Analysis of association of clinical aspects and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with dental implant loss

Clinical Oral Implants Research

Volumn 19, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 786-795

  Alvim Pereira, Fabiano ^b   Montes, Claudia Cristina ^b   Thomé, Geninho ^b   Olandoski, Marcia ^a   Trevilatto, Paula Cristina ^a  

^a PONTIFICAL CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF PARANÁ   (Brazil)

^b Instituo Americano de Pesquisa e Ensino Odontologico   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Clinical factors; Dental implant; Implant loss; Polymorphisms; VDR

Indexed keywords

CALCITRIOL RECEPTOR;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BONE REGENERATION; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHI SQUARE DISTRIBUTION; DENTAL SURGERY; FEMALE; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETICS; HUMAN; MALE; MANDIBLE; MAXILLA; MIDDLE AGED; NONPARAMETRIC TEST; PERIODONTICS; REFERENCE VALUE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TOOTH IMPLANTATION; TOOTH PROSTHESIS;

ADULT; AGED; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION; DENTAL IMPLANTATION, ENDOSSEOUS; DENTAL IMPLANTS; DENTAL PROSTHESIS DESIGN; DENTAL RESTORATION FAILURE; FEMALE; GENE FREQUENCY; HUMANS; MALE; MANDIBLE; MATCHED-PAIR ANALYSIS; MAXILLA; MIDDLE AGED; OSSEOINTEGRATION; PERIODONTAL INDEX; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; RECEPTORS, CALCITRIOL; REFERENCE VALUES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; STATISTICS, NONPARAMETRIC;

