17 Capillary electrochromatography of pharmaceuticals

Separation Science and Technology

Volumn 9, Issue , 2008, Pages 439-476

  Adu, J K ^b   Euerby, M R ^b   Tettey, J N A ^a   Skellern, G G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE   (United Kingdom)

^b ASTRAZENECA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 47949107154     PISSN: 01496395     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0149-6395(07)00017-7     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Pretorius V., Hopkins B.J., and Schieke J.D. Electroosmosis: a new concept for high-speed liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 99 (1974) 23-30
2. Altria K.D., Clark B.J., and Mahuzier P. The effect of operating variables in microemulsion electrokinetic capillary electrochromatography. Chromatographia 52 (2000) 758-768
3. Robson M.M., Cikalo M.G., Myers P., Euerby M.R., Keith D., and Bartle K.D. Capillary electrochromatography: a review. J. Microcolumn Sep. 9 5 (1997) 357-372
4. Jiskra J., Claessens N.A., and Cramers C.A. Stationary and mobile phases in capillary electrochromatography. J. Sep. Sci. 26 15-16 (2003) 1305-1330
5. Svec F. Capillary electrochromatography: a rapidly emerging separation method. Adv. Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol. 76 (2002) 1-8
6. Steiner F., and Scherer B. Instrumentation for capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 887 (2000) 55-83
7. Rapp E., and Tallarek U. Liquid flow in capillary electrochromatography generation and control of micro- and nanoliter volumes. J. Sep. Sci. 26 (2003) 453-470
8. Rathore A.S., McKeon A.P., and Euerby M.R. Interplay of chromatographic and electrophoreses processes in capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1010 (2003) 105-111
9. McKeown A.P., Euerby M.R., Johnson C.M., Koeberle M., Lomax H., Ritchie H., and Ross P. An evaluation of unbonded silica stationary phases for the separation of basic analytes using capillary electrochromatography. Chromatographia 52 (2000) 777-786
10. Euerby M.R., Johnson C.M., Smyth S.F., Gillott N., Barrett D.A., and Shaw P.N. Solvent and stationary phase selectivity in capillary electrochromatography method development: comparison of C18, C8, and phenyl-bonded phases for the separation of a series of substituted barbiturates. J. Microcolumn Sep. 11 (1999) 305-311
11. Euerby M.R., Gilligan D., Johnson C.M., Roulin S.C.P., Myers P., and Bartle K.D. Applications of capillary electrochromatography in pharmaceutical analysis. J. Microcolumn Sep. 9 (1997) 373-387
12. Cs. Horvath. In Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on CEC, California Society for Separation Science, August 1997.
13. Euerby, M. R., Johnson, C. M., Bartle, K. D., Myers, P. and Roulin, S. C. P. (1996). Capillary electrochromatography in the pharmaceutical industry. Practical reality or fantasy? Anal. Commun. 33, 403-405
14. Bartle K.D., Carney R.A., Cavazza A., Cikalo M.G., Myers P., Robson M.M., Roulin S.C.P., and Sealey K. Capillary electrochromatography on silica columns: factors influencing performance. J. Chromatogr. A 892 (2000) 279-290
15. Zimina T.M., Smith R.M., and Myers P. Comparison of ODS-modified silica gels as stationary phases for electrochromatography in packed capillaries. J. Chromatogr. A 758 (1997) 191-197
16. Dittmann M.M., and Rozing G.P. Capillary electrochromatography: investigation of the influence of mobile phase and stationary phase properties on electroosmotic velocity, retention, and selectivity. J. Microcolumn Sep. 9 (1997) 399-408
17. Smith N., and Evans M.B. Comparison of the electroosmotic flow profiles and selectivity of stationary phases used in capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 832 (1999) 41-54
18. Ericson C., and Hjertén S. Reversed-phase electrochromatography of proteins on modified continuous beds using normal-flow and counterflow gradients. Theoretical and practical considerations. Anal. Chem. 71 (1999) 1621-1627
19. Kraak, J. C. (1984). Ion exchange and ion-pair chromatography. In Techniques in Liquid Chromatography (C. F. Simpson, Ed.), Wiley, New York, pp. 303-335.
