Mercury exposure from fish consumption within the Japanese and Korean communities

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A: Current Issues

Volumn 71, Issue 15, 2008, Pages 1019-1031

  Tsuchiya, Ami ^a   Hinners, Thomas A ^b   Burbacher, Thomas M ^a   Faustman, Elaine M ^a   Mariën, Koenraad ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^c WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH   (United States)

^d Office of Environmental Health Assessments   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MERCURY;

ADULT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; ETHNIC GROUP; FEMALE; FISH; FOOD INTAKE; HAIR ANALYSIS; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; JAPANESE; KOREA; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBABILITY; PUBLICATION; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; TISSUE LEVEL; ANIMAL; ASIAN AMERICAN; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ETHNOLOGY; FOOD CONTAMINATION; JAPAN; MIDDLE AGED; UNITED STATES; WATER POLLUTANT;

ADULT; ANIMALS; ASIAN AMERICANS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; FISHES; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HUMANS; JAPAN; KOREA; MERCURY; MIDDLE AGED; WASHINGTON; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 46449120995     PISSN: 15287394     EISSN: 10872620     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01932690801934612     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Agusa, T., Kunito, T., Iwata, H., Monirith, I., Tana, T. S., Subramanian, A., and Tanabe, S. 2005. Mercury contamination in human hair and fish from Cambodia: Levels, specific accumulation and risk assessment. Environ. Pollut. 134:79-86.
2. Agusa, T., Kunito, T., Iwata, H., Monirith, I., Chamman, C., Tana, T. S., Subramanian, A., and Tanabe, S. 2007. Mercury in hair and blood from residents of Phnom Penh (Cambodia) and possible effect on serum hormone levels. Chemosphere 68:590-596.
3. Agency for Toxic Subtances and Disease Registry. 1999. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Minimal risk levels (MRLs) for hazardous substances. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/ (accessed July 27, 2007).
4. AMBIO. 2007. Methylmercury exposure and health effects in humans: A worldwide concern. AMBIO 36:3-11.
5. American Heart Association.. 2007. Fish and omega-3 fatty acids. American Heart Association. Available: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml? identifier=4632 [accessed June 21 2007].
6. Axtell, C. D., Cox, C., Myers, G. J., Davidson, P. W., Choi, A. L., Cernichiari, E., Sloane-Reeves, J., Shamlaye, C. H., and Clarkson, T. W. 2000. Association between methylmercury exposure from fish consumption and child development at five and a half years of age in the Seychelles Child Development Study: An evaluation of nonlinear relationships. Environ. Res. 84:71-80.
7. Bakir, F., Damluji, S. F., Amin-Zaki, L., Murtadha, M., Khalidi, A., and al-Rawi, N. Y. 1973. Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Science 181:230-241.
8. Berglund, M., Lind, B., Bjornberg, K. A., Palm, B., Einarsson, O., and Vahter, M. 2005. Inter-individual variations of human mercury exposure biomarkers: A cross-sectional assessment. Environ. Health 4:20.
9. Burger, J., and Gochfeld, M. 2008. Knowledge about fish consumption advisories: A risk communication failure within a university population. Sci. Total Environ. 390:346-354.
10. Burger, J., Dixon, C., and Boring, C. S. 2003. Effect of deep-frying fish on risk from mercury. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 66:817-828.
11. Burger, J., Stern, A. H., and Gochfeld, M. 2005. Mercury in commercial fish: Optimizing individual choices to reduce risk. Environ. Health Perspect. 113:266-271.
12. CDC. 2000. Blood and hair mercury levels in young children and women of childbearing age - United States, 1999. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 50:140-143.
13. CDC. 2004. Blood mercury levels in young children and childbearing-aged women - United States, 1999-2002. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 53: 1018-1020.
14. Chapman, L., and Chan, H. M. 2000. The influence of nutrition on methyl mercury intoxication. Environ. Health Perspect. 108(Suppl. 1):29-56.
15. Davidson, P. W., Myers, G. J., Cox, C., Shamlaye, C. F., Marsh, D. O., Tanner, M. A., Berlin, M., Sloane-Reeves, J., Cernichiari, E., and Choisy, O. 1995. Longitudinal neurodevelopmental study of Seychellois children following in utero exposure to methylmercury from maternal fish ingestion: Outcomes at 19 and 29 months. Neurotoxicology 16:677-688.
16. Davidson, P. W., Myers, G. J., Weiss, B., Shamlaye, C. F., and Cox, C. 2006. Prenatal methyl mercury exposure from fish consumption and child development: A review of evidence and perspectives from the Seychelles Child Development Study. Neurotoxicology 27:1106-1109.
