Dietary sodium and cardiovascular and renal disease risk factors: Dark horse or phantom entry?

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation

Volumn 23, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 2133-2137

  McCarron, David A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Academic Network   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Dietary; Risk factors; Sodium

Indexed keywords

SODIUM CHLORIDE;

BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SODIUM INTAKE; SODIUM RESTRICTION;

BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; KIDNEY DISEASES; LIFE STYLE; RISK FACTORS; SODIUM, DIETARY;

EID: 46849102357     PISSN: 09310509     EISSN: 14602385     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn312     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. Taubes G. The (political) science of salt. Science 1998; 281: 898-907
2. Mimran A, du Cailar G. Dietary sodium: the dark horse amongst cardiovascular and renal risk factors. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 2138-2141
3. Ambard L, Beauchard E. Cause de l'hypertension arterielle. Arch Gen Med 1904; 81: 520-533
4. McCarron DA. Calcium metabolism and hypertension. Kidney Int 1989; 35: 717-736
5. Simpson FO. Salt and hypertension: a sceptical review of the evidence. Clin Sci (Lond) 1979; 57: 463S-480S
6. McCarron DA, Morris CD, Henry HJ et al. Blood pressure and nutrient intake in the United States. Science 1984; 224: 1392-1398
7. Dahl LK. Possible role of salt intake in the development of essential hypertension. In Bock KD, Kottier PT (eds). Essential Hypertension. Berlin: Springer, 1960, 53-60
8. McCarron DA. Is calcium more important than sodium in the pathogenesis of hypertension? Hypertension 1985; 7: 607-627
9. McCarron DA, Morris C, Cole C. Dietary calcium in human hypertension. Science 1982; 217: 267-269
10. 2+ fluxes. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 1147-1154
11. Hatton DC, McCarron DA. Dietary calcium and blood pressure in experimental models of hypertension: a review. Hypertension 1994; 23: 513-530
12. Elliott P, Walker LL, Little MP et al. Change in salt intake affects blood pressure of chimpanzees: implications for human populations. Circulation 2007; 116: 1563-1568
13. Page LB, Damon A, Moellering R, Jr. Antecedents of cardiovascular disease in six Solomon Islands societies. Circulation 1974; 49: 1132-1136
14. Gleiberman L. Blood pressure and dietary salt in human populations. Ecol Food Nutr 1973; 2: 143-156
15. Law MR, Frost CD, Walk NJ. By howmuch does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? III. Analysis of data from trials of salt reduction. Br Med J 1991; 302: 819-824
16. MacGregor GA, Markandu ND, Best FE et al. Double-blind randomized cross-over trial of moderate sodium restriction in essential hypertension. Lancet 1982; i: 351-354
17. MacGregor GA, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA et al. Double-blind study of three sodium intakes and long-term effects of sodium restriction in essential hypertension. Lancet 1989; ii: 1244-1247
18. Kurtz TW, Al-Bander HA, Morris RC Jr. 'Salt-sensitive' essential hypertension in men: is the sodium ion alone important? N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1043-1048
19. Khaw K-T, Barrett-Connor E. Dietary potassium and stroke-associated mortality: 1 12-year prospective population study. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 235-240
20. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ 1988; 297: 319-328
21. Luft FC, Rankin LI, Block R et al. Cardiovascular and humoral responses to extremes of sodium intake in normal black and white men. Circulation 1979; 60: 697-706
22. Miller JZ, Weinberger MH, Daugherty SA et al. Heterogeneity of blood pressure responses to dietary sodium restriction in normotensive adults. J Chronic Dis 1987; 40: 245-250
23. Luft FC, McCarron DA. Heterogeneity of hypertension: the diverse role of electrolyte intake. Annu Rev Med 1991; 42: 347-355
24. Al-Awqati O. Evidence-based politics of salt and blood pressure. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1707-1708
25. Hooper L, Bartlett C, Davey Smith G et al. Systematic review of long term effects of advice to reduce dietary salt in adults. BMJ 2002; 325: 628
26. ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin versus chlorthalidone: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2000; 283: 1967-1975
27. Alderman MH, Madhavan S, Cohen H et al. Low urinary sodium is associated with greater risk of myocardial infarction among treated hypertensive men. Hypertension 1995; 25: 1144-1152
28. Alderman MH, Cohen H, Madhavan S. Dietary sodium intake and mortality: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I). Lancet 1998; 351: 781-785
29. Cohen HW, Halpern SM, Fang J et al. Sodium intake and mortality in the NHANES II follow-up study. Am J Med 2006; 119: 275.e7-275.e14
30. Alderman MH. Evidence relating dietary sodium to cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Nutr 2006; 25(Suppl): 256S-261S
31. He H, Ogden LG, Vupputuri S et al. Dietary sodium intake and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in overweight adults. JAMA 1999; 282: 2027-2034
32. Tuomilehto J, Jousilahti P, Rastenyte D et al. Urinary sodium excretion and cardiovascular mortality in Finland: a prospective study. Lancet 2001; 357: 848-851
33. Meneton P, Jeunemaitre X, de Wardener HE et al. Links between dietary salt intake, renal salt handling, blood pressure, and cardiovascular diseases. Physiol Rev 2005; 85: 679-715
34. Dickinson BD, Savas S. Reducing the population burden of cardiovascular disease by reducing sodium intake. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1460-1468
35. Cutler JA, Follmann D, Elliott P et al. An overview of randomized trials of sodium reduction and blood pressure. Hypertension 1991; 17: I27-I33
36. Midgley JP, Matthew AG, Greenwood CM et al. Effect of reduced dietary sodium on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1996; 275: 1590-1597
37. Havas S, Roccella EJ, Lenfant C. Reducing the public health burden from elevated blood pressure levels in the United States by lowering intake of dietary sodium. Am J Public Health 2004; 94: 19-22
38. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 3-10
39. McCarron DA. DASH-Sodium Trial: Where are the data? Am J Hypertens 2003; 16: 92-94
40. McCarron DA. Dietary sodium and blood pressure. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1716-1717
41. Shimazu T, Kuriyama S, Hozawa A et al. Dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japan: a prospective cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2007; 36: 600-609
42. Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E et al. Long term effects of sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP). BMJ 2007; 334: 885-888
43. Geleijnse JM, Witteman JC, Stijnen T et al. Sodium and potassium intake and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: the Rotterdam study. Eur J Epidemiol 2007; 22: 763-770
44. Alderman MH. Presidential Address: 21st Scientific Meeting of the International Society of Hypertension: dietary sodium and cardiovascular disease: the 'J'-shaped relation. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 903-907
45. Fung TT, Chiuve SE, McCullough ML et al. Adherence to a DASH-style diet and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 713-720