20. Lim J.M., Nakagama T., Uchiyama K., and Hobo T. Temperature effect on chiral recognition of some amino acids with molecularly imprinted polymer filled capillary electrochromatography. Biomed. Chromatogr. 11 (1997) 298-302
21. Jiskra J., Claessens H.A., and Cramers C.A. Thermodynamic behaviour in capillary electrochromatography. J. Sep. Sci. 25 (2002) 569-576
22. Rathore A.S., and Horvath C.S. Separation parameters via virtual migration distances in high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary zone electrophoresis and electrokinetic chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 743 (1996) 231-246
23. Freitag R. Comparison of the chromatographic behavior of monolithic capillary columns in capillary electrochromatography and nano-high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1033 (2004) 267-273
24. van Deemter J.J., Zuiderweg F.J., and Klinkenberg A. Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography. Chem. Eng. Sci. 5 (1956) 271-289
25. van den Bosch E., Heemstra S., Kraak J.C., and Poppe H. Experiences with packed capillary electrochromatography at ambient pressure. J. Chromatogr. A 755 (1996) 165-177
26. Knox J.H., and Grant I.H. Electrochromatography in packed tubes using 1.5 to 50 μm gels and ODS bonded gels. Chromatographia 32 (1991) 317-327
27. Channer B., Uhl P., Euerby M.R., McKeown A.P., Lamax H., Skellern G.G., and Watson D.G. Practical evaluation of sol-gel and hydrothermal fritting technologies for the rapid column fabrication and its application in capillary electrochromatography and micro-liquid chromatography. Chomatographia 58 (2003) 135-143
28. Grant I.H. Capillary electrochromatography. Methods Mol. Biol. 52 (1995) 197-210
29. Fujimoto C., Sakurai M., and Muranaka Y. PEEK columns for open-tubular liquid chromatography with electroosmotic flow. J. Microcolumn Sep. 11 (1999) 693-700
30. Jinno K., and Sawada H. Recent trends in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. Trends Anal. Chem. 19 (2000) 664-675
31. Guihen E., and Glennon J.D. Recent highlights in stationary phase design for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1044 (2004) 67-81
32. Xu W., and Regnier F.E. Electrokinetically-driven cation-exchange chromatography of proteins and its comparison with pressure-driven high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 853 (1999) 243-256
33. Huang X., Zhang J., and Horvath C. Capillary electrochromatography of proteins and peptides with porous-layer open-tubular columns. J. Chromatogr. A 858 (1999) 91-101
34. Colon L.A., Burgos G., Maloney T.D., Cintron J.M., and Rodrigues R.L. Recent progress in capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 21 (2000) 3965-3993
35. Cikalo M.G., Bartle K.D., and Myers P. Behavior of cation-exchange materials in capillary electrochromatography. Anal. Chem. 71 (1999) 1820-1825
36. Breadmore M.C., Macka M., and Haddad P.R. Manipulation of separation selectivity for alkali metals and ammonium in ion-exchange capillary electrochromatography using a suspension of cation exchange particles in the electrolyte as a pseudostationary phase. Electrophoresis 20 (1999) 1987-1992
37. Tang Q., Wu N., and Lee M.L. Continuous bed columns containing sol-gel bonded large-pore octadecylsilica for capillary electrochromatography. J. Microcolumn Sep. 11 (1999) 550-561
38. Ratnayake C.K., Oh C.S., and Henry M.P. Particle loaded monolithic sol-gel columns for capillary electrochromatography: a new dimension for high performance liquid chromatography. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 23 (2000) 81-88
39. Ludtke S., Adam T., and Unger K.K. Application of 0.5-μm porous silanized silica beads in electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 786 (1997) 229-235
40. Dermaux A., and Sandra P. Applications of capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 20 (1999) 3027-3065
41. Gusev X.H., and Horváth C. Capillary columns with in-situ formed porous monolithic packing for micro high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 855 (1999) 273-290
42. Ross W.D., and Jefferson R.T. In situ-formed open-pore polyurethane as chromatographic supports. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 8 (1970) 386-389
43. Hileman F.D., Sievers R.E., Hess G.G., and Ross W.D. In situ preparation and evaluation of open pore polyurethane chromatographic columns. Anal. Chem. 45 (1973) 1126-1130
44. Hjertén S., Liao J.L., and Zhang R. High performance liquid chromatography on continuous polymer beds. J. Chromatogr. 473 (1989) 273-279
45. Svec F., and Fréchet J.M.J. Continuous rods of macroporous polymer as high performance liquid chromatography separation media. Anal. Chem. 64 (1992) 820-822
46. Fields S.M. Silica xerogel as continuous column support for high performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem. 68 (1996) 2709-2712
47. Minakuchi H., Nakanishi K., Soga N., Ishizuka N., and Tanaka N. Octadecylsilylated Porous Silica Rods as Separation media for Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. Anal. Chem. 68 (1996) 3498-3501
48. Nakanishi, K., Minakuchi, H., Ishizuka, N., Soga, N., and Tanaka, N. (1998). Monolithic columns via sol-gel route in sol-gel synthesis and processing. Ceramic Transactions, 95, American Ceramic Society, Westerville, 139.
