Heparin affin regulatory peptide: A new target for tumour therapy?

Current Cancer Drug Targets

Volumn 4, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 471-482

  Papadimitriou, E ^a   Polykratis, A ^a   Hatziapostolou, M ^a   Parthymou, A ^a   Polytarchou, C ^a   Mikelis, C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS   (Greece)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Cancer; Growth factors; Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide; Pleiotrophin

Indexed keywords

GROWTH FACTOR; HEPARIN AFFIN REGULATORY PEPTIDE; PLEIOTROPHIN; RETINOIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANGIOGENESIS; BINDING AFFINITY; BREAST CARCINOMA; BREAST TUMOR; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; DRUG TARGETING; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GLIOMA; HUMAN; LUNG SMALL CELL CANCER; MENINGIOMA; METASTASIS; NEUROBLASTOMA; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROSTATE CARCINOMA; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CARRIER PROTEINS; CYTOKINES; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 4644276276     PISSN: 15680096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1568009043332835     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Rauvala, H. An 18-Kd Heparin Binding Protein of Developing Brain That is Distinct from Fibroblast Growth Factors. EMBO J. 1989, 8, 2933-2941.
2. Li, Y. S.; Milner, P. G.; Chauhan, A. K.; Watson, M. A.; Hoffman, R. M.; Kodner, C. M.; Milbrandt, J.; Deuel, T. F. Cloning and Expression of a Developmentally Regulated Protein that Induces Mitogenic and Neurite Outgrowth Activity. Science 1990, 250, 1690-1694.
3. Hampton, B. S.; Marshak, D. R.; Burgess, W. H. Structural and Functional Characterization of Full-Length Heparin-Binding Growth Associated Molecule. Mol. Biol. Cell. 1992, 3, 85-93.
4. Merenmies, J.; Rauvala, H. Molecular Cloning of the 18-Kda Growth-Associated Protein of Developing Brain. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265, 16721-16724.
5. Bernard-Pierrot, I.; Delbe, J.; Caruelle, D.; Barritault, D.; Courty, J.; Milhiet, P. E. The Lysine-Rich C-Terminal Tail of Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide is Required for Mitogenic and Tumor Formation Activities. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 12228-12234.
6. Kilpelainen, I.; Kaksonen, M.; Avikainen, H.; Fath, M.; Linhardt, R. J.; Raulo, E.; Rauvala, H. Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule Contains Two Heparin-Binding Beta-Sheet Domains that are Homologous to the Thrombospondin Type I Repeat. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 13564-13570.
7. Kuo, M. D.; Oda, Y.; Huang, J. S.; Huang, S. S. Amino Acid Sequence and Characterization of a Heparin- Binding Neurite-Promoting Factor (∼18) From Bovine Brain. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265, 18749-18752.
8. Roszmusz, E.; Patthy, A.; Trexler, M.; Patthy, L. Structural Characterization of the Second TSP1-Module of Human Thrombospondin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002, 296, 156-160.
9. Lai, S.; Czubayko, F.; Riegel, A. T.; Wellstein, A. Structure of the Human Heparin-Binding Growth Factor Gene Pleiotrophin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1992, 187, 1113-1122.
10. Kretschmer, P. J.; Fairhurst, J. L.; Hulmes, J. D.; Popjes, M. L.; Bohlen, P.; Kovesdi, I. Genomic Organization of the Human HBNF Gene and Characterization of an HBNF Variant Protein as a Splice Mutant. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1993, 192, 420-429.
11. Lai, S.; Schulte, A. M.; Wellstein, A.; Riegel, A. T. An Additional 5′-Upstream Exon Exists in the Human Pleiotrophin-Encoding Gene. Gene 1995, 153, 301-302.
12. Sato, M.; Miyado, K.; Okazaki, M.; Kimura, M. Regulation of Osteoblast-Specific Factor-1 (OSF-1) mRNA Expression by Dual Promoters as Revealed by RT-PCR. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997, 238, 831-837.
13. Li, Y. S.; Hoffman, R. M.; Le Beau, M. M.; Espinosa, R.; Jenkins, N. A.; Gilbert, D. J.; Copeland, N. G.; Deuel, T. F. Characterization of the Human Pleiotrophin Gene. Promoter Region and Chromosomal Localization. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267, 26011-26016.
