Hepatotoxicity of psychotropic drugs and drugs of abuse

Drug-Induced Liver Disease, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 507-526

  Larrey, Dominique ^a  

^a HÔPITAL SAINT ELOI   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 46349107117     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (171)

1. Larrey D. Epidemiology and individual susceptibility to adverse drug reactions affecting the liver. Sem Liv Dis 2002; 22:145-55.
2. Biour M, Ben Salem C, Chazouilleres O, Grange JD, Serfaty L, Poupon R. Drug induced liver injury:fourteenth updated edition of the bibliographic database of liver injuries and related drugs. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2004; 28:720-59.
3. Farrell OC. Drug-Induced Liver Disease. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1994.
4. Pessayre O, Larrey D, Biour M. Drug-induced liver injury. In: Bircher J, Benhamou JP, McIntyre N, Rizzetto M, Rodés J, eds. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hepatology. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999:1261-315.
5. Zimmerman HJ. The Adverse Effects of Drugs and Other Chemicals on the Liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
6. Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD. Drug-Induced Liver Disease. New York (Basel): Marcel Dekker, 2003.
7. Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiodt SV, et al. Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137:947-54.
8. Larrey D, Pageaux GP. Drug-induced liver failure. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17:141-3.
9. Negro F, Mondardini A, Palmas E. Hepatotoxicity of saccharin. N EngI J Med 1994; 331:134-5.
10. Larrey D. Drug-induced liver diseases. J Hepatol 2000; 32:77-88.
11. Schuppan D, Jia JD, Brinkhaus B, Hahn EG. Herbal products for liver diseases: a therapeutic challenge for the new millennium. Hepatology 1999; 30:1099-104.
12. Seeff LB, Lindsay KL, Bacon BR, Kresina TF, Hoofnagle JH. Complementary and alternative medicine in chronic liver disease. Hepatology 2001; 34:595-603.
13. Stedman C. Herbal hepatoxicity. Sem Liv Dis 2002; 22:195-206.
14. Stickel F, Baumuller HM, Seitz K, Vasilakis D, Seitz G, Seitz H, Schuppan D. Hepatitis induced by kava (Piper methysticum rhizoma). J Hepatol 2003; 39:62-7.
15. Pageaux G, Larrey D. Alternative medecine, vitamins and natural hepatotoxins. In: Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-Induced Liver Disease. New York (Basel): Marcel Dekker, 2003.
16. Selim K, Kaplowitz N. Hepatotoxicity of psychotrpic drugs. Hepatology 1999; 29:1347-51.
17. VanThiel DH, Perper JA. Hepatotoxicity associated with cocaine abuse. Recent Dev Alcoholism 1992; 10:335-41.
18. Jones AL, Simpson KJ. Mechanisms and management of hepatotoxicity in ecstasy (MDMA) and amphetamine. Aliment pharmacol Ther 1999; 13:129-33.
19. Sgro C, Clinard F, Ouazir K, et al. Incidence of drug induced hepatic injuries. A french populationbased study. Hepatology 2002; 36:451-5.
20. Bernuau J, Benhamou JP. Fulminant and subfulminant liver failure. In: Bircher J, Benhamou JP, McIntyre N, Rizzetto M, Rodes J, eds. Oxford Texbook of Clinical Hepatology. 2nd ed., Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999:1341-72.
21. Takahashi Y, Okuda K. Fulminant hepatitis in Japan: etiology and prognostic prediction. Chin J Gastroenterol 1993; 10:337-50.
22. Larson AM, Polson J, Fontana RJ, et al. Acute liver failure study group. Hepatology 2005; 42:1364-72.
23. Lee W, Larrey D, Olsson R, lewis JH, Keisu M, Auclert L. Sheth. Hepatic findings in long-term clinical trials of ximelagatran. Drug Saf 2005; 28:351-70.
24. Lee WM. Assessing causality in drug-induced liver injury. J Hepatol 2000; 33:1003-5.
25. Criteria of drug-induced liver disorders. Report of an International Consensus Meeting. J Hepatol 1990; 11:272-6.
26. Danan G, Benichou C. Causalty assessment of adverse reactions to drugs-I. A novel method based on the conclusions of international consensus meetings: application to drug-induced liver injuries. J Clin Epidemiol 1993; 46:1331-6.