49. Yu C., Davey M.H., Svec F., and Frechet J.M. Monolithic porous polymer for on-chip solid-phase extraction and preconcentration prepared by photoinitiated in situ polymerization within a microfluidic device. Anal. Chem. 73 (2001) 5088-5096
50. Quirino J.P., Dulay M.T., and Zare R.N. On-line preconcentration in capillary electrochromatography using porous monolith together with solvent gradient and sample stacking. Anal. Chem. 73 (2001) 5557-5563
51. Schulte M., and Dingenen J. Monolithic silica sorbents for the separation of diastereomers by means of simulated moving bed chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 923 (2001) 17-25
52. Hindocha D., and Smith N.W. The analysis of basic pharmaceutical compounds by capillary electrochromatography using continuous bed stationary phase. Chromatographia 55 (2002) 203-209
53. Shediac R., Ngola S.M., Throckmorton D.J., Anex D.S., Shepodd T.J., and Singh A.K. Reversed-phase electrochromatography of amino acids and peptides using porous polymer monoliths. J. Chromatogr. A 925 (2001) 251-263
54. Zhang S.H., Huang X., Zhang J., and Horvath C. Capillary electrochromatography of proteins and peptides with a cationic acrylic monolith. J. Chromatogr. A 887 (2000) 465-477
55. Ishizuka N., Minakuchi H., Nakanishi K., Soga N., Nagayanma N., and Tanaka N. Performance of a monolithic silica column in a capillary under pressure-driven and electrodriven conditions. Anal. Chem. 72 (2000) 1275-1280
56. Tang Q.L., Xin B.M., and Lee M.L. Monolithic columns containing sol-gel bonded octadecylsilica for capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 837 (1999) 35-50
57. Ratnayake C.K., Oh C.S., and Henry M.P. Characteristics of particle-loaded monolithic sol-gel columns for capillary electrochromatography: I. Structural, electrical and band-broadening properties. J. Chromatogr. A 887 (2000) 277-285
58. Ishizuka N., Kobayashi H., Minakuchi H., Nakanishi K., Hirao K., Hosoya K., Ikegami T., and Tanaka N. Monolithic silica columns for high-efficiency separations by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 960 (2002) 85-96
59. Zou H., Huang X., Ye M., and Luo Q. Monolithic stationary phases for liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 954 (2002) 5-32
60. Buszewski B., Szumski M., and Sus S. Methacrylate-based monolithic columns for micro-HPLC and CEC. LC-GC Europe 15 (2002) 792-798
61. Chirica S.G., and Remcho T.V. Novel monolithic columns with templated porosity. J. Chromatogr. A 924 (2001) 223-232
62. Li Y., Xiang R., Horvath C., and Wilkins J.A. Capillary electrochromatography of peptides on a neutral porous monolith with annular electroosmotic flow generation. Electrophoresis 25 (2004) 545-553
63. Steiner F., and Scherer B. Instrumentation for capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 887 (2000) 55-83
64. Moini M. Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry and its application to the analysis of biological mixtures. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 373 (2002) 466-480
65. von Brocke A., Nicholson G., and Bayer E. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis/electrospray mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 22 (2001) 1251-1266
66. Barceló-Barrachina E., Moyano E., and Galceran M.T. State-of-the-art of the hyphenation of capillary electrochromatography with mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 25 (2004) 1927-1948
67. Channer B., Uhl P., Euerby M.R., McKeown A.P., Skellern G.G., and Watson D.G. The use of 3 and 12 micron particulate stationary phases in voltage-assisted micro-LC for the separation of mixtures containing neutral, basic and acidic analytes. Chromatographia 61 (2005) 113-119
68. ® stationary phase. J. Chromatogr. A 1049 (2004) 171-181
69. Pai Y.F., Chun-Chi Lin C.C., and Liu C.Y. Optimization of sample stacking for the simultaneous determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with a wall-coated histidine capillary column. Electrophoresis 25 (2004) 569-577
70. Orlandini S., Furlanetto S., Pinzauti S., D'Orazio G., and Fanali S. Analysis of ketorolac and its related impurities by capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1044 (2004) 295-303
71. Klein C., Geisshusler S., and Klockow-Beck A. Impurity profiling of a nonsteroidal analgesic drug by capillary electrochromatography. Chromatographia 58 (2003) 213-220
