메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 106, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 153-163

Nature and facts about natural and artifactual categories: Sex differences in the semantic priming paradigm

Author keywords

Artifactual categories; Category specificity; Functional focus; Functional vs. perceptual judgment; Natural categories; Perceptual focus; Semantic knowledge; Semantic memory; Semantic priming; Sex differences

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ARTIFACT; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PERCEPTION; PHONETICS; SEMANTICS; SEX DIFFERENCE; TARGET VARIABLE; TASK PERFORMANCE; WORD RECOGNITION;

EID: 47649133777     PISSN: 0093934X     EISSN: 10902155     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2008.03.003     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 0034521469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semantic category dissociations, familiarity, and gender
    • Albanese E., Capitani E., Barbarotto R., and Laiacona M. Semantic category dissociations, familiarity, and gender. Cortex 36 (2000) 733-746
    • (2000) Cortex , vol.36 , pp. 733-746
    • Albanese, E.1    Capitani, E.2    Barbarotto, R.3    Laiacona, M.4
  • 6
    • 24944532031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intentions determine the effect of invisible metacontrast-masked primes: Evidence for top-down contingencies in a peripheral cuing task
    • Ansorge U., and Neumann O. Intentions determine the effect of invisible metacontrast-masked primes: Evidence for top-down contingencies in a peripheral cuing task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 31 (2005) 762-777
    • (2005) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , vol.31 , pp. 762-777
    • Ansorge, U.1    Neumann, O.2
  • 7
    • 84986776464 scopus 로고
    • Basic conceptual domains
    • Atran S. Basic conceptual domains. Mind & Language 4 (1989) 7-16
    • (1989) Mind & Language , vol.4 , pp. 7-16
    • Atran, S.1
  • 8
    • 0036240869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Picture reality decision, semantic categories and gender: A new set of pictures, with norms and an experimental study
    • Barbarotto R., Laiacona M., Macchi V., and Capitani E. Picture reality decision, semantic categories and gender: A new set of pictures, with norms and an experimental study. Neuropsychologia 40 (2002) 1637-1653
    • (2002) Neuropsychologia , vol.40 , pp. 1637-1653
    • Barbarotto, R.1    Laiacona, M.2    Macchi, V.3    Capitani, E.4
  • 10
    • 0032946133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender affects retrieval of certain categories in semantic fluency tasks
    • Capitani E., Laiacona M., and Barbarotto R. Gender affects retrieval of certain categories in semantic fluency tasks. Cortex 35 (1999) 273-278
    • (1999) Cortex , vol.35 , pp. 273-278
    • Capitani, E.1    Laiacona, M.2    Barbarotto, R.3
  • 11
    • 0038147951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What are the facts of semantic category-specific deficits? A critical review of the clinical evidence
    • Capitani E., Laiacona M., Mahon B., and Caramazza A. What are the facts of semantic category-specific deficits? A critical review of the clinical evidence. Cognitive Neuropsychology 20 (2003) 213-261
    • (2003) Cognitive Neuropsychology , vol.20 , pp. 213-261
    • Capitani, E.1    Laiacona, M.2    Mahon, B.3    Caramazza, A.4
  • 12
    • 58149409019 scopus 로고
    • A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing
    • Collins A.M., and Loftus E.F. A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review 82 (1975) 407-428
    • (1975) Psychological Review , vol.82 , pp. 407-428
    • Collins, A.M.1    Loftus, E.F.2
  • 14
    • 3142656670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a new conceptualization of semantic representation in the left and right cerebral hemispheres
    • Deacon D., Grose-Fifer J., Yang C.-M., Stanick V., Hewitt S., and Dynowska A. Evidence for a new conceptualization of semantic representation in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Cortex 40 (2004) 467-478
    • (2004) Cortex , vol.40 , pp. 467-478
    • Deacon, D.1    Grose-Fifer, J.2    Yang, C.-M.3    Stanick, V.4    Hewitt, S.5    Dynowska, A.6
  • 15
    • 0033192531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semantic influence on processing gender agreement: Evidence from Hebrew