27. Benichou C, Danan G, Flahault A. Causality assessment of adverse reactions to drug-II. An original model for validation of drug causality assessment methods: case reports with positive rechallenge. J Clin Epidemiol 1993; 46:1331-6.
28. Maria VAJ, Victorino RMM. Development and validation of a clinical scale for the diagnosis of druginduced hepatitis. Hepatology 1997; 26:664-9.
29. Aithal GP, Rawlins MD, Day CP. Clinical diagnostic scale: a useful tool in the evaluation of suspected hepatotoxic adverse drug reactions. J Hepatol 2000; 33:949-52.
30. Lucena I, Camargo R, Andrade J, Perez-Sanchez CJ, Sanchez De La Questa F. Comparison of two clinical scales for causality assessment in hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 2001; 33:123-30.
31. Kaplowitz N. Causality assessment versus guilt-by-association in drug hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 2001; 33:308-9.
32. Berson A, Fau D, Fornacciari R, et al. Mechanisms for experimental buprenorphine hepatotoxicity:major role of mitochondrial dysfunction versus metabolic activation. J Hepatol 2001; 34:261-9.
33. Cantrell FL. Look what I found! Poison hunting on eBay. Clin Toxicol 2005; 43:375-9.
34. Larrey D, Pageaux GP. Genetic predisposition to drug-induced hepatotoxicity. J Hepatol 1997; 26:12-21.
35. Horsmans Y, Lannes B, Pessayre D, Larrey D. Possible association between poor metabolism of mephenytoin and hepatotoxicity caused by Atriumw. A fixed combination preparation containing phenobarbital, febarbamate and difebarbamate. J Hepatol 1994; 21:1075-9.
36. Watson RGP, Olomu A, Clements D, Waring RH, Mitchell S, Elias E. A proposed mechanism for chlorpromazine jaundice-defective hepatic sulphoxidation combined with rapid hydroxylation. J Hepatol 1988; 7:72-8.
37. Spielberg SP. In vitro assessment of pharmacogenetic susceptibility to toxic drug metabolites in humans. Fed Proc 1984; 43:2308-13.
38. Larrey D, Berson A, Hebersetzer F, et al. Genetic predisposition to drug hepatotoxicity. Role in hepatitis causes by amineptine, a tricyclic antidepressant. Hepatology 1989; 10:168-73.
39. Bequemont L, Lecoeur S, Simon T, Beaune P, Funck-Brentano C, Jaillon P. Glutathione S-transferase θ genetic polymorphism might influence tacrine hepatotoxicity in Alzheimer’s patients. Pharmacogenetics 1997; 7:251-3.
40. De Sousa M, Pirmohamed M, Kitteringham NR, Woolf T, Park BK. No association between tacrine transaminitis and the glutathione transferase θ genotype in patients with Alzheimers disease, Pharmacogenetics 1998; 8:353-5.
41. Berson A, Fréneaux E, Larrey D, et al. Possible role of HLA in hepatotoxicity. An exploratory study in 71 patients with drug-induced idiosyncratic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1994; 20:336-42.
42. Geneve J, Larrey D, Pessayre D, Benhamou JP. Structure tricyclique des médicaments et hépatotoxicité. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1987; 11:242-9.
43. Geneve J, Larrey D, Letteron P, Descatoire V, Tinel M, Amouyal G, Pessayre D. Metabolic activation of the tricyclic antidepressant amineptine I. Cytochrome P-450-mediated in vitro covalent binding. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:323-9.
44. Geneve J, Degott C, Letteron P, et al. Metabolic activation of the tricyclic antidepressant amineptine II. Protective role of glutathione against in vitro and in vivo covalent binding. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:331-7.
45. Le Dinh T, Frenaux E, Labbe G, et al. Amineptine, a tricyclic antidepressant, inhibits the mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids and produces microvesicular steatosis of the liver in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 247:745-50.
