The abundance and distribution of wolverines in British Columbia, Canada

Journal of Wildlife Management

Volumn 71, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 2159-2169

  Lofroth, Eric C ^a   Krebs, John ^b  

^a Ministry of Environment British Columbia   (Canada)

^b Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program ^*  (Canada)

Author keywords

Abundance; British Columbia; Density estimation; Distribution; Gulo gulo; Habitat quality; Mapping; Wolverines

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; COASTAL ZONE; CONSERVATION PLANNING; CONSERVATION STATUS; DRY FOREST; GRASSLAND; HABITAT QUALITY; HUMAN ACTIVITY; MAPPING METHOD; MUSTELID; POPULATION DENSITY; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION;

BRITISH COLUMBIA; CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS;

GULO GULO;

EID: 48249125379     PISSN: 0022541X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2193/2007-094     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Araújo, M. B., M. Cabeza, W. Thuiller, L. Hannah, and P. H. Williams. 2004. Would climate change drive species out of reserves? An assessment of existing reserve-selection methods. Global Change Biology 10:1618-1626.
2. Arnason, A. N., C. J. Schwarz, and J. M. Gerrard. 1991. Estimating closed population size and number of marked animals from sighting data. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:716-730.
3. Aubry, K. B., K. S. McKelvey, and J. P. Copeland. 2007. Distribution and broadscale habitat associations of the wolverine in the Contiguous United States. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:2147-2158.
4. Banci, V. 1987. Ecology and behaviour of wolverine in Yukon. Thesis, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
5. Banci, V. 1994. Wolverine. Pages 99-127 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, L. J. Lyon, and W. J. Zielinski, editors. The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores: American marten, fisher lynx and wolverine in the western United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service General Technical Report RM-254, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
6. Banner, A., D. V. Meidinger, E. C. Lea, R. E. Maxwell, and B. C. Von Sacken. 1996. Ecosystem mapping methods for British Columbia. Environmental Assessment and Monitoring 39:97-117.
7. BC Stats. 2001. British Columbia: 2001 census profile. 〈http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/data/cen01/profiles/59000000.pdf〉. Accessed 30 Nov 2005.
8. Becker, E. F. 1991. A terrestrial furbearer estimator based on probability sampling. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:730-737.
9. Breuer, T. 2003. Distribution and conservation of African wild dogs in Cameroon. Canid News 6:1. 〈http://www.canigs.org/canidnews/6/ Wild_dogs_in_Cameroon.pdf〉. Accessed 4 Jan 2007.
10. Brown, R. D., B. Brasnett, and D. Robinson. 2003. Gridded North American monthly snow depth and snow water equivalent for GCM evaluation. Atmosphere-Ocean 41:1-14.
11. Cannings, S. G., L. R. Ramsay, D. F. Fraser, and M. A. Fraker. 1999. Rare amphibians, reptiles and mammals of British Columbia. Wildlife Branch and Resource Inventory Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
12. Carignan, V., and M.-A. Villard. 2002. Selecting indicator species to monitor ecological integrity: a review. Environmental Assessment and Monitoring 78:45-61.
13. Carroll, C., R. F. Noss, and P. C. Paquet. 2001. Carnivores as focal species for conservation planning in the Rocky Mountain region. Ecological Applications 11:961-980.
14. Carroll, C., R. F. Noss, P. C. Paquet, and N. H. Schumaker. 2003. Use of population viability analysis and reserve selection algorithms in regional conservation plans. Ecological Applications 13:1773-1789.
15. Caughley, G. 1977. Analysis of vertebrate populations. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
16. Clark, T. W., A. P. Curlee, and R. P. Reading. 1996. Crafting effective solutions to the large carnivore conservation problem. Conservation Biology 10:940-948.
17. Copeland, J. P. 1996. Biology of the wolverine in central Idaho. Thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow, USA.
18. Demarchi, D. A. 1994. Ecoprovinces of the central North America cordillera and adjacent plains. Pages 153-168 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, L. J. Lyon, and W. J. Zielinski, editors. The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores: American marten, fisher lynx and wolverine in the western United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service General Technical Report RM-254, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
19. Demarchi, D. A. 1996. An introduction to the ecoregions of British Columbia. Wildlife Branch, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 〈http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/ecology/ecoregions/ intro.html〉. Accessed 20 Nov 2005.
20. Edwards, R. Y., and I. McTaggart Cowan. 1957. Fur production of the boreal forest region of British Columbia. Journal of Wildlife Management 21:257-267.