17. Dennis, C. A., and Fehr, F. 1975. Mercury levels in whole blood of Saskatchewan residents. Sci. Total Environ. 3:267-274.
18. Dorea, J. G., and Barbosa, A. C. 2005. Fish consumption and blood mercury: Proven health benefits or probable neurotoxic risk? Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 42:249-250.
19. Evens, C. C., Martin, M. D., and Woods, J. S. 2001. Examination of dietary methylmercury exposure in the Casa Pia Study of the health effects of dental amalgams in children. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 64:521-530.
20. Farley, D. B., and Ford, S. P. 1992. Evidence for declining extracellular calcium uptake and protein kinase C activity in uterine arterial smooth muscle during gestation in gilts. Biol. Reprod. 46:315-321.
21. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. 2007. FAO food balance sheet. Available: http://faostat.fao.org/ (Accessed July 18, 2007).
22. Fok, T. F., Lam, H. S., Ng, P. C., Yip, A. S. K., Sin, N. C., Chan, H. I. S., Gu, G. J. S., So, H. K., Wong EMC, Lam CWK. 2006. Fetal methylmercury exposure as measured by cord blood mercury concentrations in a mother-infant cohort in Hong Kong. Environ. Int. 33:84-92.
23. Fujita, M., and Takabatake, E. 1977. Mercury levels in human maternal and neonatal blood, hair and milk. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18:205-209.
24. Gill, U. S., Schwartz, H. M., and Bigras, L. 2002. Results of multiyear international interlaboratory comparison program for mercury in human hair. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 43:466-472.
25. Grandjean, P., Jorgensen, P. J., and Weihe, P. 1994. Human milk as a source of methylmercury exposure in infants. Environ. Health Perspect. 102:74-77.
26. Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., Jorgensen, P. J., Clarkson, T., Cernichiari, E., and Videro, T. 1992. Impact of maternal seafood diet on fetal exposure to mercury, selenium, and lead. Arch. Environ. Health 47:185-195.
27. Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., White, R. F., and Debes, F. 1998. Cognitive performance of children prenatally exposed to "safe" levels of methylmercury. Environ. Res. 77:165-172.
28. Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., White, R. F., Debes, F., Araki, S., Yokoyama, K., Murata, K., Sørensen, N., Dahl, R., and Jørgensen, P. J. 1997. Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 19:417-428.
29. Gulson, B. L., Korsch, M., Mahaffey, K. R., Mizon, K. J., Palmer, J. M., and Taylor, A. J. 2004. Blood lead changes during pregnancy and postpartum with calcium supplementation. Environ. Health Perspect. 112:1499-1507.
30. Harada, M. 1995. Minamata disease: Methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental pollution. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 25:1-24.
31. Health Canada. 2007. Mercury-in-hair interlaboratory comparison program. www.mhicp@hc-sc.gc.ca.
32. Hightower, J. M., O'Hara, A., and Hernandez, G. T. 2006. Blood mercury, reporting in NHANES: Identifying Asians, Pacific Islander, Native American and multiracial groups. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:173-175.
33. Hytten, F. E. 1983. Nutritional physiology during pregnancy. In Nutrition in pregnancy, eds. D. M. Campbell and D. G. Gillmer, pp. 1-18. London: Royal College of Gynaecologists.
34. Iwasaki, Y., Sakamoto, M., Nakai, K., Oka, T., Dakeishi, M., Iwata, T., Satoh, H., and Murata, K. 2003. Estimation of daily mercury intake from seafood in Japanese women: Akita cross-sectional study. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 200:67-73.
35. Knobeloch, L., Anderson, H. A., Imm, P., Peters, D., and Smith, A. 2005. Fish consumption, advisory awareness, and hair mercury levels among women of childbearing age. Environ. Res. 97:220-227.
36. Kolar, A. S., Patterson, R. E., White, E., Neuhouser, M. L., Frank, L. L., Standley, J., Potter, J. D., and Kristal, A. R. 2005. A practical method for collecting 3-day food records in a large cohort. Epidemiology 16:579-583.
37. Kondo, K. 2000. Congenital Minamata disease: Warnings from Japan's experience. J. Child. Neurol. 15:458-464.
38. Krauss, R. M., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B., Appel, L. J., Daniels, S. R., Deckelbaum, R. J., Erdman, J. W., Jr., Kris-Etherton, P., Goldberg, I. J., Kotchen, T. A., Lichtenstein, A. H., Mitch, W. E., Mullis, R., Robinson, K., Wylie-Rosett, J., St. Jeor, S., Suttie, J., Tribble, D. L., and Bazzarre, T. L. 2000. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Stroke 31:2751-2766.