46. Letteron P, Labbe G, Descatoire V, et al. Metabolic activation of the antidepressant tianeptine II. In vivo covalent binding and toxicological studies at sublethal doses. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:3247-51.
47. Pessayre D, Mansouri A, Haouzi D, Fromenty B. Hepatotoxicity due to inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction. Cell Biol Toxicol 1999; 15:367-73.
48. Le Bricquir Y, Larrey D, Blanc P, Pageaux GP, Michel H. Tianeptine-an instance of drug-induced hepatotoxicity predicted by prospective experimental. J Hepatol 1994; 21:771-3.
49. Balleyguier C, Sterin D, Ziol M, Trinchet JC. Acute mixed hepatitis caused by tianeptine. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1996; 20:607-8.
50. Horst DA, Norman DG, Lecompte PM. Prolonged cholestasis and progressive hepatic fibrosis following imipramine therapy. Gastroenterology 1980; 79:550-4.
51. Larrey D, Erlinger S. Drug-induced cholestasis. Bailliere’s Clin Gastroenterol 1988; 2:423-52.
52. Holmberg MB, Jaussen B. A study of blood count and serum transaminase in prolonged treatment with amitriptyline. J New Drugs 1962; 2:361-5.
53. Larrey D, Amouyal G, Pessayre D, et al. Amitriptyline-induced prolonged cholestasis. Gastroenterology 1988; 94:200-3.
54. Larrey D, Rueff B, Pessayre D, Danan G, Algard M, Geneve J, Benhamou JP. Cross hepatotoxicity between tricyclic antidepressants. Gut 1986; 27:726-7.
55. Remy AJ, Larrey D, Pageaux GP, Desprez D, Ramos J, Michel H. Cross hepatotoxicity between tricyclic antidepressants and phenothiazines. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7:373-6.
56. Rosenblum LE, Korn RJ, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatocellular jaundice as a complication of iproniazid therapy. Arch Intern Med 1960; 105:583-93.
57. Homberg JC, Stelly M, Andreis I, Abuaf N, Saadoun F, Andre J. A new antimitochondrial antibody (anti-M6) in iproniazid-induced hepatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1982; 47:93-103.
58. Danan G, Homberg JC, Bernuau J, Roche-Sicaud J, Pessayre D. Hepatite à l’iproniazide. Intérêt diagnostique d’un nouvel anticorps anti-mitochondrial, l’anti-M6. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1983; 7:529-32.
59. Cooper GL. The safety of fluoxetine-an update. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 153:77-86.
60. Gram LF. Fluoxetine. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:960-1.
61. Capella D, Bruguera M, Figueras A, Lapone JR. Fluoxetine-induced hepatitis: why is postmarking surveillance needed? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 55:545-6.
62. Cai Q, Benson MA, Talbot TJ, Devadas G, Swanson HJ, Oison JL, Kirchner JP. Acute hepatitis due to fluoxetine therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74:692-4.
63. Bobichon R, Bernard G, Mion F. Acute hepatitis during treatment with fluoxetine. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1993; 17:406-7.
64. Friedenberg FK, Rothstein KD. Hepatitis secondary to fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:580.
65. Johnston DE, Wheeler DE. Chronic hepatitis related to use of fluoxetine. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92:1225-6.
66. Helmchen C, Boerner RJ, Meyendorf R, Hegerl U. Reversible hepatotoxicity of paroxetine in a patient with major depression. Pharmacopsychiatry 1996; 29:223-6.
67. Benbow SJ, Gill G. Drug points: paroxetine and hepatotoxicity. Br Med J 1997; 314:1387.
68. deMan RA. Severe hepatitis attributed to paroxetine (Seroxat). Ned Tijdschr Geneeskund 1997; 141:540-2.
69. Cadranel JF, DiMartino V, Cazier A, et al. Atrium and paroxetine-related severe hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1999; 28:52-5.
70. Hautekeete ML, Cole L, VanVlieberg H, Elewant A. Symptomatic liver injury probably related to sertraline. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1998; 22:364.
71. Horsrnans Y, De Clercq M, Sernpoux C. Venlafaxine-associated hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:944.
