Substorm timings and timescales: A new aspect

Space Science Reviews

Volumn 113, Issue 1-2, 2004, Pages 41-75

  Meng, Ching I ^a   Liou, Kan ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

onset timing and location; substorm onset; substorm timescales and energy deposition; substorms

Indexed keywords

PROTON;

ACCURACY; ANALYTIC METHOD; ASTRONOMY; COLOR; COMMUNICATION AID; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DATA ANALYSIS; DISASTER; ELECTRIC CURRENT; ELECTRON; ENERGY; GEOLOGY; IMAGE ANALYSIS; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INSTRUMENTATION; LATITUDE; MAGNETIC FIELD; MAGNETISM; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; MORPHOLOGY; PARTICLE SIZE; PHASE SEPARATION; PHENOMENOLOGY; PHYSICS; POLARIZATION; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RELIABILITY; REMOTE SENSING; REVIEW; SHOCK WAVE; SOLAR ENERGY; SPACE; SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY; THEORETICAL MODEL; TIME; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS;

EID: 4644307443     PISSN: 00386308     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:SPAC.0000042939.88548.68     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Akasofu, S.-I.: 1964, 'The Development of the Auroral Substorm'. Planetary Space Sci. 12, 273-282.
2. Akasofu, S.-I.: 1968, Polar and Magnetospheric Substorms. Norwell, Mass: D. Reidel.
3. Akasofu, S.-I.: 1974, 'A Study of Auroral Displays Photographed from the DMSP-2 Satellite and from the Alaska Meridian Chain of Stations'. Space Sci. Rev. 16, 617.
4. Akasofu, S.-I.: 2004, 'Several 'Controversial' issues on substorms'. Space Sci. Rev., this issue.
5. Akasofu, S.-I., Kimball, D. S. and Meng, C.-I.: 1965, 'Dynamics of the Aurora, II, Westward Traveling Surges'. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 27, 173.
6. Akasofu, S.-I. and Meng, C.-I.: 1969, 'A Study of Polar Magnetic Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 74, 293.
7. Akasofu, S.-I., Perreault, P. D., Yasuhara, F. and Meng, C.-I.: 1973, 'Auroral Substorms and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field'. J. Geophys. Res. 78(31), 7490-7508.
8. Akasofu, S.-I. and Snyder, A. L.: 1972, 'Comments of the Growth Phase of Magnetospheric Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 77, 6275-6277.
9. Anger, C. D. and Lui, A. T. Y.: 1973, 'A Global View at the Polar Region on 18 December 1971'. Planetary Space Sci. 21, 873-878.
10. Arnoldy, R. L.: 1971, 'Signature in the Interplanetary Medium for Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 5189.
11. Arnoldy, R. R. and Chan, K. W.: 1969, 'Particle Substorms Observed at the Geostationaiy Orbit'. J. Geophys. Res. 74, 5019.
12. Atkinsou, G.: 1967, 'An Approximate Flow Equation for Geomagnetic Flux Tubes and its Application to Polar Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 72, 5373-5382.
13. Aubry, M. P. and PcPherron, R. L.: 1971, 'Magnetotail Changes in Relation to the Solar Wind Magnetic Field and Magnetospheric Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 4381-4401.
14. Bae, S. H., Lee, D.-Y., Lee, E., Min, K. W. and Choi, K. H.: 2001, 'Substorms Associated with Azimuthal Turnings of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field'. J. Atmos. Space Terr. Phys. 63, 1763 -1774.
15. Baker, D. N., Pulkkinen, T. I., Angelopoulos, V., Baumjohann, W. and McPherron, R. L.: 1996, 'Neutral Line Model of Substorms: Past Results and Present View'. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 12,975 -13,010.
16. Baker, K. B. and Wing, S.: 1989, 'A New Coordinate System for Conjugate Studies at High Latitudes'. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 9139-9143.
17. Bonnevier, B. R. and Rostoker, G.: 1970, 'A Three-Dimensionai Model Current System for Polar Magnetic Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 75, 107-122.
18. Burch, J. L.: 1972, 'Preconditions for the Triggering of Polar Magnetic Substorms by Storm Sudden Commencements'. J. Geophys. Res. 77, 6529.
19. Caan, M. N., McPherron, R. L. and Russell, C. T.: 1975, 'Substorm and Interplanetary Magnetic Field Effects on the Geomagnetic Tail Lobes'. J. Geophys. Res. 80, 191-194.
20. Caan, M. N., McPherron, R. L. and Russell, C. T.: 1977, 'Characteristics of the Association Between the Interplanetary Magnetic Field and Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 82, 4837-4842.