39. Kristal, A. R., Beresford, S. A., and Lazovich, D. 1994. Assessing change in diet-intervention research. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59:185S-189S.
40. Kuhnert, P. M., Kuhnert, B. R., and Erhard, P. 1981. Comparison of mercury levels in maternal blood, fetal cord blood, and placental tissues. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 139:209-213.
41. Kuntz, W. D., Pitkin, R. M., Bostrom, A. W., and Hughes, M. S. 1982. Maternal and cord blood background mercury levels: a longitudinal surveillance. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 143:440-443.
42. Ladipo, O. A. 2000. Nutrition in pregnancy: mineral and vitamin supplements. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72:280S-290S.
43. Leazer, T. M., Yaping, L., and Klaassen, C. D. 2002. Cadmium absorption and its relationship to divalent metal transporter-1 in pregnant rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 185:18-24.
44. Landolt, M. L., Hafer, F. R., Nevissi, A., Van Belle, G., Van Ness, K., and Rockwell, C. 1985. Potential toxicant exposure among consumers of recreationally caught fish from urban embayments of Puget Sound. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 23. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, MD.
45. MacIntosh, D. L., Williams, P. L., Hunter, D. J., Sampson, L. A., Morris, S. C., Willett, W. C., and Rimm, E. B. 1997. Evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire-food composition approach for estimating dietary intake of inorganic arsenic and methylmercury. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 6:1043-1050.
46. Mahaffey, K. R. 2004. Fish and shellfish as dietary sources of methylmercury and the omega-3 fatty acids, eicosahexaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid: Risks and benefits. Environ. Res. 95:414-428.
47. Mahaffey, K. R., Clickner, R. P., and Bodurow, C. C. 2004. Blood organic mercury and dietary mercury intake: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 and 2000. Environ. Health Perspect. 112:562-570.
48. Mahaffey, K. R., Clickner, R. P., and Jeffries, R. A. 2007. Methylmercury and omega-3 fatty acids: Co-occurrence of dietary sources with emphasis on fish and shellfish. Environ. Res. (in press; November 7, 2007, in Pub. Med. Sci. Direct).
49. Mariën, K., and Patrick, G. M. 2001. Exposure analysis of five fish-consuming populations for overexposure to methylmercury. J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 11:193-206.
50. Mariën, K., and Stern, A. H. 2005. An examination of the trade-offs in public health resulting from the use of default exposure assumptions in fish consumption advisories. Environ. Res. 98:258-267.
51. Marsh, D. O., Clarkson, T. W., Cox, C., Myers, G. J., Amin-Zaki, L., and Al-Tikriti, S. 1987. Fetal methylmercury poisoning. Relationship between concentration in single strands of maternal hair and child effects. Arch. Neurol. 44:1017-1022.
52. McDowell, M. A., Dillon, C. F., Osterloh, J., Bolger, P. M., Pellizzari, E., Fernando, R., Montes de Oca, R., Schober, S. E., Sinks, T., Jones, R. L., and Mahaffery, K. R. 2004. Hair mercury levels in U.S. children and women of childbearing age: Reference range data from NHANES 1999-2000. Environ. Health Perspect. 112:1165-1171.
53. McBride, D. 2005. Analysis of chemical contaminant levels in store-bought fish from Washington State. Available: http://epa.gov/waterscience/fish/forum/ 2005/ (accessed December 20, 2006).
54. McKelvey, W., Gwynn, R. C., Jeffrey, N., Kass, D., Thorpe, L. E., Garg, R. K., Palmer, C. D., and Parsons, P. J. 2007. A biomonitoring study of lead, cadmium and mercury in blood of New York City adults. Environ. Health Perspect. 115:1435-1441.
55. MHLW, Japanese Department of Food Safety Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 2005a. http://www.mhlw.go.jp/shingi/2005/08/dl/s0812-3a2.pdf (accessed August 29, 2007).
56. MHLW, Japanese Department of Food Safety Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 2005b. Seafood consumption of Japanese people. http://www.mhlw.go.jp/ english/wp/other/councils/mercury/index.html. (accessed February 2006).
57. Mozaffarian, D., and Rimm, E. B. 2006. Fish intake, contaminants, and human health. Evaluating the risks and benefits. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 296:1885-1899.