14. Schulte, A. M.; Lai, S.; Kurtz, A.; Czubayko, F.; Riegel, A. T.; Wellstein, A. Human Trophoblast and Choriocarcinoma Expression of the Growth Factor Pleiotrophin Attributable to Germ-Line Insertion of an Endogenous Retrovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 14759-14764.
15. Katoh, K.; Takeshita, S.; Sato, M.; Ito, T.; Amann, E. Genomic Organization of the Mouse OSF-1 Gene. DNA Cell Biol. 1992, 11, 735-743.
16. Hornum, L.; Markholst, H. Mapping of the Rat Ptn Gene to Chromosome 4. Mamm. Genome 1996, 7, 923-924.
17. Milner, P. G.; Li, Y. S.; Hoffman, R. M.; Kodner, C. M.; Siegel, N. R.; Deuel, T. F. A Novel 17 Kd Heparin-Binding Growth Factor (HBGF-8) in Bovine Uterus: Purification and N-Terminal Amino Acid Sequence. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989, 165, 1096-1103.
18. Rauvala, H.; Vanhala, A.; Castren, E.; Nolo, R.; Raulo, E.; Merenmies, J.; Panula, P. Expression of HB-GAM (Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecules) in the Pathways of Developing Axonal Processes in vivo and Neurite Outgrowth in vitro Induced by HB-GAM. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 1994, 79, 157-176.
19. Vanderwinden, J. M.; Mailleux, P.; Schiffmann, S. N.; Vanderhaeghen, J. J. Cellular Distribution of the New Growth Factor Pleiotrophin (HB-GAM) mRNA in Developing and Adult Rat Tissues. Anat. Embryol. (Berl). 1992, 186, 387-406.
20. Kinnunen, A.; Niemi, M.; Kinnunen, T.; Kaksonen, M.; Nolo, R.; Rauvala, H. Heparan Sulphate and HB-GAM (Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule) in the Development of the Thalamocortical Pathway of Rat Brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1999, 11, 491-502.
21. Mentlein, R.; Held-Feindt, J. Pleiotrophin, an Angiogenic and Mitogenic Growth Factor, Is Expressed in Human Gliomas. J. Neurochem. 2002, 83, 747-753.
22. Fan, Q. W.; Muramatsu, T.; Kadomatsu, K. Distinct Expression of Midkine and Pleiotrophin in the Spinal Cord and Placental Tissues during Early Mouse Development. Dev. Growth Differ. 2000, 42, 113-119.
23. Yeh, H. J.; He, Y. Y.; Xu, J.; Hsu, C. Y.; Deuel, T. F. Upregulation of Pleiotrophin Gene Expression in Developing Microvasculature, Macrophages, and Astrocytes After Acute Ischemic Brain Injury. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18, 3699-3707.
24. Wisniewski, T.; Lalowski, M.; Baumann, M.; Rauvala, H.; Raulo, E.; Nolo, R.; Frangione, B. HB-GAM is a Cytokine Present in Alzheimer's and Down's Syndrome Lesions. Neuroreport 1996, 31, 667-671.
25. Szabat, E.; Rauvala, H. Role of HB-GAM (Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule) in Proliferation Arrest in Cells of the Developing Rat Limb and its Expression in the Differentiating Neuromuscuiar System. Dev. Biol. 1996, 178, 77-89.
26. Peng, H. B.; Ali, A. A.; Dai, Z.; Daggett, D. F.; Raulo, E.; Rauvala H. The Role of Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule (HB-GAM) in the Postsynaptic Induction in Cultured Muscle Cells. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15, 3027-3038.
27. Imai, S.; Kaksonen, M.; Raulo, E.; Kinnunen, T.; Pages, C.; Meng, X.; Lakso, M.; Rauvala, H. Osteoblast Recruitment and Bone Formation Enhanced by Cell Matrix-Associated Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule (HB-GAM). J. Cell Biol. 1998, 143, 1113-1128.
28. Azizan, A.; Gaw, J. U.; Govindraj, P.; Tapp, H.; Neame, P. J. Chondromodulin I and Pleiotrophin Gene Expression in Bovine Cartilage and Epiphysis. Matrix Biol. 2000, 19, 521-531.
29. Milhiet, P. E.; Vacherot, F.; Caruelle, J. P.; Barritault, D.; Caruelle, D.; Courty, J. Upregulation of the Angiogenic Factor Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide by Progesterone in Rat Uterus. J. Endocrinol. 1998, 158, 389-399.