21. Carbary, J. F., Liou, K., Liu, A. T. Y., Newell, P. T. and Meng, C.-I.: 2000, "Blob' Analysis of Auroral Substorm Dynamics'. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 16,083-16,091.
22. Cheng, C. Z.: 2004, 'Physics of Substorm Growth Phase, Onset, and Dipolarization'. Space Sci. Rev., this issue.
23. Clauer, C. R. and Kamide, Y.: 1985, 'DP1 and DP2 Current Systems for the March 22, 1979 Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 1343-1354.
24. Craven, J. D. and Frank, L. A.: 1991, 'Diagnosis of Auroral Dynamics Using Global Auroral Imaging with Emphasis on Large-Scale Evolution'. in Auroral Physics, edited by C.-I Meng, M. J. Rycroft and L. A. Frank, p. 273, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
25. Davis, T. N. and Sugiura, M.: 1966, 'Auroral Electrojet Activity Index AE and its Universal Time Variations'. J. Geophys. Res. 71, 785.
26. Elphinstone, R. D., Hearn, D. J., Cogger, L. L., Murphree, J. S., Singer, H. and Sergeev, V.: 1995, Observations in the Vicinity of Substorm Onset: Implications From the Substorm Process'. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 7937-7969.
27. Fairfield, D. H. and Ness, N. F.: 1970, 'Configuration of the Geomagnetic Tail During Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 75, 7032.
28. Foster, J. C., Holt, J. M., Musgrove, R. G. and Evans, D. S.: 1986, 'Ionospheric Convection Associated with Discrete Levels of Particle Precipitation'. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 656-659.
29. Frank, L. A., Craven, J. D., Burch, J. L. and Winningham, J. D.: 1982, 'Polar Views of the Earth's Aurora with Dynamics Explorer'. Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 1001-1004.
30. Frank, L. A., Paterson, W. R., Sigwarth, J. B. and Kokubun, S.: 2000, 'Observations of Magnetic Field Dipolarization During Auroral Substorm Onset'. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 15,897-15,912.
31. Fuller-Rowell, T. J. and Evans, D. S.: 1987, 'Height-Integrated Pedersen and Hall Conductivity Patterns Inferred from the TIROS-NOAA Satellite Data'. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 7606-7618.
32. Galperin, Y. I. and Feldstein, Y. I.: 1991, 'Auroral Luminosity and its Relationship to the Magnetospheric Plasma Domains'. in Proceedings of the Cambridge Conference on Auroral Physics, edited by C.-I Meng, M. J. Rycroft and L. A. Frank, p. 207, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
33. Henderson, M. G. and Murphree, J. S.: 1995, 'Comparison of Viking Onset Locations with the Predictions of the Thermal Catastrophe Model'. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 21,857.
34. Henderson, M. G., Reeves, G. D., Belian, R. D. Belian and Murphree, J. S.: 1996, 'Observations of Magnetospheric Substorms Occurring with no Apparent Solar Wind/IMF Trigger'. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 10,773-10,791.
35. Heppner, J. P.: 1955, 'Note on the Occurrence of World-Wide SSC's During the Onset of Negative Bays at College'. J. Geophys. Res. 60, 29-32.
36. Horwitz, J. L.: 1985, 'The Substorm as an Internal Magnetospheric Instability: Substorms and Their Characteristic Timescales During Intervals of Steady Interplanetary Magnetic Field'. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 4146-4170.
37. Ieda, A., Fairfield, D. H., Mukai, T., Saito, Y., Kokubun, S. and Liou, K.: 2001, 'Plasmoid Ejection and Auroral Brightenings'. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 3845-3858.
38. Kaufmann, R. L.: 1987, 'Substorm Currents: Growth Phase and Onset'. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 7471.
39. Kauristie, K., Pulkkinen, T. I., Huuskonen, A., Pellinen, R. J., Opgenoorth, H. J. and Baker, D. N.: 1997, 'Auroral Precipitation Fading Before and at Substorm Onset: Ionospheric and Geostationary Signatures'. Anna. Geophy. 15, 967.
40. p Variation'. Planetary Space Sci. 21, 329.
41. Kawasaki, K., Akasofu, S.-I., Yasuhara, F. and Meng, C.-I.: 1971, 'Storm Sudden Commencements and Polar Magnetic Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 6781-6789.
42. Kennel, C.: 1992, 'The Kiruna Conjecture: The Strong Version'. in Proceedings of the International Conference on Substorms (ICS-1), Eur: Space Agence Spec. Publ., ESA SP-335, 599.