    • Deutsch A., Bentin S., and Katz L. Semantic influence on processing gender agreement: Evidence from Hebrew. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 28 (1999) 516-535
    • (1999) Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , vol.28 , pp. 516-535
    • Deutsch, A.1    Bentin, S.2    Katz, L.3
  • 16
    • 0036028035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there an anatomical basis for category-specificity? Semantic memory studies in PET and fMRI
    • Devlin J.T., Russell R.P., Davis M.H., Price C.J., Moss H.E., Fadili M.J., et al. Is there an anatomical basis for category-specificity? Semantic memory studies in PET and fMRI. Neuropsychologia 40 (2002) 54-75
    • (2002) Neuropsychologia , vol.40 , pp. 54-75
    • Devlin, J.T.1    Russell, R.P.2    Davis, M.H.3    Price, C.J.4    Moss, H.E.5    Fadili, M.J.6
  • 17
    • 0002751119 scopus 로고
    • Integrated retrieval cues as a mechanism for priming in retrieval from memory
    • Dosher B.A., and Rosedale G. Integrated retrieval cues as a mechanism for priming in retrieval from memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118 (1989) 191-211
    • (1989) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.118 , pp. 191-211
    • Dosher, B.A.1    Rosedale, G.2
  • 18
    • 0037367707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Domain differences in the structure of artifactual and natural categories
    • Estes Z. Domain differences in the structure of artifactual and natural categories. Memory & Cognition 31 (2003) 199-214
    • (2003) Memory & Cognition , vol.31 , pp. 199-214
    • Estes, Z.1
  • 19
    • 0000022218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The living/nonliving dissociation is not an artefact: Giving an a priori implausible hypothesis a strong test
    • Farah M.J., Meyer M.M., and McMullen P.A. The living/nonliving dissociation is not an artefact: Giving an a priori implausible hypothesis a strong test. Cognitive Neuropsychology 13 (1996) 137-154
    • (1996) Cognitive Neuropsychology , vol.13 , pp. 137-154
    • Farah, M.J.1    Meyer, M.M.2    McMullen, P.A.3
  • 21
    • 0032982054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Category-specific recognition impairments: A review of important case studies and influential theories
    • Forde E.M.E., and Humphreys G.W. Category-specific recognition impairments: A review of important case studies and influential theories. Aphasiology 13 (1999) 169-193
    • (1999) Aphasiology , vol.13 , pp. 169-193
    • Forde, E.M.E.1    Humphreys, G.W.2
  • 22
    • 33645089717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Negative Priming is stronger for task relevant dimensions: Evidence of flexibility in selective ignoring of distractor information
    • Frings C., and Wentura D. Negative Priming is stronger for task relevant dimensions: Evidence of flexibility in selective ignoring of distractor information. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 59 (2006) 683-693
    • (2006) Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.59 , pp. 683-693
    • Frings, C.1    Wentura, D.2
  • 23
    • 21844452676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of gender and lesion location on naming disorders for animals, plants and artefacts
    • Gainotti G. The influence of gender and lesion location on naming disorders for animals, plants and artefacts. Neuropsychologia 43 (2005) 1633-1644
    • (2005) Neuropsychologia , vol.43 , pp. 1633-1644
    • Gainotti, G.1
  • 24
    • 0035047927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prototypicality, distinctiveness, and intercorrelation: Analyses of the semantic attributes of living and nonliving concepts
    • Garrard P., Lambon Ralph M.A., Hodges J.R., and Patterson K. Prototypicality, distinctiveness, and intercorrelation: Analyses of the semantic attributes of living and nonliving concepts. Cognitive Neuropsychology 18 (2001) 125-174
    • (2001) Cognitive Neuropsychology , vol.18 , pp. 125-174
    • Garrard, P.1    Lambon Ralph, M.A.2    Hodges, J.R.3    Patterson, K.4
  • 26
    • 0034779842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchies, similarity, and interactivity in object recognition: 'Category-specific' neuropsychological deficits
    • Humphreys G.W., and Forde E.M.E. Hierarchies, similarity, and interactivity in object recognition: 'Category-specific' neuropsychological deficits. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (2001) 453-509
    • (2001) Behavioral and Brain Sciences , vol.24 , pp. 453-509