72. Cardona X, Avila A, Castellanos P. Venlafaxine-associated hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132:417.
73. Kim KY, Hwang W, Narendran R. Acute liver darnage possibly related to sertraline and venlafaxine ingestion. Ann Pharmacother 1999; 33:381-2.
74. Pinzani V, Peyriere H, Hillaire-Buys D, Pageaux GP, Blayac BP, Larrey D. Specific serotonine recapture inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants: hepatotoxicity assessment in a large cohort in France. J Hepatol 2006; 44:S256.
75. Stricker BHCH. Drug-Induced Disorders. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992.
76. Zarsky JP, Aubert H, Rachail M. Hepatotoxicity of new antidepressive drugs. A propos of a case. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1983; 7:220-1.
77. Bazin N, Beaufils B, Feline A. A severe allergic reaction to mianserin. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:1088-9.
78. Rasmussen S, Quedens JH. Possible cross hepatotoxicity between tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressive agents. Ugeskr Laeger 1991; 153:3020-2.
79. Aranda-Michel J, Koehler A, Bejarano PA, et al. Nefazodone-induced liver failure: report of three cases. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:285-8.
80. Eloubeidi MA, Gaede JT, Swaim MW. Reversible nefazodone-induced liver failure. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45:1036-8.
81. Chu AG, Gunsolly B, Summers RW, et al. Trazadone and liver toxicity. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99:128.
82. Beck PL, Bridges RJ, Demetrick DJ, et al. Chronic active hepatitis associated with Trazadone therapy. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118:791.
83. Hull M, Jones R, Bendall M. Drug points: fatal hepatic necrosis associated with trazodone and neuroleptic drugs. Br Med J 1994; 309:378.
84. Ishak KG, Irey NS. Hepatic injury associated with the phenothiazines. Ann Intern Med 1972; 93:283-304.
85. Dickes R, Schenker V, Deutsch L. Serial liver function and blood studies in patients receiving chlorpromazine. N Engl J Med 1957; 256:1-7.
86. Rodriguez M, Paronotto F, Schaffner F, Popper H. Antimitochondrial antibodies in jaundice following drug administration. JAMA 1968; 208:148-50.
87. Alarcon-Segovia D, Fishbein E, Cetina JA, Raya RJ, Bancra E. Antigenic specificity of chlorpromazine- induced antinuclear antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol 1973; 15:543-8.
88. Zelman S. Liver cell necrosis in chlorpromazine jaundice (allergic cholangitis). A serial study of 26 needle biopsy specimens in nine patients. Am J Med 1959; 27:708-28.
89. Read AE, Harrisson CV, Sherlock S. Chronic chlorpromazine jaundice with particular reference to its relationship to primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Med 1961; 31:249-58.
90. Walker CD, Combes B. Biliary cirrhosis induced by chlorpromazine. Gastroenterology 1966; 51:253-62.
91. Larrey D, Tinel M, Amouyal G, et al. Genetically determined oxidation polymorphisn and drug hepatotoxicity. Study of 51 patients. J Hepatol 1989; 8:158-64.
92. Cadranel JF, Bonnard P, Cazier A, Di Martino V, Pras V, Devergie B, Biour B. Cyamemazine-induced acute hepatitis after unique massive intake: a case report. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 11:451-3.
93. Rager P, Cosculluela D, Deviers D. Drug hepatitis: possible role of cyamemazine. Presse Med 1983; 12:1941.
94. Baraacik M, Brandbor LL, Albion MJ. Thorazine-induced of the cholestasis. JAMA 1967; 200:69-70.
95. Urberg M. Thioridazine-induced non-icteric hepatotoxicity. J Fam Pract 1990; 30:342-3.
96. Weiden PL, Buckner CD. Thioridazine toxicity. Agranulocytosis and hepatitis with encephalopathy. JAMA 1973; 224:518-20.
