메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 300, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 306-313

African American physicians and organized medicine, 1846-1968: Origins of a racial divide

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; CIVIL RIGHTS; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MEDICINE; PHYSICIAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACISM; REVIEW;

EID: 47549086319     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: 15383598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.300.3.306     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (103)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 47549085853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessible archives Web page. http://www.accessible.com. Accessed June 18, 2008.
    • Accessible archives Web page. http://www.accessible.com. Accessed June 18, 2008.
  • 2
    • 47549086049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed June 18, 2008
    • Black studies centerWebpage. http://bsc.chadwyck.com. Accessed June 18, 2008.
    • Black studies centerWebpage
  • 3
    • 47549089595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed June 18, 2008
    • ProQuest Web page. http://www.proquest.com. Accessed June 18, 2008.
    • ProQuest Web page
  • 14
    • 47549117317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transactions of the American Medical Association; May 7-10, 1850; Cincinnati, OH:57. http://www.nmt.com/ama_ndls. Accessed January 28, 2008.
    • The transactions of the American Medical Association; May 7-10, 1850; Cincinnati, OH:57. http://www.nmt.com/ama_ndls. Accessed January 28, 2008.
  • 15
    • 47549094237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tiedemann F. On the brain of the Negro, compared with that of the European and the orangutan [read before the Royal Society]. In: Bell J, ed. The Eclectic Journal of Medicine. 1. Philadelphia, PA: Haswell, Barringtion, and Haswell; 1837:301. http://books.google.com/books?id= WGsBAAAAYAAJ&PA301&vq=negro&dq=ecclectic+journal+of+medicine& source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1#PPA301,M1. Accessed June 18, 2008.
    • Tiedemann F. On the brain of the Negro, compared with that of the European and the orangutan [read before the Royal Society]. In: Bell J, ed. The Eclectic Journal of Medicine. Vol 1. Philadelphia, PA: Haswell, Barringtion, and Haswell; 1837:301. http://books.google.com/books?id= WGsBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA301&vq=negro&dq=ecclectic+journal+of+medicine& source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1#PPA301,M1. Accessed June 18, 2008.
  • 16
    • 47549086254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Davis NS. History of the American Medical Association From Its Organization Up to January, 1855. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Grambo & Co; 1855.
    • Davis NS. History of the American Medical Association From Its Organization Up to January, 1855. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Grambo & Co; 1855.
  • 21
    • 17144408439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Policing the social boundaries of the American Medical Association, 1847-70
    • Haynes DM. Policing the social boundaries of the American Medical Association, 1847-70. J Hist Med Allied Sci. 2005;60(2):170-195.
    • (2005) J Hist Med Allied Sci , vol.60 , Issue.2 , pp. 170-195
    • Haynes, D.M.1
  • 22
    • 47549113568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transactions of the American Medical Association; May 4-7, 1869; New Orleans, LA:56-60. http://www.ama-assn.org/go/AfAmHistory. Available July 16, 2008.
    • The transactions of the American Medical Association; May 4-7, 1869; New Orleans, LA:56-60. http://www.ama-assn.org/go/AfAmHistory. Available July 16, 2008.
  • 23
    • 47549112019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Medical Association. Nat Med J. 1870 /1871;1:168. http://www.ama-assn.org/go/AfAmHistory.
    • American Medical Association. Nat Med J. 1870 /1871;1:168. http://www.ama-assn.org/go/AfAmHistory.
  • 24
    • 0021868870 scopus 로고
    • A case of professional exclusion in 1870: The formation of the first black medical society
    • Nickens HW. A case of professional exclusion in 1870: the formation of the first black medical society. JAMA. 1985;253(17):2549-2552.
    • (1985) JAMA , vol.253 , Issue.17 , pp. 2549-2552
    • Nickens, H.W.1
  • 26
    • 47549109335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transactions of the American Medical Association; May 3-6, 1870; Washington, DC. http://www.nmt.com/ama_ndls. Accessed January 28, 2008.
    • The transactions of the American Medical Association; May 3-6, 1870; Washington, DC. http://www.nmt.com/ama_ndls. Accessed January 28, 2008.
  • 27
    • 47549118208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The doctors: the question of color. The New York Times. May 7, 1870:3.