43. Kokubun, S. and McPherron, R. L.: 1981, 'Substorm Signatures at Synchronous Altitude'. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 11,265.
44. Kokubun, S., McPherron, R. L. and Russell, C. T.: 1977, 'Triggering of Substorms by Solar Wind Discontinuities'. J. Geophys. Res. 82, 74-86.
45. Li, Y., Fraser, B. J., Menk, F. W., Webster, D. J. and Yumoto, K.: 1998, 'Properties and Sources of Low and Very Low Latitude Pi2 Pulsations'. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 2343-2358.
46. Liou, K., Carbary, J. F., Newell, P. T., Meng, C.-I. and Rasmussen, O.: 2003, 'Correlation of Auroral Power With the Polar Cap Index'. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1108, doi: 10.1029/2002JA009556.
47. Liou, K., Meng, C.-I., Lui, A. T. Y., Newell, P. T., Brittnacher, M. and Parks, G.: 1999, 'On Relative Timing in Substorm Onset Signatures'. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 22,807-22,817.
48. Liou, K., Meng, C.-I., Lui, A. T. Y., Newell, P. T. and Wing, S.: 2002a, 'Magnetic Dipolarization With Substorm Expansion Onset'. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 1428, doi: 10.1029/2001JA00179.
49. Liou, K., Meng, C.-I., Newell, P. T., Takahashi, K., Ohtani, S.-I. and Lui, A. T. Y.: 2000, 'Evaluation of Low-Latitude Pi2 Pulsations as Indicators of Substorm Onset Using Polar Ultraviolet Imagery'. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 2495-2505.
50. Liou, K., Meng, C.-I., Newell, P. T., Wu, C.-C. and Lepping. R. P.: 2002b, 'Do Interplanetary Shocks Really Trigger Substorm Expansion Onset?'. in Proc. 6th International Conference on Substorm (ICS-6), edited by R. M. Winglee, p. 299, Seattle, WA.
51. Liou, K., Newell, P. T., Sibeck, D. G., Meng, C.-I., Brittnacher, M. and Parks, G.: 2001, 'Observation of IMF and Seasonal Effects in the Location of Auroral Substorm Onset'. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 5799-5810.
52. Lopez, R. E., Sibeck, D. G., Lui, A. T. Y., Takahashi, K., McEntire, R. W. and Potemra, T. A.: 1998, 'Substorm Variations in the Magnitude of the Magnetic Field'. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 14,444.
53. Lui, A. T. Y.: 1984, 'Characteristics of the Cross-Tail Current in the Earth's Magnetotail'. in Magnetospheric Currents, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 28, edited by T. A. Potemra, pp. 158-170, AGU, Washington, D. C.
54. Lui, A. T. Y.: 1991, 'A Synthesis of Magnetospheric Substorm Models'. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 1849.
55. Lui, A. T. Y.: 1996a, 'Current Disruption in the Earth's Magnetosphere: Observations and Models'. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 13,067-13088.
56. Lui, A. T. Y.: 1996b, 'Evidence Suggests Internal Triggering of Substorms'. Eos 77, 87.
57. Lui, A. T. Y.: 2004, 'Potential Plasma Instabilities for Substorm Expansion Onset'. Space Sci. Rev., this issue.
58. Lui, A. T. Y., Liou, K., Newell, P. T., Meng, C.-I., Ohtani, S.-I. and Ogino, T.: 1998, 'Plasma and Magnetic Flux Transport Associated With Auroral Breakups'. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 4059-4062.
59. Lui, A. T. Y., Venkatesan, D. and Murphree, J. S.: 1989, 'Auroral Bright Spots on the Dayside Oval'. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 5515.
60. Lyons, L. R.: 1995, 'A New Theory for Magnetospheric Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 19,069-19,081.
61. Lyons, L. R., Blanchard, G. T., Samson, J. C., Lepping, R. P., Yamamoto, T. and Moretto, T.: 1997, 'Coordinated Observations Demonstrating External Substorm Triggering'. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 27,039.
62. Lyu, L. H. and Chen, M. Q.: 2000, 'A Kinetic M-I Coupling Model With Unloading Instability at Onset of Substorm'. in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Substorm, St Petersburg, Russia, May 16-20, pp. 315-318, ESA SP 443.
63. Maggs, J. E. and Davis, T. N.: 1968, 'Measurements of the Thicknesses of Auroral Structures'. Planetary Space Sci. 16, 205-209.
64. McIlwain, C. E.: 1974, 'Substorm Injection Boundaries'. in Magnetospheric Physics, edited by B. M. McCormac, p. 143, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass.