30. Zhang, N.; Yeh, H. J.; Zhong, R.; Li, Y. S.; Deuel, T. F. A Dominant-Negative Pleiotrophin Mutant Introduced by Homologous Recombination Leads to Germ-Cell Apoptosis in Male Mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96, 6734-6738.
31. Asahina, K.; Sato, H.; Yamasaki, C.; Kataoka, M.; Shiokawa, M.; Katayama, S.; Tateno, C.; Yoshizato, K. Pleiotrophin/Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule as a Mitogen of Rat Hepatocytes and Its Role in Regeneration and Development of Liver. Am. J. Pathol. 2002, 160, 2191-2205.
32. Rauvala, H.; Huttunen, H. J.; Fages, C.; Kaksonen, M.; Kinnunen, T.; Imai, S.; Raulo, E.; Kilpelainen, I. Heparin-Binding Proteins HB-GAM (Pleiotrophin) and Amphoterin in the Regulation of Cell Motility. Matrix Biol. 2000, 19, 377-387.
33. Courty, J.; Dauchel, M. C.; Caruelle, D.; Perderiset, M.; Barritault, D. Mitogenic Properties of a New Endothelial Cell Growth Factor Related to Pleiotrophin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1991, 180, 145-151.
34. Papadimitriou, E.; Heroult, M.; Courty, J.; Polykratis, A.; Stergiou, C.; Katsoris, P. Endothelial Cell Proliferation Induced by HARP: Implication of N or C Terminal Peptides. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 274, 242-248.
35. Papadimitriou, E.; Polykratis, A.; Courty, J.; Koolwijk, P.; Heroult, M.; Katsoris, P. HARP Induces Angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro: Implication of N or C Terminal Peptides. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2001, 282, 306-313.
36. Polykratis, A.; Delbe, J.; Courty, J.; Papadimitriou, E.; Katsoris, P. Identification of Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide Domains with Potential Role on Angiogenesis. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2004, in press.
37. Soulie, P.; Heroult, M.; Bernard, I.; Kerros, M. E.; Milhiet, P. E.; Delbe, J.; Barritault, D.; Caruelle, D.; Courty, J. Immunoassay for Measuring the Heparin-Binding Growth Factors HARP and MK in Biological Fluids. J. Immunoassay Immunochem. 2002, 23, 33-48.
38. Bernard-Pierrot, I.; Delbe, J.; Heroult, M.; Rosty, C.; Soulie, P.; Barritault, D.; Milhiet, P. E.; Courty, J. Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide in Milk: Its Involvement in Mammary Gland Homeostasis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 314, 277-282.
39. Vacherot, F.; Delbe, J.; Heroult, M.; Barritault, D.; Fernig, D. G.; Courty, J. Glycosaminoglycans Differentially Bind HARP and Modulate its Biological Activity. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274, 7741-7747.
40. Bernard-Pierrot, I.; Heroult, M.; Lemaitre, G.; Barritault, D.; Courty, J.; Milhiet, P. E. Glycosaminoglycans Promote HARP/PTN Dimerization. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1999, 266, 437-442.
41. Kinnunen, T.; Raulo, E.; Nolo, R.; Maccarana, M.; Lindahl, U. And Rauvala, H. Neurite Outgrowth in Brain Neurons Induced by Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule (HB-GAM) Depends on the Specific Interaction of HB-GAM with Heparan Sulfate at the Cell Surface. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 2243-2248.
42. Maeda, N.; Noda, N. Involvement of Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Zeta/RPTP Beta and its Ligand Pleiotrophin/Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule (HB-GAM) in Neuronal Migration. J. Cell Biol. 1998, 142, 203-216.
43. Delbe, J.; Vacherot, F.; Laaroubi, K.; Barritault, D.; Courty, J. Effect of Heparin on Bovine Epithelial Lens Cell Proliferation Induced by Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide. J. Cell Physiol. 1995, 164, 47-54.
44. Raulo, E.; Chernousov, M. A.; Carey, D. J.; Nolo, R.; Rauvala, H. Isolation of a Neuronal Cell Surface Receptor of Heparin Binding Growth-Associated Molecule (HB-GAM). Identification as N-Syndecan (Syndecan-3). J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 12999-13004.