    • The doctors: the question of color. The New York Times. May 7, 1870:3.
  • 28
    • 47549094033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transactions of the American Medical Association; May 7-10, 1872; Philadelphia, PA. http://www.nmt.com/ama_ndls. Accessed January 28, 2008.
    • The transactions of the American Medical Association; May 7-10, 1872; Philadelphia, PA. http://www.nmt.com/ama_ndls. Accessed January 28, 2008.
  • 29
    • 47549090180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transactions of the American Medical Association; May 6-9, 1873; St Louis, MO:44. http://www.nmt.com/ama_ndls. Accessed January 28, 2008.
    • The transactions of the American Medical Association; May 6-9, 1873; St Louis, MO:44. http://www.nmt.com/ama_ndls. Accessed January 28, 2008.
  • 31
    • 47549101143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cobb MW. The First Negro Medical Society. Washington, DC: The Associated Publishers; 1939.
    • Cobb MW. The First Negro Medical Society. Washington, DC: The Associated Publishers; 1939.
  • 32
    • 0042093792 scopus 로고
    • New York, NY: Association for the Study of Negro Life and History and Publishers Co Inc;
    • Morais H. The History of the Negro in Medicine. New York, NY: Association for the Study of Negro Life and History and Publishers Co Inc; 1967.
    • (1967) The History of the Negro in Medicine
    • Morais, H.1
  • 33
    • 47549093843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Lone Star State Medical, Dental, and Pharmaceutical Association. The Handbook of Texas Web site. http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/ LL/sal1.html. Accessed September 5, 2007.
    • The Lone Star State Medical, Dental, and Pharmaceutical Association. The Handbook of Texas Web site. http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/ LL/sal1.html. Accessed September 5, 2007.
  • 34
    • 47549084349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Old North State Medical Society Virtual Museum Web site, Accessed June 6, 2007
    • Old North State Medical Society Virtual Museum Web site. http://www.oldnorthstatemedicalsociety.org/virtualMuseum/Main%20- %20ONSMS%20Virtual%20Museum.html. Accessed June 6, 2007.
  • 35
    • 47549099725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Jersey National Medical Association Records Web Jersey, Updated June 3, 2001. Accessed June 6, 2007
    • North Jersey National Medical Association Records Web page. University of Medicine and Denistry of New Jersey. http://www.umdnj.edu/librweb/speccoll/ NoJNatMedAssn.html. Updated June 3, 2001. Accessed June 6, 2007.
    • University of Medicine and Denistry of New
  • 36
    • 47549093842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The founders, early years, later years, recent and current programs. National Medical Association. http://www.nmanet.org/index.php/nma_sub/history. Accessed September 15, 2007.
    • The founders, early years, later years, recent and current programs. National Medical Association. http://www.nmanet.org/index.php/nma_sub/history. Accessed September 15, 2007.
  • 37
    • 47549113987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed August 21, 2007
    • Roman CV. Historical manifesto. National Medical Association. http://www.nmanet.org/index.php/nma_sub/introduction. Accessed August 21, 2007.
    • Historical manifesto
    • Roman, C.V.1
  • 39
    • 39049190631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flexner and the black medical schools
    • Savitt T. Abraham Flexner and the black medical schools. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006;98(9):1415-1424.
    • (2006) J Natl Med Assoc , vol.98 , Issue.9 , pp. 1415-1424
    • Abraham, S.T.1
  • 40
    • 47549115922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flexner A. Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. New York, NY: Arno Press and the New York Times; 1972. http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/ files/elibrary/flexner_report.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2008.
    • Flexner A. Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. New York, NY: Arno Press and the New York Times; 1972. http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/ files/elibrary/flexner_report.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2008.
  • 44
    • 47549112973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minutes of the business meeting of the Board of Trustees of the American Medical Association. September 15-17, 1938:48-51. Located at: American Medical Association Archives, Chicago, IL.
    • Minutes of the business meeting of the Board of Trustees of the American Medical Association. September 15-17, 1938:48-51. Located at: American Medical Association Archives, Chicago, IL.
  • 45
    • 47549118757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minutes of the business meeting of the Board of Trustees of the American Medical Association. May 23, 1931:313-314. Located at: American Medical Association Archives, Chicago, IL.
