Managing the microbiological risks of drinking water

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A

Volumn 67, Issue 20-22, 2004, Pages 1591-1617

  Krewski, Daniel ^a   Balbus, John ^b   Butler Jones, David ^c,d   Haas, Charles N ^e   Isaac Renton, Judith ^f   Roberts, Kenneth J ^g   Sinclair, Martha ^h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^b GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^d Sun Country Health Region   (Canada)

^e DREXEL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^g Monash University ^*

^h MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER;

CANADA; CONFERENCE PAPER; EPIDEMIC; HEALTH HAZARD; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER QUALITY; WATER SAMPLING; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TEMPERATURE;

CANADA; GUIDELINES; HUMANS; TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER PURIFICATION;

EID: 4644269113     PISSN: 15287394     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15287390490491909     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (61)

1. Aspinwall, L. G. 1999. Persuasion for the purpose of cancer risk reduction: Understanding responses to risk communication. JNCI Monogr. 25:88-93.
2. Balbus, J., Parkin, R., and Embrey, M. 2000. Susceptibility in microbial risk assessment: Definitions and research needs. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:901-905.
3. Canadian Public Health Association. 1993. Benefit, risk and cost management: Report of the CPHA National Advisory Panel on Risk/Benefit Management of Drugs. Ottawa: Canadian Public Health Association.
4. Canadian Standards Association. 1991. Risk analysis requirements and guidelines: Quality management - National standard of Canada. CAN/CSA-Q634-91. Etobicoke, ON: Canadian Standards Association.
5. Canadian Standards Association. 1997. Risk management: Guideline for decision-makers. CAN/CSA-Q850-97. Etobicoke, ON: Canadian Standards Association.
6. Clancy, J. L. 2000. Sydney's 1998 water quality crisis. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 92:55-66.
7. Crockett, C., Haas, C. N., Fazil, A., Rose, J. B., and Gerba, C. P. 1996. Prevalence of Shigellosis in the U.S.: Consistency with dose-response information. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 30:87-100.
8. Crump, K. S. 1995. Calculation of benchmark doses from continuous data. Risk Anal. 15:79-89.
9. Davis, L. J., Roberts, H. L., Juranek, D. D., Framm, S. R., and Soave, R. 1998. A survey of risk factors for Cryptosporidiosis in New York City: Drinking water and other exposures. Epidemiol. Infect. 121:357-367.
10. Edberg, S. C., Rice, E. W., Karlin, R. J., and Allen, M. J. 2000. Escherichia coli: The best biological drinking water indicator for public health protection. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88:106S-116S.
11. Eisenberg, J. N., Seto, E. Y. W, Olivieri, A. W., and Spear, R. C. 1996. Quantifying water pathogen risk in an epidemiological framework. Risk Anal. 16:549-563.
12. Eisenberg, J. N., Seto, E. Y. W, Olivieri, A. W., and Spear, R. C. 1998. An analysis of the Milwaukee cryptosporidiosis outbreak based on a dynamic model of the infection process. Epidemiol. Res. 9:255-263.
13. El-Shaarawi, A. H., Esterby, S. R., and Dutka, B. J. 1981. Bacterial density in water determined by Poisson or negative binomial distributions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:107-116.
14. Federal Register 1989. 54:27486-27541.
15. Gale, P., Dijk, P. A. H., and Stanfield, G. 1997. Drinking water treatment increases micro-organism clustering: The implications for microbiological risk assessment. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. Aqua. 46:117-126.
16. Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., and Reis-Bergan, M. 1999. The effect of risk communication on risk perceptions: The significance of individual differences. JNCI Monogr. 25:94-100.
17. Goldstein, S. T., Juranek, D. D., Ravenholt, O., Hightower, A. W., Martin, D. G., Mesnick, J. L., Griffiths, S. D., Bryant, A. J., Reich, R. R., and Herwaldt, B. L. 1996. Cryptosporidiosis: An outbreak associated with drinking water despite state-of-the-art water treatment. Ann. Int. Med. 124:459-468. Published erratum appears in Ann. Int. Med. 125:158.