45. Kinnunen, A.; Kinnunen, T.; Kaksonen, M.; Nolo, R.; Panula, P.; Rauvala, H. N-Syndecan and HB-GAM (Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule) Associate with Early Axonal Tracts in the Rat Brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1998, 10, 635-648.
46. Maeda, N.; Nishiwaki, T.; Shintani, T.; Hamanaka, H.; Noda, M. 6B4 Proteoglycan/Phosphacan, an Extracellular Variant of Receptor-Like Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase Zeta/ RPTP beta, Binds Pleiotrophin/Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule (HB-GAM). J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 21446-21452.
47. Meng, K.; Rodriguez-Pena, A.; Dimitrov, T.; Chen, W.; Yamin, M.; Noda, M.; Deuel, T. F. Pleiotrophin Signals Increased Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Beta Beta-Catenin Through Inactivation of the Intrinsic Catalytic Activity of the Receptor-Type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Beta/Zeta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 2603-2608.
48. Stoica, G. E.; Kuo, A.; Aigner, A.; Sunitha, I.; Souttou, B.; Malerczyk, C.; Caughey, D. J.; Wen, D.; Karavanov, A.; Riegel, A. T.; Wellstein, A. Identification of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase as a Receptor for the Growth Factor Pleiotrophin. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 16772-16779.
49. Bernard-Pierrot, I.; Delbe, J.; Rouet, V.; Vigny, M.; Kerros, M. E.; Caruelle, D.; Raulais, D.; Barritault, D.; Courty, J.; Milhiet, P. E. Dominant Negative Effectors of Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide (HARP) Angiogenic and Transforming Activities. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 32071-32077.
50. Souttou, B.; Ahmad, S.; Riegel, A. T.; Wellstein, A. Signal Transduction Pathways Involved in the Mitogenic Activity of Pleiotrophin. Implication of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 19588-19593.
51. Souttou, B.; Raulais, D.; Vigny, M. Pleiotrophin Induces Angiogenesis: Involvement of the Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase but not the Nitric Oxide Synthase Pathways. J. Cell Physiol. 2001, 187, 59-64.
52. Qi, M.; Ikematsu, S.; Maeda, N.; Ichihara-Tanaka, K.; Sakuma, S.; Noda, M.; Muramatsu, T.; Kadomatsu, K. Haptotactic Migration Induced by Midkine. Involvement of Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase Zeta. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 15868-15875.
53. Raulo, E.; Junkunen, I.; Merenmies, J.; Pihlaskari R.; Rauvala, H. Secretion and Biological Activities of Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 287, 11408-11416.
54. Laaroubi, K.; Delbe, J.; Vacherot, F.; Desgranges, P.; Tardieu, M.; Jaye, M.; Barritault, D.; Courty, J. Mitogenic and in vitro Angiogenic Activity of Human Recombinant Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide. Growth Factors 1994, 10, 89-98.
55. Hienola, A.; Pekkanen, M.; Raulo, E.; Vanttola, P.; Rauvala, H. HB-GAM Inhibits Proliferation and Enhances Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 2004, in press.
56. Amet, L. E. A.; Lauri, S. E.; Hienola, A.; Croll, S. D.; Lu, Y.; Levorse, J. M.; Prabhakaran, B.; Taira, T.; Rauvala, H.; Vogt, T. F. Enhanced Hippocampal Long-Term Potentation in Mice Lacking Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 2001, 17, 1014-1024.
57. Hida, H.; Jung, C. G.; Wu, C. Z.; Kim, H. J.; Kodama, Y.; Masuda, T.; Nishino, H. Pleiotrophin Exhibits a Trophic Effect on Survival of Dopaminergic Neurons in vitro. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 17, 2127-2134.
58. Fang, W.; Hartmann, N.; Chow D. T.; Riegel, A. T.; Wellstein, A. Pleiotrophin Stimulates Fibroblasts and Endothelial and Epithelial Cells and is Expressed in Human Cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267, 25889-25897.
59. Zhou, H. Y.; Ohnuma, Y.; Tacita, H.; Fujisawa, R.; Mizuno, M.; Kuboki, Y. Effects of a Bone Lysine-Rich 18 kDa Protein on Osteoblast-Like MC3T3-E1 Cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1992, 186, 1288-1293.
