Why space physics needs to go beyond the MHD box

Space Science Reviews

Volumn 113, Issue 1-2, 2004, Pages 97-121

  Parks, George K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ION;

ACCELERATION; ALTITUDE; AMPLITUDE MODULATION; ASTRONOMY; CALCULATION; DATA ANALYSIS; DISASTER; ELECTRIC CURRENT; ELECTRIC FIELD; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; ELECTRON; ENERGY; ENERGY TRANSFER; FLOW RATE; HYDRODYNAMICS; KINETICS; MAGNETIC FIELD; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; PARAMETER; PHYSICS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; ROTATION; SOLAR ENERGY; SPACE; SPACE FLIGHT; SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY; TEMPERATURE; THEORETICAL MODEL; THERMAL ANALYSIS; VALIDATION PROCESS; VELOCITY; WIND;

EID: 4644234118     PISSN: 00386308     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:SPAC.0000042941.14372.9b     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Akasofu, S.-L: 1968, 'Polar and Magnetospheric Substorms'. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
2. Akasofu, S.-L: 2004, 'Several 'controversial' Issues on Substorm'. Spare Sci. Rev., this issue.
3. Alfvén, H.: 1953, 'Cosmical Electrodynamics'. Oxford University Press, London, E. C. 4.
4. Alfvén, H. and Fälthammer, C. G.: 1963, 'Cosmic Electrodynamics' Fundamental Processes, 2nd ed., Oxford Press, Oxford, England.
5. Alfvén, H.: 1977, 'Electric Currents in Cosmic Plasmas'. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 15, 271.
6. Anderson, K. A.: 1965, 'Energetic Electron Fluxes in the Tail of the Geomagnetic Field'. J. Geophys. Res. 70, 4741.
7. Anderson K., Lin, R. P., Gurgiolo, C., Parks, G. K., Potter, D. W. and Werden, S.: 1985, 'A Component of Non-gyrotropic (Phase-bunched) Electrons Upstream from the Earth's Bow Shock'. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 10809.
8. Angelopoulos, V., Baumjohann, W., Kennel, C. F., Coroniti, F. V., Kivelson and M. G., Pellat, R.: 1992, 'Bursty Bulk Flows in the Inner Central Plasma Sheet'. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 4627.
9. Angelopoulos, V.: 1997, 'Magnetotail Flow Bursts: Association to Global Magnetospheric Circulation, Relationship to Ionospheric Activity and Direct Evidence for Localization'. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2271.
10. Bame, S., Asbridge, J. R., Felthauser, H., Hones, E. and Strong, I.: 1967, 'Characteristics of the Plasma Sheet in the Earth's Magnetotail'. J. Geophys. Res. 72, 113.
11. Baumjohann, W., Paschmann, G. and Luhr, H.: 1990, 'Characteristics of High-speed Ion Flows in the Plasma Sheet'. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 3801.
12. Brittnacher, M. and Whipple, E.: 2002, 'Extension of the Harris Magnetic Field Model to Obtain Exact Two-dimensional', Self-consistent X-Point Structure, J. Geophys. Res. 107, A2, 10.1029/2001JAOO0216.
13. Chamberlain, J. W.: 1960, 'Interplanetary Gas', II. Expansion of a Model Solar Corona, Astrophys. J. 131, 47.
14. Chapman, S. and Ferraro, V. C. A.: 1931, 'A New Theory of Magnetic Storms, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Elec. 36, 171.
15. Chen, L. J., Parks, G. K., McCarthy, M., Larson, D. and Lin, R. P. Lin: 2000, 'Kinetic Properties of Bursty Bulk Flow Events, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1847.
16. Chen, L. J., Bhattacharjee, A., Sigsbee, K., Parks, G., Fillingim, M. and Lin, R.: 2003, 'Wind Observations Pertaining to Current Disruption and Ballooning Instability during Substorms'. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1335.
17. Cheng, C. Z.: 2004, 'Physics of Substorm Growth Phase', Onset and Dipolarization, Space Sci. Rev., this issue.
18. Chew, G. F., Goldberger, M. L. and Low, F. E.: 1956, 'The Boltzmann Equation and the One-fluid Hydromagnetic Equations in the Absence of Particle Collision'. Proc. R. Soc. London A236, 112.
