Livestock waste-to-bioenergy generation opportunities

Bioresource Technology

Volumn 99, Issue 17, 2008, Pages 7941-7953

  Cantrell, Keri B ^a   Ducey, Thomas ^a   Ro, Kyoung S ^a   Hunt, Patrick G ^a  

^a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Algal treatment; Anaerobic digestion; Animal manure; Gasification; Thermochemical conversion

Indexed keywords

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION; ENERGY CONVERSION; HYDROGEN; HYDROGEN PRODUCTION; METHANOL; RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES; WASTE TREATMENT; WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

ANAEROBIC (UASB); BIO ENERGY; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; HEATING AND POWER; PRIMARY OBJECTIVE; RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE); TRANSPORTATION FUELS; VALUE-ADDED;

AGRICULTURE;

BIOFUEL; HYDROGEN; METHANOL;

BIOENERGY; DESIGN; ELECTRICITY GENERATION; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; LIVESTOCK; MANURE; RENEWABLE RESOURCE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; THERMOCHEMISTRY; WASTE TREATMENT;

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION; BIOENERGY; BIOMASS CONVERSION; ENERGY CONVERSION; ENERGY RECOVERY; FERMENTATION; GASIFICATION; LIQUEFACTION; LIVESTOCK; MANURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYROLYSIS; REVIEW; WASTE MANAGEMENT; WASTE TO BIOENERGY TREATMENT;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, DOMESTIC; BIOELECTRIC ENERGY SOURCES; CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES; TEMPERATURE;

ALGAE; ANIMALIA;

EID: 48049095223     PISSN: 09608524     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.02.061     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. Angenent L.T., Karim K., Al-Dahhan M.H., Wrenn B.A., and Domiguez-Espinosa R. Production of bioenergy and biochemicals from industrial and agricultural wastewater. Trends Biotechnol. 22 (2004) 477-485
2. Antal Jr. M.J., and Grønli M. The art, science, and technology of charcoal production. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42 (2003) 1619-1640
3. Ayala F., and Bravo R. Animal waste media for Spirulina production. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 67 (1984) 349-355
4. Ayala F., and Vargas T. Experiments on Spirulina culture on waste-effluent media and at the pilot plant. Hydrobiologia (1987) 91-93
5. Barbosa M.J., Rocha J.S., Tramper J., and Wijffels R.H. Acetate as a carbon source for hydrogen production by photosynthetic bacteria. J. Biotechnol. 85 (2001) 25-33
6. Barlow E.W.R., Boersma L., Phinney H.K., and Miner J.R. Algal growth in diluted pig waste. Agric. Environ. 2 (1975) 339-355
7. Beddoes, J.C., Bracmort, K.S., Burn, R.B., Lazarus, W.F., 2007. An analysis of energy production costs from anaerobic digestion systems on US livestock production facilities. Technical Note No. 1. USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
8. Benemann J.R. Feasibility analysis of photobiological hydrogen production. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 22 (1997) 979-987
9. Boateng A.A., Banowetz G.M., Steiner J.J., Barton T.F., Taylor D.G., Hicks K.B., El-Nashaar H., and Sethi V.K. Gasification of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis l.) straw in a farm-scale reactor. Biomass Bioenerg. 31 (2007) 153-161
10. Boateng A.A., Daugaard D.E., Goldberg N.M., and Hicks K.B. Bench-scale fluidized-bed pyrolysis of switchgrass for bio-oil production. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 46 (2007) 1891-1897
11. Bridgwater A.V. Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass. Chem. Eng. J. 91 (2003) 87-102
12. Bridgwater T. Biomass for energy. J. Sci. Food. Agr. 86 (2006) 1755-1768
13. Bridgwater A.V., and Peacocke G.V.C. Fast pyrolysis processes for biomass. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 4 (2000) 1-73
14. Bullock C. Australians test greenfuel algae biofuel process. Ind. Bioprocess. 28 (2006) 2-3
15. Cantrell K., Ro K., Mahajan D., Anjom M., and Hunt P.G. Role of thermochemical conversion of livestock waste-to-energy treatments: obstacles and opportunities. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 46 (2007) 8918-8927
16. CAST, 1996. Integrated animal waste management. Task force report no. 128. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology.