60. Tare, R. S.; Oreffo, R. O.; Sato, K.; Rauvala, H.; Clarke, N. M.; Roach, H. I. Effects of Targeted Overexpression of Pleiotrophin on Postnatal Bone Development. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002, 298, 324-332.
61. Achour, A.; Laaroubi, D.; Caruelle, D.; Barritault, D.; Courty, J. The Angiogenic Factor Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide (HARP) Induces Proliferation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Cell Mol. Biol. 2001, 47, Online Pub: OL73-77.
62. Petersen, W.; Rafii M. Immunolocalization of the Angiogenetic Factor Pleiotrophin (PTN) in the Growth Plate of Mice. Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg. 2001, 12, 414-416.
63. Sato, Y.; Takita, H.; Ohata, N.; Tamura, M.; Kuboki, Y. Pleiotrophin Regulates Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)-Induced Ectopic Osteogenesis. J. Biochem. 2002, 131, 877-886.
64. Yang, X.; Tare, R. S.; Partridge, K. A.; Roach, H. I.; Clarke, N. M.; Howdle, S. M.; Shakesheff, K. M.; Oreffo, R. O. Induction of Human Osteoprogenitor Chemotaxis, Proliferation, Differentiation, and Bone Formation by Osteoblast Stimulating Factor-1 / Pleiotrophin: Osteoconductive Biomimetic Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003, 18, 47-57.
65. Dreyfus, J.; Brunet-de Carvalho, N.; Duprez, D.; Raulais, D.; Vigny, M. HB-GAM/Pleiotrophin: Localization of mRNA and Protein in the Chicken Developing Leg. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 1998, 42, 189-198.
66. Dreyfus, J.; Brunet-De Carvalho, N.; Duprez, D.; Raulais, D.; Vigny, M. HB-GAM/Pleiotrophin but not RIHB/Midkine Enhances Chondrogenesis in Micromass Culture. Exp. Cell Res. 1998, 241, 171-180.
67. Tapp, H.; Hernandez, D. J.; Neame, P. J.; Koob, T. J. Pleiotrophin Inhibits Chondrocyte Proliferation and Stimulates Proteoglycan Synthesis in Mature Bovine Cartilage. Matrix Biol. 1999, 18, 543-556.
68. Brockmann, M. A.; Ulbricht, U.; Gruner, K.; Filibrandt, R.; Westphal, M.; Lamszus, K. Glioblastoma and Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cell Migration in Response to Tumor-Associated Growth Factors. Neurosurgery 2003, 52, 1391-1399.
69. Chung, H. W.; Wen, Y.; Choi, E. A.; Hao-Li, Moon H. S.; Yu, H. K.; Polan, M. L. Pleiotrophin (PTN) and Midkine (MK) mRNA Expression in Eutopic and Ectopic Endometrium in Advanced Stage Endometriosis. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2002, 8, 350-355.
70. Pufe, T.; Bartscher, M.; Petersen, W.; Tillmann, B.; Mentlein, R. Expression of Pleiotrophin, an Embryonic Growth and Differentiation Factor, in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis. Rheum. 2003, 48, 660-667.
71. Pufe, T.; Bartscher, M.; Petersen, W.; Tillmann, B.; Mentlein, R. Pleiotrophin, an Embryonic Differentiation and Growth Factor, Is Expressed in Osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003, 11, 260-264.
72. Jager, R.; Noll, K.; Havemann, K.; Pfluger, K. H.; Knabbe, C.; Rauvala, H.; Zugmaier, G. Differential Expression and Biological Activity of the Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule (HB-GAM) in Lung Cancer Cell Lines. Int. J. Cancer 1997, 73, 537-543.
73. Czubayko, F.; Schulte, A. M.; Berchem, G. J.; Wellstein, A. Melanoma Angiogenesis and Metastasis Modulated By Ribozyme Targeting of the Secreted Growth Factor Pleiotrophin. Ploc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 14753-14758.
74. Choudhuri, R.; Zhang, H. T.; Donnini, S.; Ziche, M.; Bicknell, R. An Angiogenic Role for the Neurokines Midkine and Pleiotrophin in Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 1997, 57, 1814-1819.
75. Sugino, T.; Kusakabe, T.; Hoshi, N.; Yamaguchi, T.; Kawaguchi, T.; Goodison, S.; Sekimata, M.; Homma, Y.; Suzuki, T. An Invasion-Independent Pathway of Blood-Borne Metastasis: A New Murine Mammary Tumor Model. Am. J. Pathol. 2002, 160, 1973-1980.