18. Goldstein, S. T., Juranek, D. D., Ravenholt, O., Hightower, A. W., Martin, D. G., Mesnick, J. L., Griffiths, S. D., Bryant, A. J., Reich, R. R., and Herwaldt, B. L. 1996. Cryptosporidiosis: An outbreak associated with drinking water despite state-of-the-art water treatment. Ann. Int. Med. 124:459-468. Published erratum appears in Ann. Int. Med. 125:158.
19. Haas, C. N., and Rose, J. B. 1994. Reconciliation of microbial risk models and outbreak epidemiology: The case of the Milwaukee outbreak. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Water Works Association, New York.
20. Haas, C. N., Crockett, C. S., Rose, J. B., Gerba, C. P., and Fazil, A. M. 1999a. Quantitative microbial risk assessment. New York: John Wiley.
21. Haas, C. N., Crockett, C. S., Rose, J. B., Gerba, C. P., and Fazil, A. M. 1999b. Development and validation of dose-response relationship for Listeria monocytogenes. Quant. Microb. 1:89-102.
22. Haas, C. N., Crockett, C. S., Rose, J. B., Gerba, C. P., and Fazil, A. M. 2000. Development of a dose-response relationship for Escherichia coli O157:H7. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 56:153-159.
23. Hattis, D. 1996. Drawing the line: Quantitative criteria for risk management. Environment 38:35-39.
24. Havelaar, A. H., Garssen, J., Takumi, K., Koedam, M., Dufrenne, J. B., van Leusden, F. M., Fonteyne, L. D. I., and Vos, J. G. 2000. Dose response relationships for gastrointestinal pathogens in an animal model. RIVM report 284550 007. RIVM.
25. Health and Welfare Canada. 1984. Health risk study. Phase II: National Survey, Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada.
26. Health and Welfare Canada. 1993. Health risk determination: The challenge of health protection. Ottawa: Health Protection Branch. [update of 1990 document.].
27. Health Canada. 1993. Food-borne and water-borne disease in Canada - Annual summaries: 1992 and 1993. Ottawa: Polyscience Publications Inc., in cooperation with the Health Protection Branch of Health Canada and the Canada Communication Group Publishing Services, Public Works and Government Services.
28. Health Canada. 1996. Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality, 6th ed. Federal-Provincial Subcommittee on Drinking Water., Ottawa: Health Canada.
29. Health Canada. 1999a. Canadian drinking water guidelines development process. Federal-Provincial Subcommittee on Drinking Water. Ottawa: Health Canada.
30. Health Canada. 1999b. Proposal to develop a network for health surveillance in Canada. Federal-Provincial-Territorial Working Groups, National Health Surveillance Network Working Group, Integration Design Team. Ottawa: Health Canada.
31. Health Canada. 2000a. Health Canada decision-making framework for identifying assessing, and managing health risks. Ottawa: Health Protection Branch.
32. Health Canada. 2000b. Risk/benefit perceptions of biotechnology products. Report prepared for Health Canada by Environics Research Group, July. Ottawa: Health Protection Branch.
33. Health Canada. 2001. Canadian health infostructure health surveillance tactical plan. Summary of the Final Report to the Advisory Committee on Health Infostructure. Health Surveillance Working Group. Ottawa: Health Canada.
34. Health Canada. 2002. From source to tap: The multi-barrier approach to safe drinking water. Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water and Water Quality Task Group. Ottawa: Health Canada.
35. Hrudey, S. 1999. Drinking water and health risks: Balancing risk and reason. In Balancing risks and reasons: Proceedings of the 7th National Conference on Drinking Water, eds. W. Robertson and G. Somers, pp. 1-11. Conference held in Charlottetown, PEI, August 1996. Ottawa: Canadian Water and Waste-water Association 1-11.
36. International Life Sciences Institute, Risk Science Institute Pathogen Risk Assessment Working Group. 1996. A conceptual framework to assess risks of human disease following exposure to pathogens. Risk Anal. 16:841-848.
37. Jardine, C. G., Hrudey, S. E., Shortreed, J. H., Krewski, D., Furgal, C., and Craig, L. 2003. A review of risk management frameworks for human health and environmental risks. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 6:569-720.
38. Krever Commission. 1997. Report of the Commission of Inquiry on the Blood System in Canada. Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services.