17. Chastain, J.P., Linvill, D.E., 1999. A model of the operating characteristics of covered lagoon digesters for swine and dairy manure. In: ASAE Annual International Meeting 1999, Toronto, Ontario Canada.
18. Chen C.C., Lin C.Y., and Lin M.C. Acid-base enrichment enhances anaerobic hydrogen production process. Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 58 (2002) 224-228
19. Cheng J., Shearin T.E., Peet M.M., and Willits D.H. Utilization of treated swine wastewater for greenhouse tomato production. Water Sci. Technol. 50 (2004) 77-82
20. Cheng L., Zhang L., Chen H., and Gao C. Carbon dioxide removal from air by microalgae cultured in a membrane-photobioreactor. Sep. Purif. Technol. 50 (2006) 324-329
21. Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol. Adv. 25 (2007) 294-306
22. Chiu R.J., Liu H.I., Chen C.C., Chi Y.C., Shao H., Soong P., and Hao P. The cultivation of Spirulina platensis on fermented swine manure. In: Chang P. (Ed). Proceedings of the Internation Symposium on Biogas (1980), Microalgae and Livestock, Taiwan 435-446
23. Dalton H. The Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2000 the natural and unnatural history of methane-oxidizing bacteria. Philos T Roy Soc B 360 (2005) 1207-1222
24. Demirbas A. Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals. Energ. Convers. Manage. 42 (2001) 1357-1378
25. DeSutter T.M., and Ham J.M. Lagoon-biogas emissions and carbon balance estimates of a swine production facility. J. Environ. Qual. 34 (2005) 198-206
26. Dogru M., Midilli A., and Howarth C.R. Gasification of sewage sludge using a throated downdraft gasifier and uncertainty analysis. Fuel Process. Technol. 75 (2002) 55-82
27. Dominguez A., Menendez J.A., Inguanzo M., Bernad P.L., and Pis J.J. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric study of the oil fractions produced by microwave-assisted pyrolysis of different sewage sludges. J. Chromatogr. A 1012 (2003) 193-206
28. Dominguez A., Menendez J.A., Inguanzo M., and Pis J.J. Investigations into the characteristics of oils produced from microwave pyrolysis of sewage sludge. Fuel Process. Technol. 86 (2005) 1007-1020
29. Dominguez A., Menendez J.A., Inguanzo M., and Pis J.J. Production of bio-fuels by high temperature pyrolysis of sewage sludge using conventional and microwave heating. Bioresource Technol. 97 (2006) 1185-1193
30. Dominguez A., Menendez J.A., and Pis J.J. Hydrogen rich fuel gas production from the pyrolysis of wet sewage sludge at high temperature. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 77 (2006) 127-132
31. Dote Y., Sawayama S., Inoue S., Minowa T., and Yokoyama S.-y. Recovery of liquid fuel from hydrocarbon-rich microalgae by thermochemical liquefaction. Fuel 73 (1994) 1855-1857
32. Doucha J., Straka F., and Livansky K. Utilization of flue gas for cultivation of microalgae (Chlorella sp) in an outdoor open thin-layer photobioreactor. J. Appl. Phycol. 17 (2005) 403-412
33. Ellerby L.M., Nishida C.R., Nishida F., Yamanaka S.A., Dunn B., Valentine J.S., and Zink J.I. Encapsulation of proteins in transparent porous silicate glasses prepared by the sol-gel method. Science 255 (1992) 1113-1115
34. Elliott D.C., Sealock Jr. L.J., and Baker E.G. Method for catalyics conversion of organic materials into a product gas U.S. Patent 6 616 (1997) 154
35. Elliott D.C., Neuenschwander G.G., Hart T.R., Butner R.S., Zacher A.H., Engelhard M.H., Young J.S., and McCready D.E. Chemical Processing in High-Pressure Aqueous Environments. 7. Process Development for Catalytic Gasification of Wet Biomass Feedstocks. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 43 (2004) 1999-2004
36. Elliott D.C., Hart T.R., and Neuenschwander G.G. Chemical processing in high-pressure aqueous environments. 8. Improved catalysts for hydrothermal gasification. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45 (2006) 3776-3781