76. Kojima, S.; Inui, T.; Muramatsu, H.; Kimura, T.; Sakakibara, S.; Muramatsu, T. Midkine Is a Heat and Acid Stable Polypeptide Capable of Enhancing-Plasminogen Activator Activity and Neurite Outgrowth Extension. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1995, 216, 574-581.
77. Zhang, N.; Zhong, R.; Deuel, T. F. Domain Structure of Pleiotrophin Required for Transformation. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274, 12959-12962.
78. Heroult, M.; Bernard-Pierrot, I.; Delbe, J.; Hamma-Kourbali, Y.; Katsoris, P.; Barritault, D.; Papadimitriou, E.; Plouet, J.; Courty, J. Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide Binds to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Inhibits VEGF-Induced Angiogenesis. Oncogene. 2004, 23, 1745-1753.
79. Lupu, R.; Wellstein, A.; Sheridan, J.; Ennis, B. W.; Zugmaier, G.; Katz, D.; Lippman, M. E.; Dickson, R. B. Purification and Characterization of a Novel Growth Factor from Human Breast Cancer Cells. Biochemistry 1992, 31, 7330-7340.
80. Mailleux, P.; Vanderwinden, J. M.; Vanderhaegen, J. J. The New Growth Factor Pleiotrophin (HB-GAM) mRNA is Selectively Present in the Meningothelial Cells of Human Meningiomas. Neurosci. Lett. 1992, 142, 31-35.
81. Nakagawara, A.; Milbrandt, J.; Muramatsu, T.; Deuel, T. F.; Zhao, H.; Cnaan, A.; Brodeur, G. M. Differential Expression of Pleiotrophin and Midkine in Advanced Neuroblastomas. Cancer Res. 1995, 55, 1792-1797.
82. Huang, H.; Colella, S.; Kurrer, M.; Yonekawa, Y.; Kleihues, P.; Ohgaki, H. Gene Expression Profiling of Low-Grade Diffuse Astrocytomas by cDNA Arrays. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 6868-6874.
83. Schulte, A. M.; Wellstein, A. In Tumour Angiogenesis: Pleiotrophin and Related Molecules: Bicknell, R.; Lewis, C. M.; Ferrara, N., Eds.; Oxford University Press: New York, 1997, pp. 273-289.
84. Souttou, B.; Juhl, H.; Hackenbruck, J.; Rockseisen, M.; Klomp, H. J.; Raulais, D.; Vigny, M.; Wellstein, A. Relationship Between Serum Concentrations of the Growth Factor Pleiotrophin and Pleiotrophin-Positive Tumors. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1998, 90, 1468-1473.
85. Aigner, A.; Brachmann, P.; Beyer, J.; Jager, R.; Raulais, D.; Vigny, M.; Neubauer, A.; Heidenreich, A.; Weinknecht, S.; Czubayko, F.; Zugmaier, G. Marked Increase of the Growth Factors Pleiotrophin and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 in Serum of Testicular Cancer Patients. Ann. Oncol. 2003, 14, 1525-1529.
86. Moon, H. S.; Park, W. I.; Sung, S. H.; Choi, E. A.; Chung, H. W.; Woo, B. H. Immunohistochemical and Quantitative Competitive PCR Analyses of Midkine and Pleiotrophin Expression in Cervical Cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 2003, 88, 289-297.
87. Barthlen, W.; Flaadt, D.; Girgert, R.; Conzelmann, J.; Schweizer, P.; Zugmaier, G.; Buck, M.; Knabbe, C. Significance of Heparin-Binding Growth Factor Expression On Cells of Solid Pediatric Tumors. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2003, 38, 1296-1304.
88. Kohashi, T.; Tateaki, Y.; Tateno, C.; Asahara, T.; Obara, M.; Yoshizato, K. Expression of Pleiotrophin in Hepatic Nonparenchymal Cells and Preneoplastic Nodules in Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Fibrotic Rat Liver. Growth Factors 2002, 20, 53-60.
89. Wang, S. I.; Puc, J.; Li, J.; Bruce, J. N.; Cairns, P.; Sidransky, D.; Parsons, R. Somatic Mutations of PTEN in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Cancer Res. 1997, 57, 4183-4186.