    • Humphreys, G.W.1    Forde, E.M.E.2
  • 27
    • 0035383397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional neuroimaging studies of category specificity in object recognition: A critical review and meta-analysis
    • Joseph J.E. Functional neuroimaging studies of category specificity in object recognition: A critical review and meta-analysis. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience 1 (2001) 119-136
    • (2001) Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience , vol.1 , pp. 119-136
    • Joseph, J.E.1
  • 28
    • 0036260257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Essentialist to some degree: Beliefs about the structure of natural kind categories
    • Kalish C.W. Essentialist to some degree: Beliefs about the structure of natural kind categories. Memory & Cognition 30 (2002) 340-352
    • (2002) Memory & Cognition , vol.30 , pp. 340-352
    • Kalish, C.W.1
  • 29
    • 0035710220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptual and semantic sources of category-specific effects: Event-related potentials during picture and word categorization
    • Kiefer M. Perceptual and semantic sources of category-specific effects: Event-related potentials during picture and word categorization. Memory & Cognition 29 (2001) 100-116
    • (2001) Memory & Cognition , vol.29 , pp. 100-116
    • Kiefer, M.1
  • 30
    • 13244255557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repetition-priming modulates category-related effects on event-related potentials: Further evidence for multiple cortical semantic systems
    • Kiefer M. Repetition-priming modulates category-related effects on event-related potentials: Further evidence for multiple cortical semantic systems. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 (2005) 199-211
    • (2005) Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , vol.17 , pp. 199-211
    • Kiefer, M.1
  • 31
    • 32344437197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The visual basis of category effects in object identification: Evidence from the visual hemifield paradigm
    • Låg T., Hveem K., Ruud K.P.E., and Laeng B. The visual basis of category effects in object identification: Evidence from the visual hemifield paradigm. Brain & Cognition 60 (2006) 1-10
    • (2006) Brain & Cognition , vol.60 , pp. 1-10
    • Låg, T.1    Hveem, K.2    Ruud, K.P.E.3    Laeng, B.4
  • 32
    • 32644484714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human evolution and the brain representation of semantic knowledge: Is there a role for sex differences?
    • Laiacona M., Barbarotto R., and Capitani E. Human evolution and the brain representation of semantic knowledge: Is there a role for sex differences?. Evolution and Human Behavior 27 (2006) 158-168
    • (2006) Evolution and Human Behavior , vol.27 , pp. 158-168
    • Laiacona, M.1    Barbarotto, R.2    Capitani, E.3
  • 33
    • 0033403003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender affects naming latencies for living and nonliving things: Implications for familiarity
    • Laws K.R. Gender affects naming latencies for living and nonliving things: Implications for familiarity. Cortex 35 (1999) 729-733
    • (1999) Cortex , vol.35 , pp. 729-733
    • Laws, K.R.1
  • 34
    • 0034668095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Category-specific naming errors in normal subjects: The influence of evolution and experience
    • Laws K.R. Category-specific naming errors in normal subjects: The influence of evolution and experience. Brain & Language 75 (2000) 123-133
    • (2000) Brain & Language , vol.75 , pp. 123-133
    • Laws, K.R.1
  • 35
    • 0036204099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Category-specific naming and modality-specific imagery
    • Laws K.R. Category-specific naming and modality-specific imagery. Brain & Cognition 48 (2002) 418-420
    • (2002) Brain & Cognition , vol.48 , pp. 418-420
    • Laws, K.R.1
  • 36
    • 0344944063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in lexical size across semantic categories
    • Laws K.R. Sex differences in lexical size across semantic categories. Personality and Individual Differences 36 (2004) 23-32
    • (2004) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.36 , pp. 23-32
    • Laws, K.R.1
  • 37
    • 33749664735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of colour, spatial resolution, and presentation speed on category naming