37. Fang H.H.P., Liu H., and Zhang T. Phototrophic hydrogen production from acetate and butyrate in wastewater. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 30 (2005) 785-793
38. Frenz J., Largeau C., and Casadevall E. Hydrocarbon recovery by extraction with a biocompatible solvent from free and immobilized cultures of Botryococcus braunii. Enzyme Microb. Tech. 11 (1989) 717-724
39. Frenz J., Largeau C., Casadevall E., Kollerup F., and Daugulis A.J. Hydrocarbon recovery and biocompatibility of solvents for extraction from cultures of Botryococcus braunii. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 34 (1989) 755-762
40. Funk T.L., Mutlu A., Zhang Y., and Ellis M. Synthetic covers for emissions control from earthen embanked swine lagoons Part II: Negative pressure lagoon cover. Appl. Eng. Agr. 20 (2004) 239-242
41. Furuto T., Takeguchi M., and Okura I. Semicontinuous methanol biosynthesis by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. J. Mol. Catal. A- Chemical 144 (1999) 257-261
42. Ghirardi M.L., Zhang L., Lee J.W., Flynn T., Seibert M., Greenbaum E., and Melis A. Microalgae: a green source of renewable H2. Trends Biotechnol. 18 (2000) 506-511
43. Hahn J.H., Ghirardi M.L., and Jacoby W.A. Immobilized algal cells used for hydrogen production. Biochem. Eng. J. 37 (2007) 75-79
44. Hakemian A.S., and Rosenzweig A.C. The biochemistry of methane oxidation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 76 (2007) 223-241
45. Hasselknippe H. Systems for carbon trading: an overview. Clim. Policy 3 (2003)
46. He B.J., Zhang Y., Funk T.L., Riskowski G.L., and Yin Y. Thermochemical conversion of swine manure: An alternative process for waste treatment and renewable energy production. Trans. ASAE 43 (2000) 1827-1833
47. He B., Zhang Y., Yin Y., Funk T.L., and Riskowski G.L. Effects of feedstock pH, initial CO addition, and total solids content on the thermochemical conversion process of swine manure. Trans. ASAE 44 (2001) 697-701
48. He B.J., Zhang Y., Yin Y., Funk T.L., and Riskowski G.L. Preliminary characterization of raw oil products from the thermochemical conversion of swine manure. Trans. ASAE 44 (2001) 1865-1871
49. He D., Bultel Y., Magnin J.P., Roux C., and Willison J.C. Hydrogen photosynthesis by Rhodobacter capsulatus and its coupling to PEM fuel cell. J. Power Sources 151 (2005) 19-23
50. Hirano A., Hon-Nami K., Kunito S., Hada M., and Ogushi Y. Temperature effect on continuous gasification of microalgal biomass: Theoretical yield of methanol production and its energy balance. Catal. Today 45 (1998) 399-404
51. Hirata S., Hayashitani M., Taya M., and Tone S. Carbon dioxide fixation in batch culture of Chlorella sp. using a photobioreactor with a sunlight-collection device. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 81 (1996) 470-472
52. Hoffmann P. Tomorrow's Energy - Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and the Prospects for a Cleaner Planet (2001), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
53. Humenik F.J., Overcash M.R., Barker J.C., and Westerman P.W. Lagoons: State of the art. Livestock Waste: A Renewable Resource, ASAE (1981), St. Joseph, MI pp. 211-216
54. Ikenaga N., Ueda C., Matsui T., Ohtsuki M., and Suzuki T. Co-liquefaction of Micro Algae with Coal Using Coal Liquefaction Catalysts. Energ. Fuel. 15 (2001) 350-355
55. Inoue S., Dote Y., Sawayama S., Minowa T., Ogi T., and Yokoyama y S. Analysis of oil derived from liquefaction of Botryococcus braunii. Biomass Bioenerg. 6 (1994) 269-274
56. Johnson E., and Heinen R. Carbon trading: time for industry involvement. Environ. Int. 30 (2004) 279-288
57. Jones, J.A., Sheth, A.C., 1999. From waste to energy - catalytic steam gasification of broiler litter. In: Proceedings of the Renewable and Advanced Energy Systems for the 21st Century, Lahaina, Maui, HI.
