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1
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0141645562
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For a recent review, see:
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For a recent review, see:. Knochel P., Dohle W., Gommermann N., Kneisel F.F., Kopp F., Korn T., Sapountzis I., and Vu V.A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 42 (2003) 4302-4320
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Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.
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Knochel, P.1
Dohle, W.2
Gommermann, N.3
Kneisel, F.F.4
Kopp, F.5
Korn, T.6
Sapountzis, I.7
Vu, V.A.8
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5
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85006669739
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Gadamasetti K., and Braish T. (Eds), CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Fla
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Bailey W.F., and Rathmann T. In: Gadamasetti K., and Braish T. (Eds). Process Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry (2008), CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Fla 205-216
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(2008)
Process Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry
, pp. 205-216
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Bailey, W.F.1
Rathmann, T.2
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Abarbri M., Thibonnet J., Bérillon L., Dehmel F., Rottländer M., and Knochel P. J. Org. Chem. 65 (2000) 4618-4634
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Abarbri, M.1
Thibonnet, J.2
Bérillon, L.3
Dehmel, F.4
Rottländer, M.5
Knochel, P.6
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10
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0037619382
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Rottländer M., Boymond L., Bérillon L., Leprêtre A., Varchi G., Avolio S., Laaziri H., Quéguiner G., Ricci A., Cahiez G., and Knochel P. Chem. Eur. J. 6 (2000) 767-770
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Chem. Eur. J.
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Rottländer, M.1
Boymond, L.2
Bérillon, L.3
Leprêtre, A.4
Varchi, G.5
Avolio, S.6
Laaziri, H.7
Quéguiner, G.8
Ricci, A.9
Cahiez, G.10
Knochel, P.11
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12
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0034672069
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Boudier A., Bromm L.O., Lotz M., and Knochel P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 39 (2000) 4414-4435
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(2000)
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Boudier, A.1
Bromm, L.O.2
Lotz, M.3
Knochel, P.4
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0034679511
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Kitagawa K., Inoue A., Shinokubo H., and Oshima K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 39 (2000) 2481-2483
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Kitagawa, K.1
Inoue, A.2
Shinokubo, H.3
Oshima, K.4
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16
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33646091766
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For recent applications of trialkylmagnesiates, see:
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For recent applications of trialkylmagnesiates, see:. Dolman S.J., Gosselin F., O'Shea P.D., and Davies I.W. Tetrahedron 62 (2006) 5092-5098
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(2006)
Tetrahedron
, vol.62
, pp. 5092-5098
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Dolman, S.J.1
Gosselin, F.2
O'Shea, P.D.3
Davies, I.W.4
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18
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26844570710
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Mongin F., Bucher A., Bazureau J.P., Bayh O., Awad H., and Trécourt F. Tetrahedron Lett. 46 (2005) 7989-7992
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(2005)
Tetrahedron Lett.
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Mongin, F.1
Bucher, A.2
Bazureau, J.P.3
Bayh, O.4
Awad, H.5
Trécourt, F.6
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19
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4344658763
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Awad H., Mongin F., Trécourt F., Quéguiner G., Marsais F., Blanco F., Abarca B., and Ballesteros R. Tetrahedron Lett. 45 (2004) 6697-6701
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(2004)
Tetrahedron Lett.
, vol.45
, pp. 6697-6701
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Awad, H.1
Mongin, F.2
Trécourt, F.3
Quéguiner, G.4
Marsais, F.5
Blanco, F.6
Abarca, B.7
Ballesteros, R.8
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20
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12144286809
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Ito S., Kubo T., Morita N., Matsui Y., Watanabe T., Ohta A., Fujimori K., Murafuji T., Sugihara Y., and Tajiri A. Tetrahedron Lett. 45 (2004) 2891-2894
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(2004)
Tetrahedron Lett.