39. Krewski, D., Slovic, P., Bartlett, S., Flynn, J., and Mertz, C. K. 1995a. Health risk perception in Canada. I: Rating hazards, sources of information, and responsibility for risk protection. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 1:117-132.
40. Krewski, D., Slovic, P., Bartlett, S., Flynn, J., and Mertz, C. K. 1995b. Health risk perception in Canada. II: Worldviews, attitudes, and opinions. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 1:53-70.
41. Krewski, D., Balbus, J., Butler-Jones, D., Haas, C., Isaac-Renton, J., Roberts, K. J., and Sinclair, M. 2002. The Walkerton Inquiry, Commissioned Paper 7. Managing the health risks from drinking water. Queen's Printer for Ontario.
42. Lan, R., and Reeves, P. R. 1996. Gene transfer is a major factor in bacterial evolution. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13:47-55.
43. North Battleford Water Inquiry. 2002. Report of the Commission into matters relating to the safety of the public drinking water in the City of North Battleford, Saskatchewan. www.northbattlefordwaterinquiry ca/final/toc.asp
44. Parkin, R. T., and Balbus, J. M. 2000. Variations in concepts of "susceptibility" in risk assessment. Risk Anal. 20:603-611.
45. Pipes, W. O. 1977. Frequency distributions for coliform bacteria in water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 69:664.
46. Priest, J. W., Li, A., Khan, M., Arrowood, M. J., Lammie, P. J., Ong, C. S., Roberts, J. M., and Isaac-Renton, J. 2001. Enzyme immunoassay detection of antigen-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in longitudinal serum samples from human cryptosporidiosis patients. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8:415-423.
47. Renn, O., Burns, W. J., Kasperson, J. X., Kasperson, R. E., and Slovic, P. 1992. The social amplification of risk: Theoretical foundations and empirical applications. J. Soc. Iss. 48:137-160.
48. Rose, J. B., Haas, C. N., and Regli, S. 1991. Risk assessment and the control of water-borne giardiasis. Am. J. Public Health 81:709-713.
49. Slovic, P. 1987. Perception of risk. Science 236:280-285.
50. Sobsey, M. D. 1999. Methods to identify and detect microbial contaminants in drinking water. In Identifying future drinking water contaminants, quantitative risk assessments for water-borne pathogens, pp. 173-205 Ottawa: National Research Council.
51. Teunis, P. F. M., and Havelaar, A. H. 1999. Cryptosporidium in drinking water: Evaluation of the ILSI/RSI quantitative risk assessment framework. Washington, DC: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment.
52. Teunis, P. F. M, Chappell, C. L., and Okhuysen, P. C. 2002. Cryptosporidium dose response studies: Variation between isolates. Risk Anal. 22:175-183.
53. United Nations Environment Program. 1992. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: Principle 15. Conference on Environment and Development, June 1992, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [online]. Cited 19 November 2001 www.igc.apc.org/habitat/agenda21/rio-dec.html
54. United Nations Food Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO), Codex Alimentarius Commission. 2001. Codex Alimentarius [online]. Cited 19 November 2001. www.codexalimentarius.net
55. United Nations Food Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Joint Expert Consultation. 2001. Risk management and food safety. FAO Food Nutrition Papers 65. Rome: FAO.
56. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2002. FDA Talk Paper T02-51, December. www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ ANSWERS/2002/ANS01178.html
57. U.S. National Research Council. 1983. Risk assessment in the federal government: Managing the process. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
58. U.S. Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management. 1997. Framework for environmental health risk management, Final report, vols. 1 and 2. Washington, DC.
59. Van Ryzin, J. 1980. Quantitative risk assessment. J. Occup. Med. 22:321-326.
60. Walkerton Inquiry. 2002a. Report of the Walkerton Commission of Inquiry Part One. The events of May 200 and related issues. www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov. on.ca/english/about/pubs/walkerton/part1
61. Walkerton Inquiry. 2002b. Report of the Walkerton Commission of Inquiry Part Two. A Strategy for Safe Drinking Water. www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/ english/about/pubs/walkerton/part2