58. Kapdan I.K., and Kargi F. Bio-hydrogen production from waste materials. Enzyme Microb. Tech. 38 (2006) 569-582
59. Karim K., Hoffmann R., Klasson T., and Al-Dahhan M.H. Anaerobic digestion of animal waste: Waste strength versus impact of mixing. Bioresource Technol. 96 (2005) 1771-1781
60. Kashyap D.R., Dadhich K.S., and Sharma S.K. Biomethanation under psychrophilic conditions: a review. Bioresource Technol. 87 (2003) 147-153
61. Kebede-Westhead E., Pizarro C., and Mulbry W.W. Production and nutrient removal by periphyton grown under different loading rates of anaerobically digested flushed dairy manure. J. Phycol. 39 (2003) 1275-1282
62. Kebede-Westhead E., Pizarro C., and Mulbry W.W. Treatment of swine manure effluent using freshwater algae: Production, nutrient recovery, and elemental composition of algal biomass at four effluent loading rates. J. Appl. Phycol. 18 (2006) 41-46
63. Koku H., Eroglu I., Gunduz U., Yucel M., and Turker L. Aspects of metabolism of hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 27 (2002) 1315-1329
64. Koku H., Eroglu I., Gunduz U., Yucel M., and Turker L. Kinetics of biological hydrogen production by the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U. 001. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 28 (2003) 381-388
65. Koutcheiko S., Monreal C.M., Kodama H., McCracken T., and Kotlyar L. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon derived from the thermo-chemical conversion of chicken manure. Bioresource Technol. 98 (2007) 2459-2464
66. Kraemer J.T., and Bagley D.M. Improving the yield from fermentative hydrogen production. Biotechnol. Lett. 29 (2007) 685-695
67. Kyazze G., Dinsdale R., Guwy A.J., Hawkes F.R., Premier G.C., and Hawkes D.L. Performance Characteristics of a Two-Stage Dark Fermentative System Producing Hydrogen and Methane Continuously. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97 (2007) 759-770
68. Lay J.J., Lee Y.J., and Noike T. Feasibility of biological hydrogen production from organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Water Res. 33 (1999) 2579-2586
69. Lazarus W.F., and Rudstrom M. The economics of anaerobic digester operation on a Minnesota dairy farm. Rev. Agr. Econ. 29 (2007) 349-364
70. Levin D.B., Pitt L., and Love M. Biohydrogen production: Prospects and limitations to practical application. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 29 (2004) 173-185
71. Li C., and Fang H.H.P. Fermentative hydrogen production from wastewater and solid wastes by mixed cultures. Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Tec. 37 (2007) 1-39
72. Liang T.M., Cheng S.S., and Wu K.L. Behavioral study on hydrogen fermentation reactor installed with silicone rubber membrane. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 27 (2002) 1157-1165
73. Lima I.M., and Marshall W.E. Granular activated carbons from broiler manure: Physical, chemical and adsorptive properties. Bioresource Technol. 96 (2005) 699-706
74. Lima I., and Marshall W.E. Utilization of turkey manure as granular activated carbon: Physical, chemical and adsorptive properties. Waste Manage. 25 (2005) 726-732
75. Lindorfer H., Corcoba A., Vasilieva V., Braun R., and Kirchmayr R. Doubling the organic loading rate in the co-digestion of energy crops and manure- A full case study. Bioresource Technol. 99 (2007) 1148-1156
76. Lusk, P., 1998. Methane recovery from animal manure: a current opportunities casebook, third ed. NREL/SR-25145. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO.