97. Smaga M. On the etiology of hepatitis developing during treatment with Stelazine. Vrachebnoe Delo 1967; 10:126-8.
98. Margulies AI, Berris B. Jaundice associated with administration of trifluoperazine. Can Med Assoc J 1968; 98:1063-4.
99. Dimova S, Koleva M, Rangelova D, Stoythchev T. Effective nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem and trifluoperazine on acetaminophen toxicity in mice. Arch Toxicol 1995; 70:112-8.
100. Ruddock DGS, Hoenig J. Chlorprothixene an obstructive jaundice. Br Med J 1973; 1:231.
101. Yaryura-Tobias JA, Woipert A, White L, et al. A clinical evaluation of clopenthixol. Curr Ther Res 1970; 12:271.
102. Ohmoto K, Yamamoto S, Hirokawa M. Symptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis triggered by administration of sulpiride. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94:3660-1.
103. Sarfraz A, Cook M. Sulpiride-induced cholestalic jaundice. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1996; 30:701-2.
104. Villari D, Rubino F, Corica F, Spinella S, Di Cesare E, Longo G, Raimonde G. Bile ductopenia following therapy with sulpiride. Virchows Arch 1995; 427:223-6.
105. Fuller CM, Yassinger S, Donlon P, Imperato TJ, Ruebner B. Haloperidol-induced liver disease. West J Med 1977; 127:515-8.
106. Dincsoy HP, Saelinger DA. Haloperidol-induced chronic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1982; 83:694-700.
107. Van Bellinghen M, Peuskens J, Appelmans A. Hepatotoxicity following treatment with bromperidol. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989; 9:389-90.
108. Lieberrnan JA. Maximizing clozapine therapy: managing side effects. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59(Suppl. 3):38-43.
109. Hummer M, Kurz M, Kurzthaler I, Oberhauer H, Miller C, Fleischhacker WW. Hepatotoxicity of clozapine. J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 17:314-7.
110. Markowitz JS, Grinberg R, Jackson C. Marked liver enzyme elevations with clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987; 17:70-1.
111. Thatcher GW, Cates M, Bair B. Clozapine-induced toxic hepatitis. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:296-7.
112. Kellner M, Wiedernann K, Krieg JC, Berg PA. Toxic hepatitis by clozapine treatrnent. Am J Psychiatry 1983; 150:985-6.
113. Worrall R, Wilson A, Cullen M. Dystonia and drug-induced hepatitis in a patient clozapine. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:647-8.
114. Dumortier G, Cabaret W, Stamatiadis L, et al. Hepatic tolerance to atypical antipsychotic drugs. Enceplale 2002; 28:542-51.
115. MacFarlane B, Davies S, Mannen K, et al. Fatal acute fulminant liver failure due to clozapine: a case report and review of clozapine induced hepatoxicity. Gastroenterology 1997; 112:170-7.
116. Thompson J, Chengappa KNR, Good CB, Baker RW, Kiewe RP, Bezner J, Schooler NR. Hepatitis, hyperglycernia, pleural effusion, eosinophilia, hematuria and proteinuria occurring early in clozapine treatment. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 13:95-8.
117. Ozcanli T, Erdogan A, Ozdemir S, Onen B, Ozmen M, Doksat K, Sosuz A. Severe liver enzyme elevations after three years of olanzapine treatment: a case report and review of olanzapine associated hepatotoxicity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:1163-6.
118. Fuller MA, Simon MR, Freedman L. Risperidone-associated hepatotoxicity. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1986; 16:84-5.
119. Phillips EJ, Liu BA, Knowles SR. Rapid onset of risperidone-induced hepatotoxicity. Ann Pharmacother 1998; 32:843.
120. Benazzi F. Risperidone-induced hepatotoxicity. Pharmacopsychiatry 1998; 31:241.
121. Kumra S, Herion D, Jacobsen LK, Briguglia C, Grothe D. Case study: risperidone-induced hepatotoxicity in pediatric patients. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36:701-5.
122. Landau J, Martin A. Is liver function monitoring warranted during risperidone treatment? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37:1007-8.
123. Llinares Tello F, Hernandez Prats C, Bosacoma Ros N, Perez Martinez E, Climent Grana E, Navarro Polo JN, Ordovas Baines JP. Acute cholestatic hepatitis probably associated with risperidone. J Psychiatry Med 2005; 35:199-205.