58. Murata, K., Weihe, P., Araki, S., Budtz-Jorgensen, E., and Grandjean, P. 1999. Evoked potentials in Faroese children prenatally exposed to methylmercury. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 21:471-472.
59. Myers, G. J., Davidson, P. W., Cox, C., Shamlaye, C. F., Palumbo, D., Cernichiari, E., Sloane-Reeves, J., Wilding, G. E., Kost, J., Huang, L. S., and Clarkson, T. W. 2003. Prenatal methylmercury exposure from ocean fish consumption in the Seychelles child development study. Lancet 361:1686-1692.
60. Myers, G. J., Marsh, D. O., Cox, C., Davidson, P. W., Shamlaye, C. F., Tanner, M. A., Choi, A., Cernichiari, E., Choisy, O., and Clarkson, T. W. 1995. A pilot neurodevelopmental study of Seychellois children following in utero exposure to methylmercury from a maternal fish diet. Neurotoxicology 16:629-638.
61. Nakagawa, R., Yumita, Y., and Hiromoto, M. 1997. Total mercury intake from fish and shellfish by Japanese people. Chemosphere 35:2909-2913.
62. National Academy of Sciences. 1991. Seafood safety. Committee on Evaluation of the Safety of Fishing Products. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
63. National Institutes of Medicine. 2007. Seafood choices: Balancing the benefits and risks. Comitte on nutrient relationships in seafood, eds. M. C. Nesheim and A. L. Yaktine. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
64. National Research Council. 2000. Toxicological effects of methylmercury. Committee on the Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
65. Oken, E., Wright, R. O., Kleinman, K. P., Bellinger, D., Amarasiriwardena, C. J., Hu, H., Rich-Edwards, J. W., and Gillman, M. W. 2005. Maternal fish consumption, hair mercury, and infant cognition in a U.S. cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 113:1376-1380.
66. Olsen, S. F., and Secher, N. J. 2002. Low consumption of seafood in early pregnancy as a risk factor for preterm delivery: Prospective cohort study. Br. Med. J. 324:447-451.
67. Olsen, S. F., Secher, N. J., Tabor, A., Weber, T., Walker, J. J., and Gluud, C. 2000. Randomised clinical trials of fish oil suplementation in high risk pregnancies. Fish Oil Trials In Pregnancy (FOTIP) Team. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 107:382-395.
68. Oskarsson, A., Schultz, A., Skerfving, S., Hallen, I. P., Ohlin, B., and Lagerkvist, B. J. 1996. Total and inorganic mercury in breast milk in relation to fish consumption and amalgam in lactating women. Arch. Environ. Health 51:234-241.
69. Patterson, R. E., Kristal, A. R., Tinker, L. F., Carter, R. A., Bolton, M. P., and Agurs-Collins, T. 1999. Measurement characteristics of the Women's Health Initiative food frequency questionnaire. Ann. Epidemiol. 9:178-187.
70. Picciano, M. F. 1996. Pregnancy and lactation. In Present knowledge in nutrition, eds. E. E. Ziegler and L. J. Filer, pp. 384-395. Washington, DC: ILSI Press.
71. Pitkin, R. M., Bahns, J. A., Filer, L. J., Jr., and Reynolds, W. A. 1976. Mercury in human maternal and cord blood, placenta, and milk. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 151:565-567.
72. Ratcliffe, H. E., Swanson, G. M., and Fischer, L. J. 1996. Human exposure to mercury: A critical assessment of the evidence of adverse health effects. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 49:221-270.
73. Salem, N., Jr. 1989. Omega-3 fatty acids: Molecular and biochemical aspects. In New protective roles of selective nutrients, eds. G. A. Spiller and J. Scala, pp. 109-228. New York: Alan R Liss.
74. Sanzo, J. M., Dorronsoro, M., Amiano, P., Amurrio, A., Aguinagalde, F. X., and Azpiri, M. A. 2001. Estimation and validation of mercury intake associated with fish consumption in an EPIC cohort of Spain. Public Health Nutr. 4:981-988.
75. Sato, R. L., Li, G. G., and Shaha, S. 2006. Antepartum seafood consumption and mercury levels in newborn cord blood. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 194:1683-1688.
76. Sechena, R., Liao, S., Lorenzana, R., Nakano, C., Polissar, N., and Fenske, R. 2003. Asian American and Pacific Islander seafood consumption - A community-based study in King County, Washington. J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 13:256-266.