77. Maeda I., Miyasaka H., Umeda F., Kawase M., and Yagi K. Maximization of hydrogen production ability in high-density suspension of Rhodovulum sulfidophilum cells using intracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) as sole substrate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 81 (2003) 474-481
78. Mallick N. Biotechnological potential of immobilized algae for wastewater N, P and metal removal: A review. BioMetals 15 (2002) 377-390
79. Mallick N. Biotechnological potential of Chlorella vulgaris for accumulation of Cu and Ni from single and binary metal solutions. World J. Microb. Biot. 19 (2003) 695-701
80. Mallick N., Shardendu, and Rai L.C. Removal of Heavy Metals by Two Free Floating Aquatic Macrophytes. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 9 (1996) 399-407
81. Martin, J.J.H., Roos, K.F., 2007. Comparison of the performance of a conventional and a modified plug-flow digester for scraped dairy manure. In: International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture. ASABE, Broomfield, CO.
82. Matsui T.O., Nishihara A., Ueda C., Ohtsuki M., Ikenaga N.O., and Suzuki T. Liquefaction of micro-algae with iron catalyst. Fuel 76 (1997) 1043-1048
83. McKendry P. Energy production from biomass (part 2): Conversion technologies. Bioresource Technol. 83 (2002) 47-54
84. McKendry P. Energy production from biomass (part 3): Gasification technologies. Bioresource Technol. 83 (2002) 55-63
85. McNab Jr. W.W., Singleton M.J., Moran J.E., and Esser B.K. Assessing the impact of animal waste lagoon seepage on the geochemistry of an underlying shallow aquifer. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 753-758
86. Mehta P.K., Mishra S., and Ghose T.K. Methanol Accumulation By Resting Cells of Methylosinus Trichosporium (I). J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 33 (1987) 221-229
87. Mehta P.K., Mishra S., and Ghose T.K. Methanol biosynthesis by covalently immobilized cells of Methylosinus trichosporium: Batch and continuous studies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 37 (1991) 551-556
88. Melis A., and Happe T. Hydrogen production. Green algae as a source of energy. Plant Physiol. 127 (2001) 740-748
89. Melis A., Zhang L., Forestier M., Ghirardi M.L., and Seibert M. Sustained photobiological hydrogen gas production upon reversible inactivation of oxygen evolution in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 122 (2000) 127-136
90. Menendez J.A., Dominguez A., Inguanzo M., and Pis J.J. Microwave-induced drying, pyrolysis and gasification (MWDPG) of sewage sludge: Vitrification of the solid residue. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 74 (2005) 406-412
91. Miao X., and Wu Q. Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil. Bioresource Technol. 97 (2006) 841-846
92. Miao X., Wu Q., and Yang C. Fast pyrolysis of microalgae to produce renewable fuels. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 71 (2004) 855-863
93. Modell M. Gasification and liquefaction of forest products in supercritical water. In: Overend R.P., Milne T.A., and Mudge L.K. (Eds). Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion (1985), Elsevier, London
94. Modell, M., Reid, R.C., Amin, S.I., 1978. Gasification process US Patent 4 (113), 446, USA.
95. Mohan D., Pittman Jr. C.U., and Steele P.H. Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: A critical review. Energ. Fuel. 20 (2006) 848-889
96. Mu Y., Yu H.-Q., and Wang G. Evaluation of three methods for enriching H2-producing cultures from anaerobic sludge. Enzyme Microb. Tech. 40 (2007) 947-953
97. Muller, M., Yelden, T., Schoonover, H., 2007. Food versus fuel in the United States: Can both win in an era of ethanol? Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy.