EID: 47149113796     PISSN: 09057161     EISSN: 16000501     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01532.x     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. ABEP. (2003.
2. Adell, R., Eriksson, B., Lekholm, U., Branemark, P.I. Jemt, T. (1990) Long-term follow-up study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of totally edentulous jaws. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 5 : 347 359.
3. Aidar, M. Line, S.R. (2007) A simple and cost-effective protocol for DNA isolation from buccal epithelial cells. Brazilian Dental Journal 18 : 148 152.
4. Albrektsson, T., Branemark, P.I., Hansson, H.A. Lindstrom, J. (1981) Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 52 : 155 170.
5. Apse, P., Ellen, R.P., Overall, C.M. Zarb, G.A. (1989) Microbiota and crevicular fluid collagenase activity in the osseointegrated dental implant sulcus: a comparison of sites in edentulous and partially edentulous patients. Journal of Periodontal Research 24 : 96 105.
6. Bain, C.A. (1996) Smoking and implant failure - benefits of a smoking cessation protocol. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 11 : 756 759.
7. Bain, C.A. Moy, P.K. (1993) The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 8 : 609 615.
8. Barsony, J., Renyi, I. McKoy, W. (1997) Subcellular distribution of normal and mutant vitamin D receptors in living cells. Studies with a novel fluorescent ligand. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 : 5774 5782.
9. Becker, W., Becker, B.E., Israelson, H., Lucchini, J.P., Handelsman, M., Ammons, W., Rosenberg, E., Rose, L., Tucker, L.M. Lekholm, U. (1997) One-step surgical placement of Branemark implants: a prospective multicenter clinical study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 12 : 454 462.
10. Bianchi, C.E., de Aguiar, P.R. Santos, M.C. (2003) Desenvolvimento de um torquímetro de previsão para o estudo do desempenho de implantes osseointegrados. Revista Escola de Minas 56 : 107 112.
11. Binkley, N. (2006) Summary - The role of vitamin D in musculoskeletal health. Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions 6 : 347 348.
12. Botero, J.E., Gonzalez, A.M., Mercado, R.A., Olave, G. Contreras, A. (2005) Subgingival microbiota in peri-implant mucosa lesions and adjacent teeth in partially edentulous patients. Journal of Periodontology 76 : 1490 1495.
13. Branemark, P.I., Adell, R., Breine, U., Hansson, B.O., Lindstrom, J. Ohlsson, A. (1969) Intra-osseous anchorage of dental prostheses. I. Experimental studies. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 3 : 81 100.
14. Brett, P.M., Zygogianni, P., Griffiths, G.S., Tomaz, M., Parkar, M., D'Aiuto, F. Tonetti, M. (2005) Functional gene polymorphisms in aggressive and chronic periodontitis. Journal of Dental Research 84 : 1149 1153.
15. Campos, M.I., dos Santos, M.C., Trevilatto, P.C., Scarel-Caminaga, R.M., Bezerra, F.J. Line, S.R. (2004) Early failure of dental implants and TNF-alpha (G-308A) gene polymorphism. Implant Dentistry 13 : 95 101.
16. Cehreli, M., Sahin, S. Akca, K. (2004) Role of mechanical environment and implant design on bone tissue differentiation: current knowledge and future contexts. Journal of Dental Research 32 : 123 132.
17. Chiba-Falek, O. Nussbaum, R.L. (2001) Effect of allelic variation at the NACP-Rep1 repeat upstream of the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) on transcription in a cell culture luciferase reporter system. Human Molecular Genetics 10 : 3101 3109.
18. Danesh-Meyer, M.J. (1994) Dental Implants. Part I: biological basis, implant types, and the peri-implant sulcus. Journal of the New Zealand Society of Periodontology 77 : 15 22.
19. das Neves, F.D., Fones, D., Bernardes, S.R., do Prado, C.J. Neto, A.J. (2006) Short implants - an analysis of longitudinal studies. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 21 : 86 93.
20. Davarpanah, M., Martinez, H., Etienne, D., Zabalegui, I., Mattout, P., Chiche, F. Michel, J.F. (2002) A prospective multicenter evaluation of 1,583 3i implants: 1- to 5-year data. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 17 : 820 828.
21. de Brito Junior, R.B., Scarel-Caminaga, R.M., Trevilatto, P.C., de Souza, A.P. Barros, S.P. (2004) Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene are associated with periodontal disease. Journal of Periodontology 75 : 1090 1095.
22. de Oliveira, R.R., Novaes, A.B. Jr., Taba, M. Jr., de Souza, S.L. Papalexiou, V. (2007) The effect of bone condensation and crestal preparation on the bone response to implants designed for immediate loading: a histomorphometric study in dogs. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 22 : 63 71.
23. Deas, D.E., Mikotowicz, J.J., Mackey, S.A. Moritz, A.J. (2002) Implant failure with spontaneous rapid exfoliation: case reports. Implant Dentistry 11 : 235 242.
24. Decker, C.J. Parker, R. (1995) Diversity of cytoplasmic functions for the 3′-untranslated region of eukaryotic transcripts. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 7 : 386 392.
25. Durrin, L.K., Haile, R.W., Ingles, S.A. Coetzee, G.A. (1999) Vitamin D receptor 3′-untranslated region polymorphisms: lack of effect on mRNA stability. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1453 : 311 320.
26. Eisman, J.A. (1999) Genetics of osteoporosis. Endocrine Reviews 20 : 788 804.