65. McPherron, R. L.: 1970, 'Growth Phase of Magnetospheric Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 75, 5592-5599.
66. McPherron, R. L.: 1979, 'Magnetospheric substorms'. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 17(4), 657-681.
67. McPherron, R. L., Russell, C. T. and Aubry, M. P.: 1973, 'Satellite Studies of Magnetospheric Substorms on August 15, 1968,9, Phenomenological Model for Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 78, 3131-3149.
68. McPherron, R. L., Terasawa, T. and Nishida, A.: 1986, 'Solar Wind Triggering of Substorm Expansion Onset'. J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 38, 1089-1108.
69. Meng, C.-I. and Akasofu, S.-I.: 1969, 'A Study of Polar Magnetic Substorms, 2, Three-Dimensional Current System'. J. Geophys. Res. 74, 4035.
70. Meng, C.-I. and Liou, K.: 2002, 'Global Auroral Power as an Index for Geospace Disturbances'. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(12), 1600, 10.1029/2001GL013902.
71. Miyashita, Y., Machida, S., Mukai, T., Saito, Y., Tsuruda, K. and Hayakawa, H.: 2000, 'A Statistical Study of Variations in the Near and Middistant Magnetotail Associated With Substorm Onsets: GEOTAIL Observations'. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 15,913-15,930.
72. Murphree, J. S., Elphinstone, R. D., Henderson, M. G., Cogger, L. L. and Hearn, D. J.: 1993, 'Interpretation of Optical Substorm Onset Observations'. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 55, 1159-1170.
73. Nagai, T.: 1982, 'Observed Magnetic Substorm Signatures at Synchronous Altitude'. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 4405-4417.
74. Nagai, T., Fujimoto, M., Saito, Y., Machida, S., Terasawa, T. and Nakamura, R.: 1998, 'Structure and Dynamics of Magnetic Reconnection for Substorm Onsets With Geotail Observations'. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 4419-4440.
75. Nakamura, R., Baumjohann, W., Brittnacher, M., Sergeev, V. A., Kubyshkina, M. and Mukai, T.: 2001, 'Flow Bursts and Auroral Activations: Onset Timing and Foot Point Location'. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 10,777-10,790.
76. Newell, P. T., Liou, K., Sotirelis, T. and Meng, C.-I.: 2001a, 'Auroral Precipitation Power During Substorms: A Polar UV Imager-Based Superposed Epoch Analysis'. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 28,885-28,896.
77. Newell, P. T., Liou, K., Sotirelis, T. and Meng, C.-I.: 2001b, 'Polar Ultraviolet Imager Observations of Global Auroral Power as a Function of Polar Cap Size and Magnetotail Stretching'. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 5895-5905.
78. Nishida, A.: 1971, 'Interplanetary Origin of Electric Fields in the Magnetosphere'. Cosmic Electrodynamics 2, 350.
79. p, SP, DPC, and DP 2'. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 9, 417.
80. Ohtani, S.-I.: 2004, 'Flow Bursts in the Plasma Sheet and Auroral Substorm Onset: Observational Constraints on Connection Between Midtail and Near-Earth Substorm Processes'. Space Sci. Rev., this issue.
81. Olson, J. V. and Rostoker, G.: 1975, 'Pi2 Pulsations and the Auroral Electrojet'. Planetary Space Sci. 23, 1129-1139.
82. Parks, G. K.: 2004, 'Why Space Physics Needs to go Beyond the MHD Box'. Space Sci. Rev., this issue.
83. Parks, G. K., Chen, L. I., Fillingim, M. and McCarthy, M.: 2001, 'Kinetic Characterization of Plasma Sheet Dynamics'. Space Sci. Rev. 95, 237.
84. Parks, G. K., Chen, L. I., McCarthy, M., Larson, D., Lin, R. P. and Phan, T.: 1998, 'New Observations of Ion Beams in the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer'. J. Geophys. Res. 25, 3285.
85. Pellinen, R. J. and Heikkila, W. J.: 1978, 'Observations of Auroral Fading Before Breakup'. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 4207-4217.
86. Pytte, T., McPherron, R. L., Hones, E. W., Jr. and West, H. I., Jr.: 1978, 'Multiple-Satellite Studies of Magnetospheric Substorms: Distinction Between Polar Magnetic Substorms and Convection-Driven Negative Bays'. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 663-679.
87. Reeves, G. D., Friedel, R. W. H., Henderson, M. G., Korth, A., McLachlan, P. S. and Belian, R. D.: 1996, 'Radial Propagation of Substorm Injections'. in Substorms 3, Eul: Space Agency Spec. Publ., SP 389, pp. 579-584.