    • Laws K.R., and Hunter M.Z. The impact of colour, spatial resolution, and presentation speed on category naming. Brain & Cognition 62 (2006) 89-97
    • (2006) Brain & Cognition , vol.62 , pp. 89-97
    • Laws, K.R.1    Hunter, M.Z.2
  • 38
    • 0035985161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of 'masking' on picture naming
    • Laws K.R., Leeson V.C., and Gale T.M. The effect of 'masking' on picture naming. Cortex 38 (2002) 137-148
    • (2002) Cortex , vol.38 , pp. 137-148
    • Laws, K.R.1    Leeson, V.C.2    Gale, T.M.3
  • 39
    • 0024638680 scopus 로고
    • Intrahemispheric sex differences in the functional representation of language and praxic functions in normal individuals
    • Lewis R.S., and Christiansen L. Intrahemispheric sex differences in the functional representation of language and praxic functions in normal individuals. Brain & Cognition 9 (1989) 238-243
    • (1989) Brain & Cognition , vol.9 , pp. 238-243
    • Lewis, R.S.1    Christiansen, L.2
  • 40
    • 0031022336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptual differentiation as a source of category effects in object processing: Evidence from naming and object decision
    • Lloyd-Jones T.J., and Humphreys G.W. Perceptual differentiation as a source of category effects in object processing: Evidence from naming and object decision. Memory & Cognition 25 (1997) 18-35
    • (1997) Memory & Cognition , vol.25 , pp. 18-35
    • Lloyd-Jones, T.J.1    Humphreys, G.W.2
  • 41
    • 0030875762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Categorizing chairs and naming pears: Category differences in object processing as a function of task and priming
    • Lloyd-Jones T.J., and Humphreys G.W. Categorizing chairs and naming pears: Category differences in object processing as a function of task and priming. Memory & Cognition 25 (1997) 606-624
    • (1997) Memory & Cognition , vol.25 , pp. 606-624
    • Lloyd-Jones, T.J.1    Humphreys, G.W.2
  • 42
    • 0034568049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semantic priming without association: A meta-analytic review
    • Lucas M. Semantic priming without association: A meta-analytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 7 (2000) 618-630
    • (2000) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.7 , pp. 618-630
    • Lucas, M.1
  • 43
    • 0037810244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraining questions about the organisation and representation of conceptual knowledge
    • Mahon B.Z., and Caramazza A. Constraining questions about the organisation and representation of conceptual knowledge. Cognitive Neuropsychology 20 (2003) 433-450
    • (2003) Cognitive Neuropsychology , vol.20 , pp. 433-450
    • Mahon, B.Z.1    Caramazza, A.2
  • 44
    • 0000683203 scopus 로고
    • Produktionsnormen für verbale Reaktionen zu 40 geläufigen Kategorien [German category norms for verbal items in 40 categories]
    • Mannhaupt H.-R. Produktionsnormen für verbale Reaktionen zu 40 geläufigen Kategorien [German category norms for verbal items in 40 categories]. Sprache und Kognition 4 (1983) 264-278
    • (1983) Sprache und Kognition , vol.4 , pp. 264-278
    • Mannhaupt, H.-R.1
  • 45
    • 0030071107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge
    • Martin A., Wiggs C.L., Ungerleider L.G., and Haxby J.V. Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge. Nature 379 (1996) 649-652
    • (1996) Nature , vol.379 , pp. 649-652
    • Martin, A.1    Wiggs, C.L.2    Ungerleider, L.G.3    Haxby, J.V.4
  • 48
    • 33846031592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Category-specific effects on the identification of non-manipulable objects
    • McMullen P.A., and Purdy K.S. Category-specific effects on the identification of non-manipulable objects. Brain & Cognition 62 (2006) 228-240
    • (2006) Brain & Cognition , vol.62 , pp. 228-240
    • McMullen, P.A.1    Purdy, K.S.2
  • 50
    • 47649123430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McNamara, T. P., & Holbrook, J. B. (2003). Semantic memory and priming. In A. F. Healy, & R. W. Proctor (Eds.), Experimental psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 447-474). In I. B. Weiner (Ed.), Handbook of psychology. New York: Wiley.
    • McNamara, T. P., & Holbrook, J. B. (2003). Semantic memory and priming. In A. F. Healy, & R. W. Proctor (Eds.), Experimental psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 447-474). In I. B. Weiner (Ed.), Handbook of psychology. New York: Wiley.