72. Karlsson C., Wikström H., Armstrong D.W., and Owens P.K. Enantioselective reversed-phase and non-aqueous capillary electrochromatography using a teicoplanin chiral stationary phase. J. Chromatogr. A 897 1-2, 3 (2000) 349-363
73. Ye M., Zou H., Liu Z., Wu R., Lei Z., and Ni J. Study of competitive binding of enantiomers to protein by affinity capillary electrochromatography. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 27 3-4 (2002) 651-660
74. Pai Y.-F., Lin C.-C., and Liu C.-Y. Optimization of sample stacking for the simultaneous determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with a wall-coated histidine capillary column. Electrophoresis 25 (2004) 569-577
75. Ohyama K., Wada M., Lord G.A., Ohba Y., Fujishita O., Nakashima K., Lim C.K., and Kuroda N. Capillary electrochromatographic analysis of barbiturates in serum. Electrophoresis 25 (2004) 594-599
76. Fu H., Jin W., Xiao H., Xie C., Guo B., and Hanfa Z. Determination of basic pharmaceuticals in human serum by hydrophilic interaction capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 25 (2004) 600-606
77. Kapnissi C.P., and Warner I.M. Separation of benzodiazepines using capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 42 (2004) 238-244
78. Lin C.-C., and Liu C.-Y. Proline-coated column for the capillary electrochromatographic separation of amino acids by in-column derivatization. Electrophoresis 25 (2004) 3216-3223
79. Oguri S., Maeda Y., and Mizusawa A. On-column derivatization-capillary electrochromatography with o-phthalaldehyde/alkylthiol for assay of biogenic amines. J. Chromatogr. A 1044 (2004) 271-276
80. Kato M., Jin H.M., Sakai-Kato K., Toyo'oka T., Dulay M.T., and Zare R.N. Determination of glutamine and serine in rat cerebrospinal fluid using capillary electrochromatography with a modified photopolymerized sol-gel monolithic column. J. Chromatogr. A 1004 (2003) 209-215
81. Kato M., Saruwatari H., Sakai-Kato K., and Toyo'oka T. Silica sol-gel/organic hybrid material for protein encapsulated column of capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1044 (2004) 267-270
82. Lämmerhofer M., Tobler E., Zarbl E., Lindner W., Svec F., and Fréchet J.M.J. Macroporous monolithic chiral stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography: new chiral monomer derived from cinchona alkaloid with enhanced enantioselectivity. Electrophoresis 24 (2003) 2986-2999
83. Schmid M.G., Koidl J., Freigassner C., Tahedl S., Wojcik L., Beesley T., Armstrong D.W., and Gübitz G. New particle-loaded monoliths for chiral capillary electrochromatographic separation. Electrophoresis 25 (2004) 3195-3203
84. Chen Z., Ozawa H., Uchiyama K., and Hobo T. Cyclodextrin-modified monolithic columns for resolving dansyl amino acid enantiomers and positional isomers by capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 24 (2003) 2550-2558
85. G-nitro-D-arginine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 312 (2005) 1090-1096
86. Hilder E.F., Svec F., and Fréchet J.M.J. Shielded stationary phases based on porous polymer monoliths for the capillary electrochromatography of highly basic biomolecules. Anal. Chem. 76 (2004) 3887-3892
87. Fu H., Xie C., Dong J., Huang X., and Zou H. Monolithic column with zwitterionic stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography. Anal. Chem. 76 (2004) 4866-4874
88. Progent F., and Taverna M. Retention behaviour of peptides in capillary electrochromatography using an embedded ammonium in dodecacyl stationary phase. J. Chromatogr. A 1052 (2004) 181-189
89. Adu J.K., Lau S.S., Watson D.G., Euerby M.R., Skellern G.G., and Tettey J.N.A. Capillary electrochromatography of therapeutic peptides on mixed-mode butylmethacrylate monoliths. Electrophoresis 26 (2005) 3445-3451
90. Liang Z., Duan J., Zhang L., Zhang W., Zhang Y., and Yan C. Pressurized electrochromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for analysis of peptides and proteins. Anal. Chem. 76 (2004) 6935-6940
91. Nakashima R., Kitagawa S., Yoshida T., and Tsuda T. Study of flow rate in pressurized gradient capillary electrochromatography using splitter and separation of peptides using an amide stationary phase. J. Chromatogr. A 1044 (2004) 305-309
92. Johannesson N., Wetterhall M., Markides K.E., and Bergquist J. Monomer surface modifications for rapid peptide analysis by capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 25 (2004) 809-816
93. Pesek J.J., Matyska M.T., Dawson G.B., Chen J.I., Boysen R.I., and Hearn M.T.W. Open tubular capillary electrochromatography of synthetic peptides on etched chemically modified columns. Anal. Chem. 76 (2004) 23-30