27. el Askary, A.S., Meffert, R.M. Griffin, T. (1999) Why do dental implants fail? Part I. Implant Dentistry 8 : 173 185.
28. Ellen, R.P. (1998) Microbial colonization of the peri-implant environment and its relevance to long-term success of osseointegrated implants. The International Journal of Prosthodontics 11 : 433 441.
29. Esposito, M., Grusovin, M.G., Worthington, H.V. Coulthard, P. (2006) Interventions for replacing missing teeth: bone augmentation techniques for dental implant treatment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) CD003607.
30. Esposito, M., Hirsch, J.M., Lekholm, U. Thomsen, P. (1998a) Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants. (I). Success criteria and epidemiology. European Journal of Oral Sciences 106 : 527 551.
31. Esposito, M., Hirsch, J.M., Lekholm, U. Thomsen, P. (1998b) Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants. (II). Etiopathogenesis. European Journal of Oral Sciences 106 : 721 764.
32. Esposito, M., Worthington, H.V., Thomsen, P. Coulthard, P. (2004a) Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different times for loading dental implants. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) CD003878.
33. Esposito, M., Worthington, H.V., Thomsen, P. Coulthard, P. (2004b) Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining health around dental implants. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) CD003069.
34. Feloutzis, A., Lang, N.P., Tonetti, M.S., Burgin, W., Bragger, U., Buser, D., Duff, G.W. Kornman, K.S. (2003) IL-1 gene polymorphism and smoking as risk factors for peri-implant bone loss in a well-maintained population. Clinical Oral Implants Research 14 : 10 17.
35. Fleet, J.C. (2006) Molecular regulation of calcium and bone metabolism through the vitamin D receptor. Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions 6 : 336 337.
36. Fugazzotto, P.A. (2005) Success and failure rates of osseointegrated implants in function in regenerated bone for 72 to 133 months. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 20 : 77 83.
37. Fujii, N., Kusakari, H. Maeda, T. (1998) A histological study on tissue responses to titanium implantation in rat maxilla: the process of epithelial regeneration and bone reaction. Journal of Periodontology 69 : 485 495.
38. Gottlander, M. Albrektsson, T. (1991) Histomorphometric studies of hydroxylapatite-coated and uncoated CP titanium threaded implants in bone. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 6 : 399 404.
39. Graziani, F., Donos, N., Needleman, I., Gabriele, M. Tonetti, M. (2004) Comparison of implant survival following sinus floor augmentation procedures with implants placed in pristine posterior maxillary bone: a systematic review. Clinical Oral Implants Research 15 : 677 682.
40. Greene, J.C. Vermillion, J.R. (1964) The simplified oral hygiene index. Journal of the American Dental Association 68 : 7 13.
41. Hallgren, C., Reimers, H., Chakarov, D., Gold, J. Wennerberg, A. (2003) An in vivo study of bone response to implants topographically modified by laser micromachining. Biomaterials 24 : 701 710.
42. Haussler, M.R., Whitfield, G.K., Haussler, C.A., Hsieh, J.C., Thompson, P.D., Selznick, S.H., Dominguez, C.E. Jurutka, P.W. (1998) The nuclear vitamin D receptor: biological and molecular regulatory properties revealed. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 13 : 325 349.
43. Horst-Sikorska, W., Wawrzyniak, A., Celczynska-Bajew, L., Marcinkowska, M., Dabrowski, S., Kalak, R. Slomski, R. (2005) Polymorphism of VDR gene - the most effective molecular marker of osteoporotic bone fractures risk within postmenopausal women from Wielkopolska region of Poland. Endokrynologia Polska 56 : 233 239.
44. Hospitalar 2007).
45. Hui, E., Chow, J., Li, D., Liu, J., Wat, P. Law, H. (2001) Immediate provisional for single-tooth implant replacement with Branemark system: preliminary report. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 3 : 79 86.
46. Huja, S.S., Fernandez, S.A., Hill, K.J. Li, Y. (2006) Remodeling dynamics in the alveolar process in skeletally mature dogs. The Anatomical Record. Part A, Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology 288 : 1243 1249.
47. Hutton, J.E., Heath, M.R., Chai, J.Y., Harnett, J., Jemt, T., Johns, R.B., McKenna, S., McNamara, D.C., van Steenberghe, D. Taylor, R., et al 1995) Factors related to success and failure rates at 3-year follow-up in a multicenter study of overdentures supported by Branemark implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 10 : 33 42.
48. Jansson, H., Hamberg, K., De Bruyn, H. Bratthall, G. (2005) Clinical consequences of IL-1 genotype on early implant failures in patients under periodontal maintenance. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 7 : 51 59.
49. Jemt, T. Hager, P. (2006) Early complete failures of fixed implant-supported prostheses in the edentulous maxilla: a 3-year analysis of 17 consecutive cluster failure patients. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 8 : 77 86.
50. Kao, R.T., Curtis, D.A., Richards, D.W. Preble, J. (1995) Increased interleukin-1 beta in the crevicular fluid of diseased implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 10 : 696 701.
51. Knight, J.C. (2005) Regulatory polymorphisms underlying complex disease traits. Journal of Molecular Medicine 83 : 97 109.