77. Sikorski, R., Paszkowski, T., Slawinski, P., Szkoda, J., Zmudzki, J., andSkawinski, S. 1989. The intrapartum content of toxic metals in maternal blood and umbilical cord blood. Ginekol. Pol. 60:151-155.
78. Stern, A. H. 2007. Public health guidance on cardiovascular benefits and risks related to fish consumption. Environ. Health 6:31-34.
79. Stern, A. H., Gochfeld, M., Weisel, C., and Burger, J. 2001. Mercury and methylmercury exposure in the New Jersey pregnant population. Arch. Environ. Health 56:4-10.
80. Stern, A. H., and Smith, A. E. 2003. An assessment of the cord blood:maternal blood methylmercury ratio: Implications for risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 111:1465-1470.
81. Sweet, L. I., and Zelikoff, J. T. 2001. Toxicology and immunotoxicology of mercury: A comparative review in fish and humans. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 4:161-205.
82. Thornberg, C., and Mattsson, S. 2000. Increased 137Cs metabolism during pregnancy. Health Phys. 78:502-506.
83. Tollefson, L. 1989. Methylmercury in fish: Assessment of risk for US consumers. In The risk assessment of environmental and human health hazards: A textbook of case studies, ed. D. J. Paustenbach, pp. 845-867. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
84. Toy, K. A., Polissar, N. L., Liao, S., and Mittelstaedt, G. D. 1996. A fish consumption study of the Tulalip and Squaxin Island tribes of the Puget Sound region. Marysville, WA: Tulalip Tribes, Department of Environment.
85. Turner, R. E. 2005. Nutrition during pregnancy. In Modern nutrition in health and disease, 10th ed., eds. M. E. Shils, M. Shike, A. C. Ross, B. Caballero, and R. J. Cousins, pp. 771-783. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
86. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2006. Mercury levels in commercial fish and shellfish. Available: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼frf/sea-mehg.html (accessed July 27, 2007).
87. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Mercury in solids and solutions by thermal decomposition, amalgamation, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Available: http://www.epa.gov/sw-846/pdfs/7473.pdf (Accessed on May 20, 2006).
88. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Development and use of risk-based consumption limits. EPA 823-B-00-008. Available: http://www.epa.gov/ waterscience/fishadvice/volume2/v2ch3.pdf (Accessed on August 8, 2007).
89. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Mercury in solid or semisolid waste. Available: http://www.epa.gov/sw-846/pdfs/7471a.pdf. (Accessed on May 20, 2006).
90. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. Methylmercury. Available: http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0073.htm. (Accessed on July 27, 2007).
91. Vahter, M., Akesson, A., Lind, B., Bjors, U., Schutz, A., andBerglund, M. 2000. Longitudinal study of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in blood and urine of pregnant and lactating women, as well as in umbilical cord blood. Environ. Res. 84:186-194.
92. van Wijngaarden, I., Beck, C., Shamlaye, C. F., Cernichiari, E., Davidson, P. W., Meyers, G. J., and Clarkson, T. W. 2006. Benchmark caoncentrations for methyl mercury obtained from the 9-year follow-up of the Seychelles Child Development Study. Neurotoxicology 27:702-709.
93. Virtanen, J. K., Rissanen, T. H., Voutilainen, S., and Tuomainen, T.-P. 2007. Mercury as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. J. Nutr. Biochem. 18:75-85.
94. Vupputuri, S., Longnecker, M. P., Daniels, J. L., Guo, X., and Sandler, D. P. 2005. Blood mercury level and blood pressure among US women: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000. Environ. Res. 97:195-200.
95. Watanabe, C. 2002. Modification of mercury toxicity by selenium: Practical importance? Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 196:71-77.
96. Webb, M. A., Feist, G. W., Fitzpatrick, M. S., Foster, E. P., Schreck, C. B., Plumlee, M., Wong, C., and Gunderson, D. T. 2006. Mercury concentrations in gonad, liver, and muscle of white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus in the lower Columbia River. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 50:443-451.
97. Wheatley, B., and Wheatley, M. A. 2000. Methylmercury and the health of indigenous peoples: A risk management challenge for physical and social sciences and for public health policy. Sci. Total Environ. 259:23-29.
98. World Health Organization. 2003. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Available: http://www.who.int/ipcs/food/jecfa/summaries/en/ summary_61.pdf (accessed June 20, 2006).
99. Yasutake, A., Matsumoto, M., Yamaguchi, M., and Hachiya, N. 2003. Current hair mercury levels in Hapanese: Survey of five districts. Tohuku J. Exp. Med. 199:161-169.