21. Ferguson, A., M. McPhee, B. Janowich, and H. Utzig. 2002. Forest access and terrestrial ecosystems. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Victoria, Canada.
22. Hammill, M. O., G. B. Stenson, R. A. Myers, and W. T. Stobo. 1998. Pup production and population trends of the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:423-430.
23. Harcombe, A. P. 2000. The Conservation Data Centre: for the greatest about the least. Pages 13-17 in L. M. Darling, editor. Proceedings of a conference on the biology and management of species and habitats at risk. Volume 1. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks and University College of the Cariboo, Victoria, Canada.
24. Hash, H. S. 1987. Wolverine. Pages 574-585 in M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard, and B. Malloch, editors. Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, Canada.
25. Hatler, D. F. 1989. A wolverine management strategy for British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Wildlife Branch, Wildlife Bulletin B-60, Victoria, Canada.
26. Hornocker, M. G., and H. S. Hash. 1981. Ecology of the wolverine in northwestern Montana. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59:1286-1301.
27. Iverson, J. A. 1972. Basal energy metabolism of mustelids. Journal of Comparative Physiology 81:341-344.
28. Kalbfleisch, J. G. 1985. Probability and statistical inference. Volume 1: probability. Second edition. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
29. Keiter, R. B., and H. Locke. 1996. Law and large carnivore conservation in the Rocky Mountains of the U.S. and Canada. Conservation Biology 10:1003-1012.
30. Krebs, C. J. 1999. Ecological Methodology. Second edition. Addison Wesley Longman, Menlo Park, California, USA.
31. Krebs, J. A., and D. Lewis. 2000. Wolverine ecology and habitat use in the North Columbia Mountains: progress report. Pages 695-703 in L. M. Darling, editor. Proceedings of a conference on the biology and management of species and habitats at risk. Volume 2. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks and University College of the Cariboo, Victoria, Canada.
32. Krebs, J., E. C. Lofroth, and I. Parfitt. 2007. Multiscale habitat use by wolverines in British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:2180-2192.
33. Kyle, C. J., and C. Strobeck. 2001. Genetic structure of North American wolverine (Gulo gulo) populations. Molecular Ecology 10:337-347.
34. Laliberte, A. S., and W. J. Ripple. 2004. Range contractions of North American carnivores and ungulates. BioScience 54:123-138.
35. Landa, A. 2000. Action plan for the conservation of wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Europe. Convention on the conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Conservation of European Publishing, Nature and Environment 115.
36. Landa, A., and T. Skogland. 1995. The relationship between population density and body size of wolverines Gulo gulo in Scandinavia. Wildlife Biology 1:165-175.
37. Laurance, W. F. 1991. Ecological correlates of extinction proneness in Australian tropical rain forest mammals. Conservation Biology 5:79-89.
38. Lofroth, E. C. 2001. Wolverine ecology in plateau and foothill landscapes 1996-2001: year end report. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks Report, Victoria, Canada.
39. Lofroth, E. C., J. A. Krebs, W. L. Harrower, and D. Lewis. 2007. Food habits of wolverines, Gulo gulo, in montane ecosystems of British Columbia. Wildlife Biology 13 (Suppl. 2) in press.
40. Lofroth, E. C., and P. K. Ott. 2007. Assessment of the sustainability of wolverine harvest in British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:2193-2200.
41. Magoun, A. J. 1985. Population characteristics, ecology and management of wolverines in northwestern Alaska. Dissertation, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA.
42. Magoun, A. J. 1987. Summer and winter diets of wolverines, Gulo gulo, in arctic Alaska. Canadian Field Naturalist 101:392-397.
43. Magoun, A. J., and J. P. Copeland. 1998. Characteristics of wolverine reproductive den sites. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:1313-1320.
44. Mah, S., S. Thomson, and D. Demarchi. 1996. An ecological framework for resource management in British Columbia. Environmental Assessment and Monitoring 39:119-125.
45. Master, L. L. 1991. Assessing threats and setting priorities for conservation. Conservation Biology 5:559-563.
46. May, R., A. Landa, J. van Dijk, J. D. C. Linnell, and R. Andersen. 2006. Impact of infrastructure on habitat selection of wolverines Gulo gulo. Wildlife Biology 12:285-295.
47. Meidinger, D., and J. Pojar, editors. 1991. Ecosystems of British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Forests Special Report Series 6, Victoria, Canada.
48. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks 1994. Big game inventory mapping series 1:2,000,000. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
49. Mowat, G. 2001. Measuring wolverine distribution and abundance in Alberta. Alberta Species at Risk Report 32, Edmonton, Canada.
50. Mowat, G., and C. Strobeck. 2000. Estimating population size of grizzly bears using hair capture, DNA profiling, and mark-recapture analysis. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:183-193.