98. Obert R., and Dave B.C. Enzymatic conversion of carbon dioxide to methanol: Enhanced methanol production in silica sol-gel matrices. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999) 12192-12193
99. Ocfemia K.S., Zhang Y., and Funk T. Hydrothermal processing of swine manure into oil using a continuous reactor system: Development and testing. Trans. ASABE 49 (2006) 533-541
100. Ocfemia K.S., Zhang Y., and Funk T. Hydrothermal processing of swine manure to oil using a continuous reactor system: Effects of operating parameters on oil yield and quality. Trans. ASABE 49 (2006) 1897-1904
101. Oh Y.K., Scol E.H., Kim M.S., and Park S. Photoproduction of hydrogen from acetate by a chemoheterotrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris P4. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 29 (2004) 1115-1121
102. Olah G.A., Goeppert A., and Suryah Prakash G.K. Production of Methanol from Syn-Gas to Carbon Dioxide Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy (2006), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 209-245
103. Olguin, E.J., 1996. Opportunities for environmental biotechnology within the current context of the Mexican agroindustry. In: Galindo, E. (Ed.), Fronteras en Biotecnología y Bioingeniería. Sociedad Mexicana de Biotechnología y Bioingeniería, Mexico, pp. 309-316.
104. Olguín E.J., Hernández B., Araus A., Camacho R., González R., Ramírez M.E., Galicia S., and Mercado G. Simultaneous high-biomass protein production and nutrient removal using Spirulina maxima in sea-water supplemented with anaerobic effluents. World J. Microb. Biot. 10 (1994) 576-578
105. Olguin E.J., Galicia S., Camacho R., Mercado G., and Perez T.J. Production of Spirulina sp. in sea water supplemented with anaerobic effluents in outdoor raceways under temperate climatic conditions. Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 48 (1997) 242-247
106. Perlack, R.D., Wright, L.L., Turhallow, A.F., Graham, R.L., Stokes, B.J., Erbach, D.C., 2005. Biomass as a feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: The technical feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply. DOE/GO-102995-2135. In: U.D.o. Energy (Ed.).
107. Powers W.J., Wilkie A.C., Van Horn H.H., and Nordstedt R.A. Effects of hydraulic retention time on performance and effluent odor of conventional and fixed-film anaerobic digesters fed dairy manure wastewaters. Trans. ASAE 40 (1997) 1449-1455
108. Priya J.A., Rao P.S., Vijaya Y., Reddy A.S., and Krishnaiah A. Biosorption of chromium(VI), nickel(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions using Pithophora algae. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 89 (2007) 421-442
109. Priyadarsan S., Annamalai K., Sweeten J.M., Mukhtar S., and Holtzapple M.T. Fixed-bed gasification of feedlot manure and poultry litter biomass. Trans. ASAE 47 (2004) 1689-1696
110. Ro K., Cantrell K., Elliott D.C., and Hunt P.G. Catalytic wet gasification of municipal and animal wastes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 46 (2007) 8839-8845
111. Rocha J.S., Barbosa M.J., and Wijffels R.H. Hydrogen production by photosynthetic bacteria: Culture media, yields and efficiencies. In: Miyake J., Matsunaga T., and Pietro A.S. (Eds). Biohydrogen II, An Approach to Environmentally Acceptable Technology. (2001), Pergamon/Elsevier, Oxford, UK 3-32
112. Romera E., Gonzalez F., Ballester A., Blazquez M.L., and Mun?oz J.A. Comparative study of biosorption of heavy metals using different types of algae. Bioresource Technol. 98 (2007) 3344-3353
113. Safley Jr. L.M., and Westerman P.W. Performance of a dairy manure anaerobic lagoon. Bioresource Technol. 42 (1992) 43-52
114. Safley Jr. L.M., and Westerman P.W. Performance of a low temperature lagoon digester. Bioresource Technol. 41 (1992) 167-175
115. Salerno M.B., Park W., Zuo Y., and Logan B.E. Inhibition of biohydrogen production by ammonia. Water Res. 40 (2006) 1167-1172
116. Sanchez M.E., Martinez O., Gomez X., and Moran A. Pyrolysis of mixtures of sewage sludge and manure: A comparison of the results obtained in the laboratory (semi-pilot) and in a pilot plant. Waste Manage. 27 (2007) 1328-1334