52. Kronstrom, M., Svenson, B., Hellman, M. Persson, G.R. (2001) Early implant failures in patients treated with Branemark system titanium dental implants: a retrospective study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 16 : 201 207.
53. Labuda, M., Fujiwara, T.M., Ross, M.V., Morgan, K., Garcia-Heras, J., Ledbetter, D.H., Hughes, M.R. Glorieux, F.H. (1992) Two hereditary defects related to vitamin D metabolism map to the same region of human chromosome 12q13-14. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 7 : 1447 1453.
54. Lao, J.I., Montoriol, C., Morer, I. Beyer, K. (2005) Genetic contribution to aging: deleterious and helpful genes define life expectancy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1057 : 50 63.
55. Lee, J.H., Frias, V., Lee, K.W. Wright, R.F. (2005) Effect of implant size and shape on implant success rates: a literature review. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 94 : 377 381.
56. Lekholm, U., Gunne, J., Henry, P., Higuchi, K., Linden, U., Bergstrom, C. van Steenberghe, D. (1999) Survival of the Branemark implant in partially edentulous jaws: a 10-year prospective multicenter study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 14 : 639 645.
57. Lioubavina-Hack, N., Lang, N.P. Karring, T. (2006) Significance of primary stability for osseointegration of dental implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 17 : 244 250.
58. Loe, H. (1967) The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index systems. Journal of Periodontology 38 (Suppl.) : 610 616.
59. Lundin, A.C., Soderkvist, P., Eriksson, B., Bergman-Jungestrom, M. Wingren, S. (1999) Association of breast cancer progression with a vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism. South-East Sweden Breast Cancer Group. Cancer Research 59 : 2332 2334.
60. Machtei, E.E., Oved-Peleg, E. Peled, M. (2006) Comparison of clinical, radiographic and immunological parameters of teeth and different dental implant platforms. Clinical Oral Implants Research 17 : 658 665.
61. Matheson, M.C., Ellis, J.A., Raven, J., Walters, E.H. Abramson, M.J. (2006) Association of IL8, CXCR2 and TNF-alpha polymorphisms and airway disease. Journal of Human Genetics 51 : 196 203.
62. Mau, J. (1993) On statistics of success and loss for dental implants. International Dental Journal 43 : 254 261.
63. Meredith, N. (1998) Assessment of implant stability as a prognostic determinant. The International Journal of Prosthodontics 11 : 491 501.
64. Min-Oo, G. Gros, P. (2005) Erythrocyte variants and the nature of their malaria protective effect. Cellular Microbiology 7 : 753 763.
65. Misch, C.E. (1999) Implant design considerations for the posterior regions of the mouth. Implant Dentistry 8 : 376 386.
66. Misch, C.E., Wang, H.L., Misch, C.M., Sharawy, M., Lemons, J. Judy, K.W. (2004) Rationale for the application of immediate load in implant dentistry: part II. Implant Dentistry 13 : 310 321.
67. Morrison, N.A., Qi, J.C., Tokita, A., Kelly, P.J., Crofts, L., Nguyen, T.V., Sambrook, P.N. Eisman, J.A. (1994) Prediction of bone density from vitamin D receptor alleles. Nature 367 : 284 287.
68. Morrison, N.A., Yeoman, R., Kelly, P.J. Eisman, J.A. (1992) Contribution of trans-acting factor alleles to normal physiological variability: vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and circulating osteocalcin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89 : 6665 6669.
69. Nevins, M. Langer, B. (1993) The successful application of osseointegrated implants to the posterior jaw: a long-term retrospective study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implant 8 : 428 432.
70. Nosaka, Y., Tachi, Y., Shimpuku, H., Kawamura, T. Ohura, K. (2002) Association of calcitonin receptor gene polymorphism with early marginal bone loss around endosseous implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 17 : 38 43.
71. Ohtsu, A., Kusakari, H., Maeda, T. Takano, Y. (1997) A histological investigation on tissue responses to titanium implants in cortical bone of the rat femur. Journal of Periodontology 68 : 270 283.
72. Panda, D.K., Miao, D., Bolivar, I., Li, J., Huo, R., Hendy, G.N. Goltzman, D. (2004) Inactivation of the 2,5-hydroxyvitamin D 1 alpha-hydroxylase and vitamin D receptor demonstrates independent and interdependent effects of calcium and vitamin D on skeletal and mineral homeostasis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 : 16754 16766.
73. Park, K.S., Nam, J.H. Choi, J. (2006) The short vitamin D receptor is associated with increased risk for generalized aggressive periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 33 : 524 528.
74. Parra, F.C., Amado, R.C., Lambertucci, J.R., Rocha, J., Antunes, C.M. Pena, S.D. (2003) Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 : 177 182.
75. Petersson, A., Rangert, B., Randow, K. Ericsson, I. (2001) Marginal bone resorption at different treatment concepts using Branemark dental implants in anterior mandibles. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 3 : 142 147.
76. Piattelli, A., Corigliano, M., Scarano, A. Quaranta, M. (1997) Bone reactions to early occlusal loading of two-stage titanium plasma-sprayed implants: a pilot study in monkeys. The International Journal Of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry 17 : 162 169.
77. Piattelli, A., Scarano, A., Favero, L., Iezzi, G., Petrone, G. Favero, G.A. (2003) Clinical and histologic aspects of dental implants removed due to mobility. Journal of Periodontology 74 : 385 390.