19. Coppi, B., Laval, G. and Pellat, R.: 1966, 'Dynamics of the Geomagnetic Tail, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, 1207.
20. Coroniti, F. V., McPherron, R. L. and Parks, G. K.: 1968, 'Studies of Magnetospheric Substorm III', Concept of Magnetospheric Substorm and its Relation to Electron Precipitation and Micropulsations, J. Geophys. Res. 73.
21. DeCoster, R. J. and Frank, L. A. Frank: 1979, 'Observations Pertaining to the Dynamics of the Plasma Sheet'. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 5099.
22. Eastman, T., Hones, E. W., Bame, S. and Asbridge, J. R.: 1976, 'The Magnetospheric Boundary Layer: Site of Plasma Momentum and Energy Transfer from the Magnetosheath into the Magnetosphere'. Geophys. Res. Lett. 3, 685.
23. Eastman, T., Frank, L. A., Peterson, W. K. and Lennartson, W.: 1984, 'The Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer'. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 1553.
24. Evans, D. S.: 1974, 'Precipitating Electron Fluxes Formed by a Magnetic Field Aligned Potential Difference'. J. Geophys. Res. 79, 2853.
25. Fälthammar, C. G.: 1989, 'Electric Field in the Magnetosphere-A Review'. Planetary Space Sci. 37, 899.
26. Fillingim, M., Parks, G. K. Parks, Chen, L. J., McCarthy, M. and Spann, J.: 2001, 'Comparison of Plasma Sheet Dynamics during Pseudobreakups and Expansive Aurorae'. Physics of Plasmas 8, 1127.
27. Fillingim, M., Parks, G. K., Lin, R. P. and Chua, D.: 2002, 'Comparison of Plasma Sheet and Auroral Electron Energy Flux during Substorms'. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Substorms, University of Washington, Seattle.
28. Fillingim, M., Parks, G. K., Lin, R. P., McCarthy, M. and Szabo, A.: 2003, 'High Time Resolution Observations of Magnetosyheric Disturbances during Auroral Activity, in Storm-Substorm Relationship'. Geophys. Monogr. Ed. S. A. Sharma, AGU, Washington, DC.
29. Frank, L. A.: 1965, 'A Survey of Electrons E≥ 40 keV beyond 5 Earth Radii with Explorer 14, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 1593.
30. Frank, L. A.: 1967, 'Initial Observations of Low-energy Electrons in the Earth's Magnetosphere with OGO-3'. J. Geophys. Res. 72, 185.
31. Galeev, A.,: 1981, 'Magnetospheric Tail Dynamics, in Magnetospheric Plasma Physics'. Ed. A. Nishida, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht.
32. Gringauz, K., Kurt, V., Moroz, V. and Shklovskii, I.: 1961, 'Results of Observations of Charged Particles Observed out to 100,000 km with the Aid of Charged-particle Traps on Soviet Space Rockets'. Soviet Astron. AJ 4, 680.
33. Gurgiolo, C., Parks, G. K., Mauk, B., Lin, C. S., Anderson, K. A. and Lin, R. P.: 1981, 'Non-ExB Ordered Ion Beams Upstream of the Earth's Bow Shock'. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 4415.
34. Hargreaves, J. K., Chivers, H. and Axford, I.: 1974, 'The Development of the Substorm and Auroral Radio Absorption', in Proceedings of International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, San Paolo, Brazil, Volume 2, p 79.
35. Heppner, J., Sugiura, M., Skillman, T., Ledley, B. and Campbell, M.: 1967, 'OGO-A Magnetic Field Observations'. J. Geophys. Res. 72, 5417.
36. Heikkila, W.: 1973, 'Critique of Fluid Theory of Magnetospheric Phenomena'. Astrophys. Space Sci. 23, 261.
37. Heikkila, W.: 1997, 'Comment on 'The Alternative Paradigm for Magnetospheric Physics' by E. N. Parker27. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 9651.
38. Heikkila, W., et al.: 1979, 'Potential and Induction Electric Fields in the Magnetosphere during Auroras'. Planetary Space Sci. 27, 1383.
39. Hones, E. W., Singer, S. and Rao, C.: 1968, 'Simultaneous Observations of Electrons (E≥ 45 keV) at 2000 Kilometer Altitude and at 100,000 Kilometers in the Magnetotail'. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 7339.