, vol.45
, pp. 2891-2894
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Ito, S.1
Kubo, T.2
Morita, N.3
Matsui, Y.4
Watanabe, T.5
Ohta, A.6
Fujimori, K.7
Murafuji, T.8
Sugihara, Y.9
Tajiri, A.10
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21
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1142269578
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Farkas Jr. J., Stoudt S.J., Hanawalt E.M., Pajerski A.D., and Richey Jr. H.G. Organometallics 23 (2004) 423-427
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(2004)
Organometallics
, vol.23
, pp. 423-427
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Farkas Jr., J.1
Stoudt, S.J.2
Hanawalt, E.M.3
Pajerski, A.D.4
Richey Jr., H.G.5
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25
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0035812684
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Mase T., Houpis I.N., Akao A., Dorziotis I., Emerson K., Hoang T., Iida T., Itoh T., Kamei K., Kato S., Kato Y., Kawasaki M., Lang F., Lee J., Lynch J., Maligres P., Molina A., Nemoto T., Okada S., Reamer R., Song J.Z., Tschaen D., Wada T., Zewge D., Volante R.P., Reider P.J., and Tomimoto K. J. Org. Chem. 66 (2001) 6775-6786
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(2001)
J. Org. Chem.
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Mase, T.1
Houpis, I.N.2
Akao, A.3
Dorziotis, I.4
Emerson, K.5
Hoang, T.6
Iida, T.7
Itoh, T.8
Kamei, K.9
Kato, S.10
Kato, Y.11
Kawasaki, M.12
Lang, F.13
Lee, J.14
Lynch, J.15
Maligres, P.16
Molina, A.17
Nemoto, T.18
Okada, S.19
Reamer, R.20
Song, J.Z.21
Tschaen, D.22
Wada, T.23
Zewge, D.24
Volante, R.P.25
Reider, P.J.26
Tomimoto, K.27
more..
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26
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1142299069
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See also early reactivity investigations of organo magnesiates:
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See also early reactivity investigations of organo magnesiates:. Richey Jr. H.G., and King B.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104 (1982) 4672-4674
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(1982)
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
, vol.104
, pp. 4672-4674
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Richey Jr., H.G.1
King, B.A.2
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27
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46749141761
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note
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The enhanced basic character of organolithium species in THF compared to other solvents such as diethyl ether or TBME makes them more susceptible to isomerization. Such isomerizations are less likely to be observed in diethyl ether where the organolithium species are more aggregated and thus rendered less reactive.
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30
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33645524145
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Formation of Wurtz-type coupling by-products is well-precedented and results from the presence of the alkyl bromide cogenerated in the process. In our study, we found that the amount of these side-products was mostly a function of the temperature. The reduced aryl by-product arises from proton abstraction on the alkyl bromide via β-elimination. Recourse to tBuLi would completely avoid its formation, but it is not an option for large-scale applications. see, for example: As an alternative, the branched iPrLi offers relatively similar advantages and is therefore preferred for such applications.]
-
Formation of Wurtz-type coupling by-products is well-precedented and results from the presence of the alkyl bromide cogenerated in the process. In our study, we found that the amount of these side-products was mostly a function of the temperature. The reduced aryl by-product arises from proton abstraction on the alkyl bromide via β-elimination. Recourse to tBuLi would completely avoid its formation, but it is not an option for large-scale applications. see, for example:. Bailey W.F., Luderer M.R., and Jordan K.P. J. Org. Chem. 71 (2006) 2825-2828 As an alternative, the branched iPrLi offers relatively similar advantages and is therefore preferred for such applications.]
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(2006)
J. Org. Chem.
, vol.71
, pp. 2825-2828
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Bailey, W.F.1
Luderer, M.R.2
Jordan, K.P.3
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31
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46749109684
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note
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Careful monitoring of the purity profile in the previously described entries is summarized in the table below (see structures 3-8 in the text).{A table is presented}.
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32
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0000984083
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For in situ trapping of organolithiated species, see, for example:
-
For in situ trapping of organolithiated species, see, for example:. Kristensen J., Lysén M., Vedsø P., and Begtrup M. Org. Lett. 3 (2001) 1435-1437
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(2001)
Org. Lett.
, vol.3
, pp. 1435-1437
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Kristensen, J.1
Lysén, M.2
Vedsø, P.3
Begtrup, M.4
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34
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33746876760
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The current process indeed avoids forming a highly reactive lithium trialkylmagnesiate species that contains a high energy potential and can react violently and generate volatile organic by-products upon quenching. Instead of this lithium trialkylmagnesiate, a lithium triarylmagnesiate is formed directly under dosage control and would give rise to less volatile aromatic species. Hence, an easier control upon scale-up and a more desirable situation that avoids gas evolution. Other general safety concerns have been discussed in a recent publication, see:
-
The current process indeed avoids forming a highly reactive lithium trialkylmagnesiate species that contains a high energy potential and can react violently and generate volatile organic by-products upon quenching. Instead of this lithium trialkylmagnesiate, a lithium triarylmagnesiate is formed directly under dosage control and would give rise to less volatile aromatic species. Hence, an easier control upon scale-up and a more desirable situation that avoids gas evolution. Other general safety concerns have been discussed in a recent publication, see:. Hauk D., Lang S., and Murso A. Org. Process Res. Dev. 10 (2006) 733-738
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(2006)
Org. Process Res. Dev.