78. Poon, A.H., Laprise, C., Lemire, M., Montpetit, A., Sinnett, D., Schurr, E. Hudson, T.J. (2004) Association of vitamin D receptor genetic variants with susceptibility to asthma and atopy. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 170 : 967 973.
79. Rammelt, S., Schulze, E., Bernhardt, R., Hanisch, U., Scharnweber, D., Worch, H., Zwipp, H. Biewener, A. (2004) Coating of titanium implants with type-I collagen. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 22 : 1025 1034.
80. Rosenberg, E.S., Cho, S.C., Elian, N., Jalbout, Z.N., Froum, S. Evian, C.I. (2004) A comparison of characteristics of implant failure and survival in periodontally compromised and periodontally healthy patients: a clinical report. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 19 : 873 879.
81. Rubin, C.T. McLeod, K.J. (1994) Promotion of bony ingrowth by frequency-specific, low-amplitude mechanical strain. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 298 : 165 174.
82. Salonen, M.A., Oikarinen, K., Virtanen, K. Pernu, H. (1993) Failures in the osseointegration of endosseous implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 8 : 92 97.
83. Santos, M.C., Campos, M.I. Line, S.R. (2002) Early dental implant failure: a review of the literature. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 1 : 103 111.
84. Santos, M.C., Campos, M.I., Souza, A.P., Trevilatto, P.C. Line, S.R. (2004) Analysis of MMP-1 and MMP-9 promoter polymorphisms in early osseointegrated implant failure. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 19 : 38 43.
85. Scaglioni, M.G. Deliga, A.G. (1996) Levantamento estatístico do sucesso e causas de insucesso nos trabalhos com implantes osseointegrados do sistema TF publicados no Brasil: estudo multicêntrico. Revista Brasileiva de Cirurgia e Implantodontia 3 : 71 76.
86. Sennerby, L. Roos, J. (1998) Surgical determinants of clinical success of osseointegrated oral implants: a review of the literature. The International Journal of Prosthodontics 11 : 408 420.
87. Shimpuku, H., Nosaka, Y., Kawamura, T., Tachi, Y., Shinohara, M. Ohura, K. (2003a) Bone morphogenetic protein-4 gene polymorphism and early marginal bone loss around endosseous implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 18 : 500 504.
88. Shimpuku, H., Nosaka, Y., Kawamura, T., Tachi, Y., Shinohara, M. Ohura, K. (2003b) Genetic polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene and early marginal bone loss around endosseous dental implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 14 : 423 429.
89. Shirakura, M., Fujii, N., Ohnishi, H., Taguchi, Y., Ohshima, H., Nomura, S. Maeda, T. (2003) Tissue response to titanium implantation in the rat maxilla, with special reference to the effects of surface conditions on bone formation. Clinical Oral Implants Research 14 : 687 696.
90. Silness, J. Loe, H. (1964) Periodontal disease in pregnancy 2. Correlation between oral higiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 22 : 121 135.
91. Silverstein, L.H. Kurtzman, G.M. (2006) Oral hygiene and maintenance of dental implants. Dentistry Today 25 : 70 75 quiz 75.
92. Slatopolsky, E., Finch, J. Brown, A. (2003) New vitamin D analogs. Kidney International Supplement 63 : S83 S87.
93. Stanford, C.M. (2003) Bone quantity and quality: are they relevant predictors of implant outcomes? The International Journal of Prosthodontics 16 (Suppl.) : 43 45 discussion 47-51.
94. Sun, J.L., Meng, H.X., Cao, C.F., Tachi, Y., Shinohara, M., Ueda, M., Imai, H. Ohura, K. (2002) Relationship between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and periodontitis. Journal of Periodontal Research 37 : 263 267.
95. Tonetti, M.S. (1999) Determination of the success and failure of root-form osseointegrated dental implants. Advances in Dental Research 13 : 173 180.
96. Trevilatto, P.C. Line, S.R. (2000) Use of buccal epithelial cells for PCR amplification of large DNA fragments. The Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology 18 : 6 9.
97. Uitterlinden, A.G., Fang, Y., Bergink, A.P., van Meurs, J.B., van Leeuwen, H.P. Pols, H.A. (2002) The role of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in bone biology. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 197 : 15 21.
98. Uitterlinden, A.G., Fang, Y., Van Meurs, J.B., Pols, H.A. Van Leeuwen, J.P. (2004) Genetics and biology of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. Gene 338 : 143 156.
99. Verbeek, W., Gombart, A.F., Shiohara, M., Campbell, M. Koeffler, H.P. (1997) Vitamin D receptor: no evidence for allele-specific mRNA stability in cells which are heterozygous for the TaqI restriction enzyme polymorphism. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 238 : 77 80.
100. Weyant, R.J. Burt, B.A. (1993) An assessment of survival rates and within-patient clustering of failures for endosseous oral implants. Journal of dental research 72 : 2 8.
101. Winkler, S., Morris, H.F. Ochi, S. (2000) Implant survival to 36 months as related to length and diameter. Annals of Periodontology 5 : 22 31.
102. Yamagata, M., Nakajima, S., Tokita, A., Sakai, N., Yanagihara, I., Yabuta, K. Ozono, K. (1999) Analysis of the stable levels of messenger RNA derived from different polymorphic alleles in the vitamin D receptor gene. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 17 : 164 170.