117. Sang G.L., Jae H.G., Hee G.K., Oh J.I., Young M.K., and Si W.K. Optimization of methanol biosynthesis from methane using Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. Biotechnol. Lett. 26 (2004) 947-950
118. Sawayama S., Inoue S., and Dote Y.S.-Y.Y. CO2 Fixation and Oil Production Through Microalga. Energ. Convers. Manage. 36 (1995) 729-731
119. Sawayama S., Minowa T., and Yokoyama S.-Y. Possibility of renewable energy production and CO2 mitigation by thermochemical liquefaction of microalgae. Biomass Bioenerg. 17 (1999) 33-39
120. Schneider S.H. The greenhouse effect: science and policy. Science 243 (1989) 771-781
121. Schneider U.A., and McCarl B.A. Appraising agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation potentials: Effects of alternative assumptions. Agr. Econ. 35 (2006) 277-287
122. Scragg A.H., Morrison J., and Shales S.W. The use of a fuel containing Chlorella vulgaris in a diesel engine. Enzyme Microb. Tech. 33 (2003) 884-889
123. Sealock Jr, L.J., Elliott, D.C., Butner, R.S., Neuenschwander, G.G., 1988. Low-temperature conversion of high moisture biomass, PNL-6726. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA.
124. Sealock Jr. L.J., Baker E.G., and Elliott D.C. Method for catalytic destruction of organic materials U.S. Patent 630 (1997) 85
125. Sheth A.C., and Bagchi B. Investigation of nitrogen-bearing species in catalytic steam gasification of poultry litter. J. Air Waste Manage. 55 (2005) 619-628
126. Sheth A.C., and Turner A.D. Kinetics and economics of catalytic steam gasification of broiler litter. Trans. ASAE 45 (2002) 1111-1121
127. Singh A., Mehta S.K., and Gaur J.P. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by common freshwater filamentous algae. World J. Microb. Biot. 23 (2007) 1115-1120
128. Sparling R., Risbey D., and Poggi-Varaldo H.M. Hydrogen production from inhibited anaerobic composters. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 22 (1997) 563-566
129. Sprott G.D., Jarrell K.F., Shaw K.M., and Knowles R. Acetylene as an inhibitor of methanogenic bacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 128 (1982) 2453-2462
130. Stone K.C., Hunt P.G., Humenik F.J., and Johnson M.H. Impact of swine waste application on ground and stream water quality in an eastern coastal plain watershed. Trans. ASAE 41 (1998) 1665-1670
131. Sumino T., Isaka K., Ikuta H., Saiki Y., and Yokota T. Nitrogen removal from wastewater using simultaneous nitrate reduction and anaerobic ammonium oxidation in single reactor. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 102 (2006) 346-351
132. Szogi A.A., Vanotti M.B., and Stansbery A.E. Reduction of ammonia emissions from treated anaerobic swine lagoons. Trans. ASAE 49 (2006) 217-225
133. Szogi, A.A., Vanotti, M.B., Garcia-Gonzalez, M.C., Kunz, A., 2007. Development of anammox process for animal waste treatment: Experiences in the USA. International Symposium for Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture, Broomfield, CO.
134. Travieso L., Sanchez E.P., Benitez F., and Conde J.L. Arthospira sp. Intensive cultures for food and biogas purification. Biotechnol. Lett. 15 (1993) 1091-1094
135. Ueno Y., Kawai T., Sato S., Otsuka S., and Morimoto M. Biological production of hydrogen from cellulose by natural anaerobic microflora. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 79 (1995) 395-397
136. Ueno Y., Otsuka S., and Morimoto M. Hydrogen production from industrial wastewater by anaerobic microflora in chemostat culture. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 82 (1996) 194-197
137. Ueno Y., Tatara M., Fukui H., Makiuchi T., Goto M., and Sode K. Production of hydrogen and methane from organic solid wastes by phase-separation of anaerobic process. Bioresource Technol. 98 (2007) 1861-1865
138. Umetsu K., Kimura Y., Takahashi J., Kishimoto T., Kojima T., and Young B. Methane emission from stored dairy manure slurry and slurry after digestion by methane digester. Anim. Sci. J. 76 (2005) 73-79
139. USDOE, 2002. Roadmap for Biomass Technologies in the United States. US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