90. Powers, C.; Aigner, A.; Stoica, G. E.; Mcdonnell, K.; Wellstein, A. Pleiotrophin Signalling through Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase is Rate-Limiting for Glioblastoma Growth. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 14153-14158.
91. Dirks, W. G.; Fahnrich, S.; Lis, Y.; Becker, E.; MacLeod, R. A.; Drexler, H. G. Expression and Functional Analysis of the Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) Gene in Tumor Cell Lines. Int. J. Cancer 2002, 100, 49-56.
92. Muller, S.; Kunkel, P.; Lamszus, K.; Ulbricht, U.; Lorente, G. A.; Nelson, A. M.; von Schack, D.; Chin, D. J.; Lohr, S. C.; Westphal, M.; Melcher, T. A Role for Receptor Tyrosine Phosphatase Zeta in Glioma Cell Migration. Oncogene 2003, 22, 6661-6668.
93. Goldmann, T.; Otto, F.; Vollmer, E. A Receptor-Type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PTP zeta is Expressed in Human Cutaneous Melanomas. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. 2000, 38, 19-20.
94. Yamakawa, T.; Kurosawa, N.; Kadomatsu, K.; Matsui, T.; Itoh, K.; Maeda, N.; Noda, M.; Muramatsu, T. Levels of Expression of Pleiotrophin and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Zeta Are Decreased in Human Colorectal Cancers. Cancer Lett. 1999, 135, 91-96.
95. Klomp, H. J.; Zernial, O.; Flachmann, S.; Wellstein, A.; Juhl, H. Significance of the Expression of the Growth Factor Pleiotrophin in Pancreatic Cancer Patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 2002, 8, 823-827.
96. Juhl, H.; Schmiegel, W.; Kalthoff, H. In Pancreatic Cancer-Clinical and Molecular Advances: Clinical Applications of Cancer-Associated Antigens; Neoptolemos, J.; Lemoine, N., Eds.; United Kingdom-Blackwell Science Ltd: Oxford, 1996, pp. 214-223.
97. Chauhan, A. K.; Li, Y. S.; Deuel, T. F. Pleiotrophin Transforms NIH 3T3 Cells and Induces Tumors in Nude Mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90, 679-682.
98. Zhang, N.; Zhong, R.; Wang, Z. Y.; Deuel, T. F. Human Breast Cancer Growth Inhibited in vivo by a Dominant Negative Pleiotrophin Mutant. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 16733-16736.
99. Czubayko, F.; Riegel, A. T.; Wellstein, A. Ribozyme-Targeting Elucidates a Direct Role of Pleiotrophin in Tumor Growth. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 21358-21363.
100. Satyamoorthy, K.; Oka, M.; Herlyn, M. An Antisense Strategy for Inhibition of Human Melanoma Growth Targets the Growth Factor Pleiotrophin. Pigment Cell Res. 2000, 13, 87-93.
101. Weber, D.; Klomp, H. J.; Czubayko, F.; Wellstein, A.; Juhl, H. Pleiotrophin Can Be Rate-Limiting for Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 5284-5288.
102. Bowden, E. T.; Stoica, G. E.; Wellstein, A. Anti-Apoptotic Signalling of Pleiotrophin through its Receptor Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 35862-35868.
103. Corbley, M. J. Transformation by Ras Suppresses Expression of the Neurotrophic Growth Factor Pleiotrophin. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 24696-24702.
104. Merenmies, J. Cell density-dependent expression of heparin-binding growth-associated molecule(HB-GAM, p18) and its down-regulation by fibroblast growth factors. FEBS Lett. 1992, 307, 297-300.
105. Relf, M.; LeJeune, S.; Scott, P. A.; Fox, S.; Smith, K.; Leek, R.; Moghaddam, A.; Whitehouse, R.; Bicknell, R.; Harris, A. L. Expression of the Angiogenic Factors Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor, Acidic and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor, Tumor Growth Factor beta-1, Platelet-Derived Endothelial Cell Growth Factor, Placenta Growth Factor, and Pleiotrophin in Human Primary Breast Cancer and its Relation to Angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 1997, 57, 963-969.
106. Vacherot, F.; Caruelle, D.; Chopin, D.; Gil-Diez, S.; Barritault, D.; Caruelle, J. P.; Courty, J. Involvement of Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide in Human Prostate Cancer. Prostate 1999, 38, 126-136.