124. Holtmann M, Kopf D, Mayer M, Bechtinger E, Schmidt MH. Risperidone-associated steatohepatitis and excessive weight-gain. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003; 36:206-7.
125. Krebs S, Dormann H, Muth-Selbach U, Hahn EG, Brune K, Schneider HT. Risperidone-induced cholestatic hepatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13:67-9.
126. Szigethy E, Wiznitzer M, Branicky LA, Maxwell K, Findling RL. Risperidone-induced hepatotoxicity in children and adolescents? A chart review study J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1999; 9:93-8.
127. Geller WK, Zuiderwijk PB. Risperidone-induced hepatotoxicity? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37:246-7.
128. Perry R, Pataki C, Munoz-Silva DM, Armenteros J, Silva RR. Risperidone in children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorder: pilot trial and follow-up. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1997; 7:167-79.
129. Noyes R, DuPont RL, Pecknold JC, et al. Alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia: results from a multicenter trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:423-8.
130. Roy-Byrne P, Vittone BM, Uhde TW. Alprazolam-related hepatotoxicity. Lancet 1983; 2:786.
131. Kratzsch KH, Buttner W, Reinhardt G. Intrahepatic cholestasis following chlordiazepoxide-contribution to the differential diagnosis of drug jaundice. Zeitschr Gesamte lnnere Med Jhre Grenzgebiete 1972; 27:408-11.
132. Lo LU, Eastwood JR, Eidelman S. Cholestatic jaundice associated with chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (librium) therapy. Am J Dig Dis 1967; 12:845-9.
133. Tedesco FJ, Milis LR. Diazepam (valium) hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1982; 27:470-2.
134. Fang MH, Ginsberg AL, Dobbins W. Cholestatic jaundice associated with flurazepam hydrochloride. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89:363-4.
135. Cobden J, Record CO, White RWB. Fatal intrahepatic cholestasis associated with triazolam. Postgrad Med J 1981; 57:730.
136. Parker JLW. Potassium clorazepate (tranxene)-induced jaundice. Postgrad Med J 1979; 55:908.
137. Moulin CH, Roiachon A, Cohard M, et al. Fulminant hepatitis secondair to alprazolam. Therapie 1994; 49:362-3.
138. Hebersetzer F, Larrey D, Babany G, Degott C, Corbie M, Pessayre D, Benhamou JP. Clotiazepaminduced acute hepatitis. J Hepatol 1989; 9:256-9.
139. Roberts RK, Wilkinson GR, Branch RA, Schenker S. Effect of age and parenchymal liver disease on the disposition and elimination of chlordiazepoxide (librium). Gastroenterology 1978; 75:479-85.
140. Wilkinson GR. The effects of liver disease and aging on the disposition of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam and lorazepam in man. Acta Psychiatric Scand 1978; 274:56-74.
141. Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Aguilar J, et al. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45:1400-4.
142. Mion F, Descos L, Gérard F, Vial T. Acute-drug-induced hepatitis: a case of acute cytolysis after ingestion of fipexide. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1990; 14:513-4.
143. Durand F, Samuel D, Bernau J, et al. Fipexide induced fulminant hepatitis report of three cases with emergency liver transplantation. J Hepatol 1992; 15:144.
144. Watkins P, Zimmerman H, Knapp M, Gracon S, Lewis K. Hepatotoxic effects of tacrine administration in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. JAMA 1994; 271:992-8.
145. Berson A, Renault S, Letteron P, Robin MA, Fromenty B, Fau D, LeBot MA. Uncoupling of rat and human mitochondria: a possible explanation for tacrine-induced liver dysfunction. Gastroenterology 1996; 110:1878-90.
146. Hammel P, Larrey D, Bernuau J, et al. Acute hepatitis after tetrahydroaminoacridine administration for Alzheimer’s disease. J Ciin Gastroenterol 1990; 12:329-31.
147. Madden S, Woolf T, Pool W, Park BK. An investigation into the formation of stable, protein reactive and cytotoxic metabolites from tacrine in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46:13-20.