94. Pesek J.J., Matyska M.T., Dawsom G.B., Chen J.I.-C., Boysen R.I., and Hearn M.T.W. Open-tubular electrochromatographic characterization of synthetic peptides. Electrophoresis 25 (2004) 1211-1218
95. Dawson G.B., Matyska M.T., Pesek J.J., and Seipert R. Electrochromatographic studies of etched capillaries modified with a cyano pentoxy biphenyl liquid crystal. J. Chromatogr. A 1047 (2004) 299-303
96. Szucs V., and Freitag R. Comparison of a three-peptide separation by capillary electrochromatography, voltage-assisted liquid chromatography and nano-high performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1044 (2004) 201-209
97. Popa T.V., Mant C.T., and Hodges R.S. Capillary electrophoresis of amphipathic α-helical peptide diastereomers. Electrophoresis 25 (2004) 94-107
98. Lazar I.M., Li L.J., Yang Y., and Karger B.L. Microfluidic device for capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 24 (2003) 3655-3662
99. Bedair M., and El Rassi Z. Capillary electrochromatography with monolithic stationary phases III. Evaluation of the electrochromatographic retention of neutral and charged solutes on cationic stearyl-acrylate monoliths and the separation of water-soluble proteins and membrane proteins. J. Chromatogr. A 1013 (2003) 47-56
100. Bedair M., and El Rassi Z. Affinity chromatography with monolithic capillary columns I. Polymethacrylate monoliths with immobilized mannan for the separation of mannose-binding proteins by capillary electrochromatography and nano-scale liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1044 (2004) 177-186
101. Bandilla D., and Skinner C.D. Protein separation by monolithic capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1004 (2003) 167-179
102. Ping G.C., Zhang W.B., Zhang L.H., Schmitt-Kopplin P., Zhang Y.K., and Kettrup A. Rapid separation of nucleosides by capillary electrochromatography with a methacrylate-based monolithic stationary phase. Chromatographia 57 (2003) 629-633
103. Allen D., and El Rassi Z. Capillary electrochromatography with monolithic silica columns III. Preparation of hydrophilic silica monoliths having surface-bound cyano groups: chromatographic characterization and application to the separation of carbohydrates, nucleosides, nucleic acid bases and other neutral polar species. J. Chromatogr. A 1029 (2004) 239-247
104. Ohyama K., Fujimoto E., Wada M., Kishikawa N., Ohba Y., Akiyama S., Nakashima K., and Kuroda N. Investigation of a novel mixed-mode stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography. Part III: separation of nucleosides and nucleic acid bases on sulfonated naphthalimido-modified silyl silica gel. J. Sep. Sci. 28 (2005) 767-773
105. Huang Y.-C., Lin C.-C., and Liu C.Y. Preparation and evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymers based on 9-ethyladenine for the recognition of nucleotide bases in capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 25 (2004) 554-561
106. Abidi S.L. Capillary electrochromatography of sterols and related steryl esters derived from vegetable oils. J. Chromatogr. A 1059 (2004) 199-208
107. Huang H.Y., Chiu C.W., Huang I.Y., and Yeh J.M. Analyses of preservatives by capillary electrochromatography using methacrylate ester-based monolithic columns. Electrophoresis 25 (2004) 3237-3246
108. De Rossi A., and Desiderio C. Application of reversed phase short end-capillary electrochromatography to herbicides residues analysis. Chromatographia 61 (2005) 271-275
109. Zhang L.Y., Zhang J., Wang H., Zhang L.H., Zhang W.B., and Zhang Y.K. Analysis of flavonoids in leaves of Adinandra nitida by capillary electrochromatography on monolithic columns with stepwise gradient elution. J. Sep. Sci. 28 (2005) 774-779
110. Xie C.H., Hu J.W., Xiao H., Su X.Y., Dong J., Tian R.J., He Z.K., and Zou H.F. Electrochromatographic evaluation of a silica monolith capillary column for separation of basic pharmaceuticals. Electrophoresis 26 (2005) 790-797
111. Yan L.J., Zhang Q.H., Zhang J., Zhang L.Y., Li T., Feng Y.Q., and Zhang L.H. Hybrid organic-inorganic monolithic stationary phase for acidic compounds separation by capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1046 (2004) 255-261
112. Ganzera M., Stoeggl W.M., Bonn G.K., Khan I.A., and Stuppner H. Capillary electrochromatography of boswellic acids in Boswellia serrata Roxb. J. Sep. Sci. 26 (2003) 1383-1388