    • Minutes of the business meeting of the Board of Trustees of the American Medical Association. May 23, 1931:313-314. Located at: American Medical Association Archives, Chicago, IL.
  • 46
    • 47549109334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Directory ignores plea of medics. The Chicago Defender. September 10, 1938:2.
    • Directory ignores plea of medics. The Chicago Defender. September 10, 1938:2.
  • 47
    • 47549113374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minutes of the business meeting of the Board of Trustees of the American Medical Association. September 22-23, 1939:89-92. Located at: American Medical Association Archives, Chicago, IL.
    • Minutes of the business meeting of the Board of Trustees of the American Medical Association. September 22-23, 1939:89-92. Located at: American Medical Association Archives, Chicago, IL.
  • 48
    • 47549099511 scopus 로고
    • 14th ed. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association Press;
    • American Medical Directory. 14th ed. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association Press; 1938.
    • (1938) American Medical Directory
  • 50
    • 47549095309 scopus 로고
    • American race relations in war time
    • Stokes AP. American race relations in war time. J Negro Educ. 1945;14(4):535-551.
    • (1945) J Negro Educ , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 535-551
    • Stokes, A.P.1
  • 53
    • 0032882089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minority politics in the house of medicine: The Physicians Forum and the New York County Medical Society, 1938-1965
    • Brickman JP. Minority politics in the house of medicine: the Physicians Forum and the New York County Medical Society, 1938-1965. J Public Health Policy. 1999;20(3):282-309.
    • (1999) J Public Health Policy , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 282-309
    • Brickman, J.P.1
  • 54
    • 39049189750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Healthcare's hidden civil rights legacy
    • Smith DB. Healthcare's hidden civil rights legacy. St Louis Univ Law J. 2003;48(1):37-60.
    • (2003) St Louis Univ Law J , vol.48 , Issue.1 , pp. 37-60
    • Smith, D.B.1
  • 55
    • 2342512150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Professional and hospital discrimination and the US Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit, 1956-1967
    • Reynolds PP. Professional and hospital discrimination and the US Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit, 1956-1967. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(5):710-720.
    • (2004) Am J Public Health , vol.94 , Issue.5 , pp. 710-720
    • Reynolds, P.P.1
  • 56
    • 0026784205 scopus 로고
    • The racial integration of medical and nursing associations in the United States
    • Smith DB. The racial integration of medical and nursing associations in the United States. Hosp Health Serv Adm. 1992;37(3):387-401.
    • (1992) Hosp Health Serv Adm , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 387-401
    • Smith, D.B.1
  • 57
    • 47549113567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clement statement on AMA proposed Hill-Burton amendment. J Natl Med Assoc. 1964;56(3):287.
    • Clement statement on AMA proposed Hill-Burton amendment. J Natl Med Assoc. 1964;56(3):287.
  • 59
    • 47549114968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Law Department of the American Medical Association. Analysis of Civil Rights Act in relation to the medical profession. April 12, 1966:4. Located at: American Medical Association Archives, Chicago, IL.
    • Law Department of the American Medical Association. Analysis of Civil Rights Act in relation to the medical profession. April 12, 1966:4. Located at: American Medical Association Archives, Chicago, IL.
  • 62
    • 47549100937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NMA for compulsory health insurance plan. The Chicago Defender. August 26, 1939:3.
    • NMA for compulsory health insurance plan. The Chicago Defender. August 26, 1939:3.
  • 63
    • 47549118412 scopus 로고
    • The president and the nation's health [editorial
    • The president and the nation's health [editorial]. J Natl Med Assoc. 1965;57(2):156.
    • (1965) J Natl Med Assoc , vol.57 , Issue.2 , pp. 156
  • 64
    • 47549088375 scopus 로고
    • The expansion of access: Medicare and Medicaid
    • Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press;
    • Campion FD. The expansion of access: Medicare and Medicaid. In: The AMA and US Health Policy Since 1940. Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press; 1984:253-284.
    • (1984) The AMA and US Health Policy Since 1940 , pp. 253-284
    • Campion, F.D.1
  • 65
    • 37049239941 scopus 로고
    • The doctors' debate: What to do when Medicare comes is main topic at stormy AMA session
    • Langer E. The doctors' debate: what to do when Medicare comes is main topic at stormy AMA session. Science. 1965;149(3680):164-167.