88. Ridley, A. J.: 2000, 'Estimations of the Uncertainty in Timing the Relationship Between Magnetospheric and Solar Wind Processes'. J. Atmos. Space Terr. Phys. 62, 757-771.
89. Rostoker, G.: 1967, 'The Polarization Characteristics of Pi-2 Micropulsations and Their Relation to the Determination of Possible Source Mechanisms for the Production of Nighttime Impulsive Micropulsation Activity'. Can. J. Phys. 45, 1319-1335.
90. Rostoker, G.: 1974, 'Current Flow in the Magnetosphere During Magnetospheric Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 79, 1994-1998.
91. Rostoker, G. A.: 1968, 'Macrostructure of Geomagnetic Bays'. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 4217.
92. Rostoker, G. A.: 1983, 'Triggering of the Expansive Phase Intensifications of Magnetospheric Substorms by Northward Turnings of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field'. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 6981 -6993.
93. Rostoker, G. A., Akasofu, S.-I., Foster, J., Greenwald, R. A., Lui, A. T. Y. and Kamide, Y.: 1980, 'Magnetospheric Substorms: Definition and Signatures'. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 1663.
94. Ruohoniemi, J. M. and Greenwald, R. A.: 1995, 'Observations of IMF and Seasonal Effects in High-Latitude Convection'. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 1121.
95. Saito, T.: 1969, 'Geomagnetic Pulsations'. Space Sci. Rev. 10, 319-412.
96. Saito, T., Yumoto, K. and Koyama, Y.: 1976, 'Magnetic Pulsation Pi2 as a Sensitive Indicator of Magnetospheric Substorm'. Planetary Space Sci. 24, 1025.
97. Sakurai, T. and Saito, T.: 1976, 'Magnetic Pulsations Pi2 and Substorm Onset'. Planetary Space Sci. 24, 573-575.
98. Samson, J. C. and Yeung, K. L.: 1986, 'Some Generalizations on the Method of Superposed Epoch Analysis'. Planetary Space Sci. 34, 1133-1142.
99. Sauvaud, J.-A. and Winckler, J. R.: 1980, 'Dynamics of Plasma, Energetic Particles, and Fields Near Synchronous Orbit in the Nighttime Sector During Magnetospheric Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 2043-2056.
100. Schieldge, J. P. and Siscoe, G. L.: 1970, 'A Correlation of the Occurrence of Simultaneous Sudden Magnetospheric Compressions and Geomagnetic Bay Onsets With Selected Geophysical Indices'. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 32, 1819-1830.
101. Sergeev, V. A., Kamide, Y., Kokubun, S., Nakamura, R., Deehr, C. S. and Jughes, T. J.: 1998, 'Short-Duration Convection bays and Localized Interplanetary Magnetic Field Structures on November 28, 1995'. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 23,593-23,609.
102. Shiokawa, K., Baumjohann, W., Haerendel, G., Paschmann, G., Fennell, J. F. and Friis-Christensen, E.: 1998, 'High-Speed Ion Flow, Substorm Current Wedge, and Multiple Pi2 Pulsations'. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 4491-4507.
103. Shue, J.-H., Kamide, Y., Elphinstone, R. D. and Nishitani, N.: 2000, 'Intense Growth Phase Events of Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 5357-5371.
104. Troshichev, O. A., Kotikov, A. L., Bolotinskaya, B. D. and Andresen, V. G.: 1986, 'InIluence of the IMF Azimuthal Component on Magnetospheric Substorm Dynamics'. J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 38, 1075-1088.
105. Tsurutani, B. T. and Meng, C.-I.: 1972, 'Interplanetary Magnetic-Field Variations and Substorm Activity'. J. Geophys. Res. 77, 2964.
106. Tsyganenko, N. A.: 1989, 'A Solution of the Chapman-Ferraro Problem For an Ellipsoidal Magnetopause'. Space Sci. Rev. 71, 329.
107. Wing, S. P., Newell, P. T., Sibeck, D. G. and Baker, K. B.: 1995, 'A Large Statistical Study of the Energy of Interplanetary Magnetic Field Y Component Into the Magnetosphere'. J. Geophys. Res. 22, 2083.
108. Wu, C.-C., Liou, K., Lepping, R. P., Le, G. and Meng, C.-I.: 2002, 'Observations of Substorms During Prolonged Northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field', in Proceeding of International Conference on Substorms ICS-6, edited by R. M. Winglee, p. 376, Seattle, WA.