113. Adu, J. (2006). Ph.D. Thesis. University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.
114. Liu Z., and Lee L.M. Comprehensive two-dimensional separations using microcolumns. J. Microcolumn Sep. 12 4 (2000) 241-254
115. Bushey M.M., and Jorgenson J.W. Automated instrumentation for comprehensive two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography/capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 62 (1990) 978-984
116. Opiteck G.J., Jorgenson J.W., and Anderegg R.J. Two-dimensional SEC/RPLC coupled to mass spectrometry for the analysis of peptides. Anal. Chem. 69 (1997) 2283-2291
117. Lemmo A.V., and Jorgenson J.W. Transverse flow gating interface for the coupling of microcolumn LC with CZE in a comprehensive two-dimensional system. Anal. Chem. 65 (1993) 1576-1581
118. Hooker T.F., and Jorgenson J.W. A transparent flow gating interface for the coupling of microcolumn LC with CZE in a comprehensive two-dimensional system. Anal. Chem. 69 (1997) 4134-4142
119. Moore Jr. A.W., and Jorgenson J.W. Rapid comprehensive two-dimensional separations of peptides via RPLC-optically gated capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 67 (1995) 3448-3455
120. Harrison D.J., Manz A., Fan Z., Lüdi H., and Widmer H.M. Capillary electrophoresis and sample injection systems integrated on a planar glass chip. Anal. Chem. 64 (1992) 1926-1932
121. Effenhauser C.S., Manz A., and Widmer H.M. Glass chips for high-speed capillary electrophoresis separations with submicrometer plate heights. Anal. Chem. 65 (1993) 2637-2642
122. Jacobson S.C., Culbertson C.T., Daler J.E., and Ramsey J.M. Microchip structures for submillisecond electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 70 (1998) 3476-3480
123. von Heeren F., Verpoorte E., Manz A., and Thormann W. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography separations and analyses of biological samples on a cyclic planar microstructure. Anal. Chem. 68 (1996) 2044-2053
124. Kutter J.P., Jacobson S.C., and Ramsey J.M. Integrated microchip device with electrokinetically controlled solvent mixing for isocratic and gradient elution in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Anal. Chem. 69 (1997) 5165-5171
125. Kutter J.P., Jacobson S.C., Matsubara N., and Ramsey J.M. Solvent-programmed microchip open-channel electrochromatography. Anal. Chem. 70 (1998) 3291-3297
126. He B., Tait N., and Regnier F. Fabrication of nanocolumns for liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem. 70 (1998) 3790-3797
127. Effenhauser C.S., Paulus A., Manz A., and Widmer H.M. High-speed separation of antisense oligonucleotides on a micromachined capillary electrophoresis device. Anal. Chem. 66 (1994) 2949-2953
128. Waters L.C., Jacobson S.C., Kroutchinina N., Khandurina J., Foote R.S., and Ramsey J.M. Microchip device for cell lysis, multiplex PCR amplification, and electrophoretic sizing. Anal. Chem. 70 (1998) 158-162
129. Rocklin R.D., Ramsey R.S., and Ramsey J.M. A microfabricated fluidic device for performing two-dimensional liquid-phase separations. Anal. Chem. 72 (2000) 5244-5249
130. Gottschlich N., Jacobson S.C., Culbertson C.T., and Ramsey M.J. Two-dimensional electrochromatography/capillary electrophoresis on a microchip. Anal. Chem. 73 (2001) 2669-2674
131. Jia L., Tanaka N., and Terabe S. Two-dimensional separation system of coupling capillary liquid chromatography to capillary electrophoresis for analysis of Escherichia coli metabolites. Electrophoresis 26 (2005) 3468-3478
132. Dixon S.P., Pitfield I.D., and Perrett D. Comprehensive multi-dimensional liquid chromatographic separation in biomedical and pharmaceutical analysis: a review. Biomed. Chromatogr. 20 (2006) 508-529
133. Fabre, H., and Altria, K. D. (2001). Validating CE methods for pharmaceutical analysis. LC-GC Europe 14, 302-310.