stratakis, and N. Gourtsoyiannis, " The effect of z overscanning on patient effective dose from multidetector helical computed tomography examinations.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1924309 32, 1621-1629 (2005).
217. C. Lee, C. Lee, R. J. Staton, D. E. Hintenlang, M. M. Arreola, J. L. Williams, and W. E. Bolch, " Organ and effective doses in pediatric patients undergoing helical multislice computed tomography examination.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.2723885 34, 1858-1873 (2007).
218. P. M. Shikhaliev, T. Xu, and S. Molloi, " Photon counting computed tomography: Concept and initial results.," Med. Phys. 0094-2405 10.1118/1.1854779 32, 427-436 (2005).