40. Hones, E. W.: 1979, 'Transient Phenomena in the Magnetotail and their Relationship to Substorms'. Space Sci. Rev. 23, 393.
41. Issautier, K., Meyer-Vernet, N., Pierrard, V. and Lemaire, J.: 2001, 'Electron Temperature in the Solar Wind from a Kinetic Collisionless Model: Application to High Latitude Ulysses Observations'. Astrophys. Space Sci. 277, 189.
42. Jelly, D. and Brice, N.: 1968, 'Changes in the Van Allen Radiation Associated with Polar Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 72, 5919.
43. Jockers, K.: 1970, 'Solar Wind Models based on Exospheric Theory'. Astron. Astrophys. 6, 219.
44. Kan, J. R., Zhu, L. and Akasofu, S.-I.: 1988, 'A Theory of Substorms: Onset and Subsidence'. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 5624.
45. Krall, N. and Trivelpiece: 1973, 'Principles of Plasma Physics', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY
46. LeContel, O., Pellat, R. and Roux, A.: 2000, 'A Self-consistent Quasi-static Parallel Electric Field Associated with Substorm Growth Phase'. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 12945.
47. Lemaire, J. and Scherer: 1973, 'Kinetic Models of the Solar and Polar Winds'. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 11, 427.
48. Lennartsson, W. and Shelley, E.: 1986, 'Survey of 0.1 to 16 keV/s Plasma Sheet Ion Composition'. J. Geophys. Res. 91.
49. Lin, R. P., Larson D. E., Ergun, R. E., McFadden, J. P., Carlson C. W. and Phan, T. D.: 1997, Observations of the Solar Wind, the Bow Shock and Upstream Particles with the Wind 3D Plasma Instrument'. Adv. Space Res. 20, 645.
50. Liu, C. S.: 1970, 'Low-frequency Drift Instabilities of the Ring Current Belt'. J. Geophys. Res. 75, 3789.
51. Lui, A. T. Y., Chang, C. L., Mankofsky, A., Wond, H. K. and Winske, D.: 1991, 'A Cross-field Current Instability for Substorm Expansions'. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 389.
52. Lui, A. T. Y.: 1991, 'A Synthesis of Magnetospheric Substorm Models'. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 1849.
53. Lui, A. T. Y: 2001, 'Current Controversies in Magnetospheric Physics'. Rev. of Geophys. 39, 535.
54. Lui, A. T. Y: 2004, 'Potential Plasma Instabilities tor Substorm Expansion Onsets'. Space Sci. Rev., this issue.
55. Lundin, R., Sandahl, I. and Woch, J.: 1991, 'The Contribution of the Boundary Layer EMF to Magnetospheric Substorms'. in Magnetospheric Substorms, AGU Monograph 64.
56. Lyons, L. and Speiser, T.: 1982, 'Evidence tor Current Sheet Acceleration in the Geomagnetic Tail'. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 2276.
57. Maksimovic, M., Pierrard, V. and Lemaire, J.: 2001, On the Exospheric Approach for the Solar Wind Acceleration'. Astrophys. Space Sci. 277, 181.
58. Marsch, E.: 1982, 'Solar Wind Proton: Three Dimensional Velocity Distributions and Derived Plasma Parameters Measured between 0.3 AU and 1 AU'. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 52.
59. McPherron, R.: 1970, 'Growth Phase of Magnetospheric Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 28, 5592.
60. Meng, C.-I. and Liou, K.: 2004, 'Substorm Timings and Timescales: A New Aspect'. Space Sci. Rev. this issue.
61. Meyer- Vernet, N.: 1999, 'How does the Solar Wind Blow? A Simple Kinetic Model'. Eur. J. Phys. 20, 167.
62. Meziane, K., Wilber, M., Lin, R. P. and Parks, G. K.: 2003, 'Gyrophase-restricted 100 keV-2 MeV Ion Beams near the Foreshock Boundary'. Geophysical Research Letters, in press.
63. Möller, C.: 1952, The Theory of Relativity, Oxford University Press, London.
64. Mozer, F. S., Carlson, C. W., Hudson, M. K., Torbert, R. B., Parady, B. and Yatteau, J.: 1977, 'Observations of Paired Electrostatic Shocks in the Polar Magnetosphere'. Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 292.