, vol.10
, pp. 733-738
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Hauk, D.1
Lang, S.2
Murso, A.3
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37
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37449011577
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and references cited therein
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Menzel K., Mills P.M., Frantz D.E., Nelson T.D., and Kress M.H. Tetrahedron Lett. 49 (2008) 415-418 and references cited therein
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(2008)
Tetrahedron Lett.
, vol.49
, pp. 415-418
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Menzel, K.1
Mills, P.M.2
Frantz, D.E.3
Nelson, T.D.4
Kress, M.H.5
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38
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0037414554
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Leazer Jr. J.L., Cvetovich R., Tsay F.-R., Dolling U., Vickery T., and Bachert D. J. Org. Chem. 68 (2003) 3695-3698
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(2003)
J. Org. Chem.
, vol.68
, pp. 3695-3698
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Leazer Jr., J.L.1
Cvetovich, R.2
Tsay, F.-R.3
Dolling, U.4
Vickery, T.5
Bachert, D.6
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40
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33847088408
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For the use of organozinc in the cross-coupling:
-
For the use of organozinc in the cross-coupling:. Negishi E., King A.O., and Okukado N. J. Org. Chem. 42 (1977) 1821-1823
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(1977)
J. Org. Chem.
, vol.42
, pp. 1821-1823
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Negishi, E.1
King, A.O.2
Okukado, N.3
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42
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13044294051
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For the use of organocopper in the cross-coupling:
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For the use of organocopper in the cross-coupling:. Fanta P.E. Chem. Rev. 64 (1964) 613-632
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(1964)
Chem. Rev.
, vol.64
, pp. 613-632
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Fanta, P.E.1
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44
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2042507954
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For the use of organoboron in the cross-coupling:
-
For the use of organoboron in the cross-coupling:. Miyaura N., and Suzuki A. Chem. Rev. 95 (1995) 2457
-
(1995)
Chem. Rev.
, vol.95
, pp. 2457
-
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Miyaura, N.1
Suzuki, A.2
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46
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0000738927
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-
For the use of organolithium in the cross-coupling:
-
For the use of organolithium in the cross-coupling:. Murahashi S., Yamamura M., Yanagisawa K., Mita N., and Kondo K. J. Org. Chem. 44 (1979) 2408-2417
-
(1979)
J. Org. Chem.
, vol.44
, pp. 2408-2417
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Murahashi, S.1
Yamamura, M.2
Yanagisawa, K.3
Mita, N.4
Kondo, K.5
-
48
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84985570392
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For the use of organostannan in the cross-coupling:
-
For the use of organostannan in the cross-coupling:. Stille J.K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 25 (1986) 508-524
-
(1986)
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
, vol.25
, pp. 508-524
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Stille, J.K.1
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49
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84988124945
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For the use of organosilicon in the cross-coupling:
-
For the use of organosilicon in the cross-coupling:. Hatanaka Y., and Hiyama T. Synlett (1991) 845-853
-
(1991)
Synlett
, pp. 845-853
-
-
Hatanaka, Y.1
Hiyama, T.2
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50
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46749099850
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note
-
General procedure: To a solution of aryl bromide (12 mmol, 1.2 equiv) in dry THF (12 mL) at 0 °C was added a 2 M solution of iPrMgCl in THF (5 mmol, 0.5 equiv) in 5 min. The clear solution was stirred at that temperature for an additional 10 min, and a 30% solution of nBuLi in hexanes(10 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added dropwise in 10 min, while maintaining the temperature below 5 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred at that temperature for 1 h, cooled to -10 °C, and dry DMF (13 mmol, 1.3 equiv) in dry THF (13 mL) was added dropwise in 10 min. The resulting mixture was warmed to rt in 1 h, and added to a 0.5 M citric acid solution at rt. After 10 min stirring, the phases were separated and the water phase was extracted one additional time with toluene. The combined organic phases were concentrated and water was removed azeotropically with toluene to obtain the desired aldehyde. All benzaldehyde products were compared to commercially available reference samples.
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