    • (1965) Science , vol.149 , Issue.3680 , pp. 164-167
    • Langer, E.1
  • 66
    • 47549089980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Langer E. AMA (II): doctors' organization faces growing outside criticism, wide range of policy problems. Science. 1965;149(3681):282- 283, 328.
    • Langer E. AMA (II): doctors' organization faces growing outside criticism, wide range of policy problems. Science. 1965;149(3681):282- 283, 328.
  • 67
    • 0014527934 scopus 로고
    • Physicians and Medicare: A before-after study of the effects of legislation on attitudes
    • Colombotos J. Physicians and Medicare: a before-after study of the effects of legislation on attitudes. Am Sociol Rev. 1969;34(3):318-334.
    • (1969) Am Sociol Rev , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 318-334
    • Colombotos, J.1
  • 68
    • 47549108780 scopus 로고
    • National Medical Association testimony in behalf of HR 3920, the King-Anderson bill, before the Committee on Way and Means, Unites States House of Representatives, January 22, 1964
    • Clement KW. National Medical Association testimony in behalf of HR 3920, the King-Anderson bill, before the Committee on Way and Means, Unites States House of Representatives, January 22, 1964. J Natl Med Assoc. 1964;56(2):213-220.
    • (1964) J Natl Med Assoc , vol.56 , Issue.2 , pp. 213-220
    • Clement, K.W.1
  • 69
    • 47549112597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proceedings of the house of delegates of the American Medical Association, Annual Session; June 16-20, 1963; Atlantic City, NJ:17-18. http://www.nmt.com/ama_ndls. Accessed January 28, 2008.
    • Proceedings of the house of delegates of the American Medical Association, Annual Session; June 16-20, 1963; Atlantic City, NJ:17-18. http://www.nmt.com/ama_ndls. Accessed January 28, 2008.
  • 70
    • 0037467299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of United States law on medicine as a profession
    • Rosenbaum S. The impact of United States law on medicine as a profession. JAMA. 2003;289(12):1546-1556.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , Issue.12 , pp. 1546-1556
    • Rosenbaum, S.1
  • 72
    • 47549086436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annual estimates of the population by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino origin for the United States: April 1, 2000, to July 1, 2007. United States Census Bureau Web site. http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/NC-EST2007/ NC-EST2007-03.xls. Accessed May 23, 2008.
    • Annual estimates of the population by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino origin for the United States: April 1, 2000, to July 1, 2007. United States Census Bureau Web site. http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/NC-EST2007/ NC-EST2007-03.xls. Accessed May 23, 2008.
  • 73
    • 47549097655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Medical Association Web site; June 2007
    • Report of the Council on Long Range Planning and Development, 1-A07, Accessed September 15
    • Report of the Council on Long Range Planning and Development. American Medical Association Web site; June 2007. CLRPD report 1-A07. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/409/2007demographicrepor.pdf. Accessed September 15, 2007.
    • (2007) CLRPD report
  • 74
    • 35148861525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smith DB, Feng Z, Fennell ML, Zinn JS, Mor V. Separate and unequal: racial segregation and disparities in quality across US nursing homes [published correction appears in Health Aff (Millwood). 2007 Nov-Dec;26(6):1794]. Health Aff (Millwood). 2007;26(5):1448-1458.
    • Smith DB, Feng Z, Fennell ML, Zinn JS, Mor V. Separate and unequal: racial segregation and disparities in quality across US nursing homes [published correction appears in Health Aff (Millwood). 2007 Nov-Dec;26(6):1794]. Health Aff (Millwood). 2007;26(5):1448-1458.
  • 76
    • 34347224720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disparities in health care are driven by where minority patients seek care: Examination of the Hospital Quality Alliance measures
    • Hasnain-Wynia R, Baker DW, Nerenz D, et al. Disparities in health care are driven by where minority patients seek care: examination of the Hospital Quality Alliance measures. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(12):1233-1239.
    • (2007) Arch Intern Med , vol.167 , Issue.12 , pp. 1233-1239
    • Hasnain-Wynia, R.1    Baker, D.W.2    Nerenz, D.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.