65. Mozer, F. S., Bale, S. D. and Phan, T. D.: 2002, 'Evidence of Diffusion Regions at a Subsolar Magnetopause Crossing'. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 015002(4).
66. Nagai, T., Fujimoto, M., Saito, Y., Machida, S., Teresawa, T. and Nakamura, R.: 1998, 'Structure and Dynamics of Magnetic Reconnection for Substorm Onsets with Geotail Observations'. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 4419.
67. Ohtani, S.: 2004, 'Flow Bursts in the Plasma Sheet and Auroral Substorm Onset: Observational Constraints on Connecting Between Mid-tail and Near-earth Substorm Processes'. Space Sci. Rev.
68. Parker, E. N.: 1996, 'The Alternative Paradigm for Magnetospheric Physics'. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 10, 587.
69. Parks, G. K. and Winckler, J. R.: 1968, 'Acceleration of Energetic Electrons Observed at the Synchronous Altitude during Magnetospheric Substorms'. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 5786.
70. Parks, G. K., Laval, G. and Pellat, R.: 1972, 'Behavior of Outer Radiation Zone and a New Model of Magnetospheric Substorm'. Planetary Space Sci. 20, 1291.
71. Parks, G. K., Chen, L. J., McCarthy, M., Larson, D., Lin, R. P. and Phan, T.: 1998, 'New Observations of Ion Beams in the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer'. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3285.
72. Parks, G. K., Chen, L. J., Fillingim, M. and McCarthy, M.: 2001, 'Kinetic Characterization of Plasma Sheet Dynamics'. Space Sco. Rev. 95, 237.
73. Parks, G. K., Chen, L. J., Fillingim, M., Lin, R. P., Larson, D. and McCarthy, M.: 2002, 'A New Framework for Studying the Relationship of Aurora and Plasma Sheet Dynamics'. J. Atmos. Solar Terres. Phys. 64, 115.
74. Parks, G. K.: 2003, Physics of Space Plasmas, An Introduction, Second Edition, Perseus Publishing Company, Boulder, Colorado.
75. Pegram, G. B.: 1917, 'Unipolar Induction and Electron Theory'. Phys. Rev. 10, 591.
76. Pierrard, V., Issautier, K., Meyer-Vernet, N. and Lemaire, J.: 2001, 'Collisionless Model of the Solar Wind in s Spiral Magnetic Field'. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 223.
77. Rothwell, P. L.: 2003, 'The Superposition of Rotating and Stationary Magnetic Sources: Implications for the Auroral Region'. Phys. Plasmas. 7, 2971.
78. Roux, A., Perraut, S., Robert, P., Morane, A., Pedersen, A. and Korth, A.: 1991, 'Plasma Sheet Instability Related to the Westward Travelling Surge'. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 17697.
79. Sauvaud, J. A., Treilhou, J. P., Saint-Marc, A., Dandouras, J., Rème, H. and Korth, A.: 1987, 'Large Scale Response of the Magnetosphere to a Southward Turning of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field'. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 2365.
80. Schiff, L. I.: 1939, 'A Question in General Relativity'. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 25, 391.
81. Scudder, J.: 1994, 'Ion and Electron Supratherman Tail Strengths in the Transition Region: Support for the Velocity Filtration Model on the Corona'. Apstrophys. J. 427, 446.
82. Song, Y. and Lysak, R.: 2001, 'Towards a New Paradigm: from a Quasi-steady Description to a Dynamical Description of the Magnetosphere'. Space Sci. Rev. 95, 273.
83. Speiser, T. and Lyons, L.: 1984, 'Comparison of an Analytical Solution for Particle Motion in a Current Sheet with Precise Numerical Calculation'. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 147.
84. Swann, W. F. G.: 1919, 'Unipolar Induction'. Phys. Rev. 15, 365.
85. Takahashi, K. and Hones, L.: 1988, 'ISEE 1 and 2 Observations of Ion Distributions at the Plasma Sheet-Tail Lobe Boundary'. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 8558.
86. Zouganelis, I., Maxsimovic, M., Meyer-Venet, N., Lamy, H. and Pierrard, V.: 2003, 'A New Exospheric Model of the Solar Wind Acceleration: The Transsonic Solution'. Solar Wind 10.