148. Remy A, Camu W, Ramos J, Blanc P, Larrey D. Acute hepatitis after riluzole administration. J Hepatol 1999; 30:527-30.
149. Assai F, Spahr L, Hadengue A, Rubbia-Brandt L, Burkhard PR, Rubbici-Brandt L. Tolcapone and fulminant hepatitis. Lancet 1998; 352:958.
150. New Warnings for Parkinson’s Drug Tasmar. Rockville, MD: Food and Drug Administration, November 16, 1998.
151. Olanow CW. Tolcapone and hepatotoxic effects: Tasmar Advisory Panel. Arch Neurol 2000; 57:263-7.
152. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Barraud H, Petit-Laurent F, et al. Hepatotoxicitéde la phytothérapie: données cliniques, biologiques, histologiques et mécanismes en cause pour quelques exemples caractéristiques. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2004; 28:540-50.
153. Campo JV, Mc Nabb J, Perel JM, Mazariegos GV, Hasegawa SL, Reyes J. Kava-induced fulminant hepatic failure. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatric 2002; 41:631-2.
154. Humberston CL, Akhtar J, Krenzelok EP. Acute hepatitis induced by kava kava. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003; 41:109-13.
155. Thiolet C, Mennecier D, Bredin C, et al. Cytolyse aiguëaprès prise d’un théchinois. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2002; 26:939-40.
156. Russmann S, Lauterburg BH, Helbling A. Kava hepatotocicity. Ann Intern Med 2001; 137:68-9.
157. Musch E, Chrissafidou A, Malek M. Acute hepatitis due to kava-kava and St John’s Wort: an immune-mediated mechanism? Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2006; 131:1214-7.
158. Weiss J, Sauer A, Frank A, Unger M. Extracts and kavalactones of Piper methysticum G. Forst (kava- kava) inhibit P-glycoprotein in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 33:1580-3.
159. Jhoo JW, Freeman JP, Heinze TM, et al. In vitro cytotoxicity of nonpolar constituents from different parts of kava plant (Piper methysticum). J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54:3157-62.
160. Hezode C, Roudot-Thoraval F, Nguyen S. Daily cannabis smoking as a risk factor for fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2004; 40(Suppl. 1):192A.
161. Kothur R, Marsh F, Posner G. Liver function tests in nonparenteral cocaine users. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:1126-8.
162. Silva MO, Roth D, Reddy KR, Fernandez JA, Albores-Saavedra J, Schiff ER. Hepatic dysfunction accompanying acute cocaine intoxication. J Hepatol 1991; 12:312-5.
163. Mallat A, Dhumeaux D. Cocaine and the liver. J Hepatol 1991; 12:275-8.
164. Visalli T, Turkall R, Abdel-Rahman MS. Influence of gender on cocaine hepatotoxicity in CF-1 mice. Int J Toxicol 2005; 24:43-50.
165. Brown C, Osterloh J. Multiple severe complications from recreational ingestion of MDMA (Ecstasy). JAMA 1987; 258:780-1.
166. Garbino J, Henry JA, Mentha G, Romand JA. Ecstasy ingestion and fulminant hepatic failure: liver transplantation to be considered as a last therapeutic option. Vet Hum Toxicol 2001; 43:99-102.
167. Nunez O, Banares R, Barrio J, Menchen L, Diego A, Salinero E, Clemente G. Variability of the clinical expression of Ecstasy-induced hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 25:497-500.
168. Dykhuizen RS, Brunt PW, Atkinson P, Simpson JG, Smith CC. Ecstasy induced hepatitis mimicking viral hepatitis. Gut 1995; 36:939-41.
169. Mehta H, Murray B, Loludice TA. Hepatic dysfunction due to intravenous abuse of rnethylphenidate hydrochioride. J Clin Gastroenterol 1984; 6:149-51.
170. Stecyk O, Loludice TA, Demeter S, Jacobs J. Multiple organ failure resulting from intravenous abuse of methylphenidate hydrochloride. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14:597-9.
171. Herve S, Riachi G, Noblet C, et al. Acute hepatitis due to buprenorphine administration. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16:1033-7.