  • 51
    • 0038685443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors underlying category-specific semantic deficits
    • Forde E.M.E., and Humphreys G.W. (Eds), Psychology Press, East Sussex, UK
    • McRae K., and Cree G.S. Factors underlying category-specific semantic deficits. In: Forde E.M.E., and Humphreys G.W. (Eds). Category-specificity in mind and brain (2002), Psychology Press, East Sussex, UK 211-249
    • (2002) Category-specificity in mind and brain , pp. 211-249
    • McRae, K.1    Cree, G.S.2
  • 54
    • 33745200629 scopus 로고
    • Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibition less spreeding activation and limited capacity attention
    • Neely J.H. Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibition less spreeding activation and limited capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106 (1977) 226-254
    • (1977) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.106 , pp. 226-254
    • Neely, J.H.1
  • 55
    • 67149142257 scopus 로고
    • Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories
    • Besner D., and Humphreys G.W. (Eds), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
    • Neely J.H. Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In: Besner D., and Humphreys G.W. (Eds). Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (1991), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 264-336
    • (1991) Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition , pp. 264-336
    • Neely, J.H.1
  • 56
    • 0024760469 scopus 로고
    • Semantic priming in the lexical decision task: Roles of prospective prime-generated expectancies and retrospective semantic matching
    • Neely J.H., Keefe D.E., and Ross K.L. Semantic priming in the lexical decision task: Roles of prospective prime-generated expectancies and retrospective semantic matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15 (1989) 1003-1019
    • (1989) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.15 , pp. 1003-1019
    • Neely, J.H.1    Keefe, D.E.2    Ross, K.L.3
  • 57
    • 0036331298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieval of visual, auditory, and abstract semantics
    • Noppeney U., and Price C.J. Retrieval of visual, auditory, and abstract semantics. Neuroimage 15 (2002) 917-926
    • (2002) Neuroimage , vol.15 , pp. 917-926
    • Noppeney, U.1    Price, C.J.2
  • 58
    • 31144434020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological evidence for a natural/artifactual dissociation
    • Paz-Caballero D., Cuetos F., and Dobarro A. Electrophysiological evidence for a natural/artifactual dissociation. Brain Research 1067 (2006) 189-200
    • (2006) Brain Research , vol.1067 , pp. 189-200
    • Paz-Caballero, D.1    Cuetos, F.2    Dobarro, A.3
  • 60
    • 0024042452 scopus 로고
    • A retrieval theory of priming in memory
    • Ratcliff R., and McKoon G. A retrieval theory of priming in memory. Psychological Review 95 (1988) 385-408
    • (1988) Psychological Review , vol.95 , pp. 385-408
    • Ratcliff, R.1    McKoon, G.2
  • 62
    • 21544465907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Category-related brain activity to natural categories is associated with the retrieval of visual features: Evidence from repetition effects during visual and functional judgments
    • Sim E.J., and Kiefer M. Category-related brain activity to natural categories is associated with the retrieval of visual features: Evidence from repetition effects during visual and functional judgments. Cognitive Brain Research 24 (2005) 260-273
    • (2005) Cognitive Brain Research , vol.24 , pp. 260-273
    • Sim, E.J.1    Kiefer, M.2
  • 63
    • 4043110694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do women really have more bilateral language representation than men? A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies
    • Sommer I.E.C., Aleman A., Bouma A., and Kahn R. Do women really have more bilateral language representation than men? A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. Brain 127 (2004) 1845-1852
    • (2004) Brain , vol.127 , pp. 1845-1852
    • Sommer, I.E.C.1    Aleman, A.2    Bouma, A.3    Kahn, R.4
  • 67
    • 0023618739 scopus 로고
    • Categories of knowledge: Further fractionations and an attempted integration
    • Warrington E.K., and McCarthy R.A. Categories of knowledge: Further fractionations and an attempted integration. Brain 110 (1987) 1273-1296
    • (1987) Brain , vol.110 , pp. 1273-1296
    • Warrington, E.K.1    McCarthy, R.A.2
  • 68
    • 0021140542 scopus 로고
    • Category specific semantic impairments
    • Warrington E.K., and Shallice T. Category specific semantic impairments. Brain 107 (1984) 829-854
    • (1984) Brain , vol.107 , pp. 829-854
    • Warrington, E.K.1    Shallice, T.2
  • 69
    • 12444252072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated masked category primes interfere with related exemplars: New evidence for negative semantic priming
    • Wentura C., and Frings C. Repeated masked category primes interfere with related exemplars: New evidence for negative semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 31 (2005) 108-120
    • (2005) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.31 , pp. 108-120
    • Wentura, C.1    Frings, C.2
  • 70
    • 34548009595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in semantic processing: Event-related brain potentials distinguish between lower and higher order semantic analysis during word reading
    • Wirth M., Horn H., Koenig T., Stein M., Federspiel A., Meier B., et al. Sex differences in semantic processing: Event-related brain potentials distinguish between lower and higher order semantic analysis during word reading. Cerebral Cortex 17 (2007) 1987-1997
    • (2007) Cerebral Cortex , vol.17 , pp. 1987-1997
    • Wirth, M.1    Horn, H.2    Koenig, T.3    Stein, M.4    Federspiel, A.5    Meier, B.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.