Drinking water treatment increases micro-organism clustering; the implications for microbiological risk assessment

Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 117-126

  Gale, P ^a   Van Dijk, P A H ^a   Stanfield, G ^a  

^a WRC PLC   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; RISK ASSESSMENT; WATER TREATMENT;

EID: 0030618822     PISSN: 00037214     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. MacKenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE, Kazmierczak JJ, Addiss DG, Fox KR, Rose JB, Davis JP. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 161-167.
2. Payment P, Trudel M, Plante R. Elimination of viruses and indicator bacteria at each step of treatment during preparation of drinking water at seven water treatment plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 49: 1418-1418.
3. Rao VC, Symons JM, Ling A, Wang P, Metcalf TG, Hoff JC, Melnick JL. Removal of hepatitis A virus and rotavirus by drinking water treatment. JAWWA 1988; 80 (2): 59-67.
4. Hall T, Pressdee J, Carrington E. Removal of Cryptosporidium during water treatment. In: Betts WB, Casemore D, Fricker C, Smith H, Watkins J, eds. Protozoan Parasites and Water, pp. 192-195 The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1995
5. Keswick BH, Satterwhite TK, Johnson PC, DuPont HL, Secor SL, Bitsura JA, Gary GW, Hoff JC. Inactivation of Norwalk virus in drinking water by chlorine. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 50: 261-264.
6. Smith HV. Cryptosporidium and water: a review. J Inst Water Engrs Mngrs 1992; 6: 443-451.
7. Regli S, Rose JB, Haas CN, Gerba CP. Modelling the risk from Giardia and viruses in drinking water. JAWWA 1991; 83 (11): 76-84.
8. Haas CN, Rose JB, Gerba C, Regli S. Risk assessment of virus in drinking water. Risk Anal 1993; 13: 545-552.
9. Medema GJ, Teunis PFM, Gornik V, Havelaar AH, Exner M. Estimation of the Cryptosporidium Infection Risk via Drinking Water. in: Betts WB, Casemore D, Fricker C, Smith H, Watkins J, eds. Protozoan Parasites and Water, pp. 53-56. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1995.
10. Roseberry AM, Burmaster DE. Log-normal distributions for water intake by children and adults. Risk Anal 1992; 12: 99-104.
11. Pipes WO, Ward P, Ahn SH. Frequency distributions for coliform bacteria in water. JAWWA 1977; 69: 664-668.
12. Camper AK, LeChevallier MW, Broadaway SC, McFeters GA. Bacteria associated with granular activated carbon particles in drinking water. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 52: 434-438.
13. Rogers J, Keevil CW. Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in biofilm and pianktonic samples in a model system. In: Betts WB, Casemore D, Fricker C, Smith H, Watkins J, eds. Protozoan Parasites and Water, pp. 209-213. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1995.
14. Gale P. Developments in microbiogical risk assessment models for drinking water - a short review. J Appl Bacterial 1996; 81: 403-410
15. LeChevalher MW, Norton WD, Lee RG. Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in filtered drinking water supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57: 2617-2621.
16. Rose JB, Haas CN, Regli S. Risk assessment and control of waterborne giardiasis. Am J Pub Hlth 1991; 81: 709-713.
17. Rice EW, Fox KR, Miltner RJ, Lytle DA, Johnson CH. Evaluating plant performance with endospores. JAWWA 1996; 88 (9): 122-130.
18. Christian RR, Pipes WO. Frequency distribution of coliforms in water distribution systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 45: 603-609.
19. Maul A, El-Shaarawi AH, Block JC. Heterotrophic bacteria in water distribution systems. I. Spatial and temporal variation. Sci Tot Environ 1985; 44: 201-214.
20. Gale P. Coliforms in the drinking-water supply: what information do the 0/100-mL samples provide? J Water SRT - Aqua 1996; 45(4): 155-161.
21. Johnson NL, Kotz S. Discrete Distributions. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA, 1969
22. Rose JB, Gerba CP, Jakubowski W. Survey of potable water supplies for Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Environ Sci Technol 1991; 25: 1393-1400.
23. DuPont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 855-859.
24. Driscoll CT, Letterman RD. Chemistry and fate of Al (III) in treated drinking water. J Environ Engng 1988; 114 (I): 21-37.
25. Hall T, Croll B. Particle counters as tools for managing Cryptosporidium risk in water treatment. IAWQ/IWSA joint Specialist on Particle Separation; 4th international conference, Jerusalem, 28-30 October 1996.
26. Herson DS, McGonigle B, Payer MA, Baker KH. Attachment as a factor in the protection of Enterobacter cloacae from chlorination. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53: 1178-1180.
27. Rose JB, Lisle JT, Haas CN. Risk assessment methods for Cryptosporidium and Giardia in contaminated water. In: Betts WB, Casemore D, Fricker C, Smith H, Watkins J, eds Protozoan Parasites and Water, pp. 238-242 The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1995.
28. GENSTAT 5 Committee. OENSTAT 5 release 3 reference manual. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
29. Kendal MG, Stuart A. The Advanced Theory Of Statistics, Vol. 2, 3rd edn. Griffin, London. 1973
30. Haas CN. Estimation of risk due to low doses of microorganisms: A comparison of alternative methodologies. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 118: 573-582.
31. Haas CN, Rose JB. Distribution of Cryptosporidium oocysts in a water supply. Water Res 1996; 30: 2251-2254.