51. Nagorsen, D. 1990. The mammals of British Columbia: a taxonomic catalogue. Royal British Columbia Museum Memoir 4, Victoria, Canada.
52. Noss, R. F., H. B. Quigley, M. G. Hornocker, T. Merrill, and P. C. Paquet. 1996. Conservation biology and carnivore conservation in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology 10:949-963.
53. O'Grady, J. J., M. A. Burgman, D. A. Keith, L. L. Master, S. J. Andelman, B. W. Brook, G. A. Hammerson, T. Regan, and R. Frankham. 2004. Correlations among extinction risks assessed by different systems of threatened species categorization. Conservation Biology 18:1624-1635.
54. Persson, J. 2005. Female wolverine (Gulo gulo) reproduction: reproductive costs and winter food availability. Canadian Journal of Zoology 83:1453-1459.
55. Persson, J., A. Landa, R. Andersen, and P. Segerström. 2006. Reproductive characteristics of female wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Scandinavia. Journal of Mammalogy 87:75-79.
56. Peterson, S. 1997. Status of the wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Alberta. Alberta Wildlife Status Report 2, Edmonton, Canada.
57. Province of British Columbia. 2005a. BC species and ecosystems explorer: conservation status for wolverine, 〈http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/ toolintro.html〉. Accessed 30 Nov 2005.
58. Province of British Columbia. 2005b. BC Parks Statistics. 〈http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/facts/stats.html〉. Accessed 30 Nov 2005.
59. Quick, H. F. 1953. Wolverine, fisher and marten studies in a wilderness region. Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference 18:513-532.
60. Rajwani, K. N., and C. J. Schwarz. 1997. Adjusting for missed tags in salmon escapement surveys. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54:800-808.
61. Rausch, R. A., and A. M. Pearson. 1972. Notes on the wolverine in Alaska and the Yukon Territory. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:249-268.
62. Regan, R. J., M. A. Burgman, M.A. McCarthy, L. L. Master, D. A. Keith, G. M. Mace, and S. J. Andelman. 2005. The consistency of extinction risk classification protocols. Conservation Biology 19:1969-1977.
63. Rowland, M. M., M. J. Wisdom, D. H. Johnson, B. C. Wales, J. P. Copeland, and F. B. Edelmann. 2003. Evaluation of landscape models for wolverines in the interior northwest, United States of America. Journal of Mammalogy 84:92-105.
64. Saether, B.-E., S. Engen, J. Persson, H. Brøseth, A. Landa, and T. Willebrand. 2005. Management strategies for the wolverine in Scandinavia. Journal of Wildlife Management 69:1001-1014.
65. SARA. 2002. Canadian Species at Risk Act. Canada Gazette 25:1-109.
66. Seber, G. 1982. The estimation of animal abundance and related parameters. Charles Griffin, London, United Kingdom.
67. Shackleton, D. 1999. Hoofed mammals of British Columbia. Royal British Columbia Museum Handbook. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, Canada.
68. Slocombe, D. S. 1993. Implementing ecosystem-based management. BioScience 43:612-622.
69. Soule, M. E., and J. Terborgh. 1999. Conserving nature at regional and continental scales: a scientific program for North America. BioScience 49:809-817.
70. Sprott, D. A. 1981. Maximum likelihood applied to a capture-recapture model. Biometrics 37:371-375.
71. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: designation of critical habitat for the contiguous United States distinct population segment of the Canada lynx, final rule. Federal Register 71(217):66008-66061.
72. Van Home, B. 1983. Density as a misleading indicator of habitat quality. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:893-901.
73. van Zyll de Jong, C. G. 1975. The distribution and abundance of wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 89:431-437.
74. Weaver, J. L. 2001. The transboundary Flathead: a critical landscape for carnivores in the Rocky Mountains. Wildlife Conservation Society Working Paper 18, New York, New York, USA.
75. Weaver, J. L., P. C. Paquet, and L. F. Ruggiero. 1996. Resilience and conservation of large carnivores in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology 10:964-976.
76. Weber, W., and A. Rabinowitz. 1996. A global perspective on large carnivore conservation. Conservation Biology 10:1046-1054.
77. White, G. C. 1996. Program NOREMARK software reference manual. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
78. Wonnocott, T. H., and R. J. Wonnocott. 1977. Introductory statistics. Third edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
79. Woodruffe, R. 2000. Predators and people: using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores. Animal Conservation 3:165-173.
80. Zacharias, M. A., and D. E. Howes. 1998. An analysis of marine protected areas in British Columbia, Canada, using a marine ecological classification. Natural Areas Journal 18:4-13.
81. Zorn, P., W. Stephenson, and P. Grigoriev. 2001. An ecosystem management program and assessment process for Ontario National Parks. Conservation Biology 15:353-362.