140. USEPA, 2006. AgSTAR Digest Winter 2006. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, D.C.
141. USEPA. AgSTAR Guide to Operational Systems. U.S (2007), Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C
142. Usui N., and Ikenouchi M. The biological CO2 fixation and utilization project by RITE(1): Highly-effective photobioreactor system. Energ. Convers. Manage. (1997) 38
143. Vanotti M.B., and Hunt P.G. Nitrification treatment of swine wastewater with acclimated nitrifying sludge immobilized in polymer pellets. Trans. ASAE 43 (2000) 405-413
144. Vunjak-Novakovic G., Kim Y., Wu X., Berzin I., and Merchuk J.C. Air-Lift Bioreactors for Algal Growth on Flue Gas: Mathematical Modeling and Pilot-Plant Studies. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44 (2005) 6154-6163
145. Wang C.C., Chang C.W., Chu C.P., Lee D.J., Chang B.V., Liao C.S., and Tay J.H. Using filtrate of waste biosolids to effectively produce bio-hydrogen by anaerobic fermentation. Water Res. 37 (2003) 2789-2793
146. Wilkie, A.C., 2003. Anaerobic digestion of flushed dairy manure Anaerobic Digester Technology Applications in Animal Agriculture- a National Summit. Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA, pp. 350-354.
147. Wilkie A.C., and Mulbry W.W. Recovery of dairy manure nutrients by benthic freshwater algae. Bioresource Technol. 84 (2002) 81-91
148. Wilkie A.C., Castro H.F., Cubinski K.R., Owens J.M., and Yan S.C. Fixed-film Anaerobic Digestion of Flushed Dairy Manure after Primary Treatment: Wastewater Production and Characterisation. Biosyst. Eng. 89 (2004) 457-471
149. Wright, P., Inglis, S., Ma, J., Gooch, C., Aldrich, B., Meister, A., Scott, N., 2004. Comparison of five anaerobic digestion systems on dairy farms ASAE Annual International Meeting 2004, pp. 4693-4709.
150. Wu H., Huang S., and Jiang Z. Effects of modification of silica gel and ADH on enzyme activity for enzymatic conversion of CO2 to methanol. Catal. Today 98 (2004) 545-552
151. Xin J.Y., Cui J.R., Niu J.Z., Hua S.F., Xia C.G., Li S.B., and Zhu L.M. Production of methanol from methane by methanotrophic bacteria. Biocatal. Biotransfor. 22 (2004) 225-229
152. Xu S.W., Lu Y., Li J., Jiang Z.Y., and Wu H. Efficient conversion of CO2 to methanol catalyzed by three dehydrogenases co-encapsulated in an alginate-silica (ALG-SiO2) hybrid gel. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45 (2006) 4567-4573
153. Yaman S. Pyrolysis of biomass to produce fuels and chemical feedstocks. Energ. Convers. Manage. 45 (2004) 651-671
154. Yang, P.Y., Duerr, E.D., 1987. Bio-process of anaerobically digested pig manure for production of Spirulina sp. Proceedings of the Summer Meeting American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Baltimore, USA.
155. Yang Y.F., Feng C.P., Inamori Y., and Maekawa T. Analysis of energy conversion characteristics in liquefaction of algae. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 43 (2004) 21-33
156. Yun Y.S., Lee S.B., Park J.M., Lee C.I., and Yang J.W. Carbon dioxide fixation by algal cultivation using wastewater nutrients. J. Chem. Technol. Biot. 69 (1997) 451-455
157. Zhu H., Stadnyk A., Beland M., and Seto P. Co-production of hydrogen and methane from potato waste using a two-stage anaerobic digestion process. Bioresource Technol. 99 (2007) 5078-5084