Update on the management of COPD

Chest

Volumn 133, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 1451-1462

  Celli, Bartolome R ^a  

^a ST ELIZABETH'S MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

BODE index; COPD; Management; Pharmacotherapy; Therapy

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; BUDESONIDE PLUS FORMOTEROL; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CILOMILAST; CORTICOSTEROID; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; FLUTICASONE; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE PLUS SALMETEROL; FORMOTEROL; INFLUENZA VACCINE; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; MUCOLYTIC AGENT; NEDOCROMIL; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PHOSPHODIESTERASE IV INHIBITOR; PLACEBO; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; ROFLUMILAST; SALBUTAMOL; SALMETEROL; THEOPHYLLINE; TIOTROPIUM BROMIDE;

AIR QUALITY; ALGORITHM; ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY; ASTHMA; BRONCHITIS; CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DYSPNEA; EMPHYSEMA; EXERCISE; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPOXEMIA; INFLUENZA; INFLUENZA VACCINATION; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; LUNG SURGERY; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; METERED DOSE INHALER; MORTALITY; OXYGEN THERAPY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; SMOKING CESSATION; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT INDICATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 45949097923     PISSN: 00123692     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-2061     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Celli BR, MacNee W. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of COPD. Eur Respir J 2004; 23:932-946
2. Global Obstructive Lung Disease Initiative, updated 2006. Available at: www.goldcopd.com. Accessed February 2, 2008
3. American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and case of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:78-121
4. Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:1256-1276
5. Celli BR, Cote CG, Marin JM, et al. The body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:1005-1012
6. Anthonisen NR, Skeans MA, Wise RA, et al. The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142:233-239
7. McGarvey LP, John M, Anderson JA, et al. Ascertainment of cause-specific mortality in COPD: operations of the TORCH Clinical Endpoint Committee. Thorax 2007; 62: 411-415
8. Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akinbami LJ, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance: United States, 1971-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51:1-16
9. Celli BR, Halbert RJ, Isonaka S, et al. Population impact of different definitions of airways obstruction. Eur Respir J 2003; 22:268-273
10. Menezes A, Perez-Padilla R, Jardim J, et al. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five Latin American cities: the PLATINO study. Lancet 2005; 366:1875-1881
11. Pena VS, Miravitlles M, Gabriel R, et al. Geographic variations in prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD: results of the IBERPOC multicentre epidemiological study. Chest 2000; 118:981-989
12. Tzanakis N, Anagnostopoulou U, Filaditaki V, et al. Prevalence of COPD in Greece. Chest 2004; 125:892-900
13. de Marco R, Accordini S, Cerveri I, et al. An international survey of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in young adults according to GOLD stages. Thorax 2004; 59:120-125
14. Talamo C, de Oca MM, Halbert R, et al. Diagnostic labeling of COPD in five Latin American cities. Chest 2007; 131: 60-67
15. Damarla M, Celli B, Mullerova H, et al. Discrepancy in the use of confirmatory tests in patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or congestive heart failure. Respir Care 2006; 51:1120-1124
16. Rennard S, Decramer M, Calverley PM, et al. Impact of COPD in North America and Europe in 2000: subjects' perspective of Confronting COPD International Survey. Eur Respir J 2002; 20:799-805
17. 1: the Lung Health Study. JAMA 1994; 272:1497-1505
18. Casaburi R, Mahler D, Jones P, et al. A long term evaluation of onee-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2002; 19:217-224
19. Mahler D, Donohue J, Barbee R, et al. Efficacy of salmeterol xinoafate in the treatment of COPD. Chest 1999; 115:957-965
20. Jones P, Bosh T. Quality of life changes in COPD patients treated with salmeterol. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:1283-1289
21. Vincken W, van Noord J, Greefhorst A, et al. Improved health outcome in patients with COPD during 1 year treatment with tiotropium. Eur Respir J 2002; 19:209-216
22. ZuWallack R, Mahler D, Reilly D, et al. Salmeterol plus theophylline combination therapy in the treatment of COPD. Chest 2001; 119:1628-1630
23. Burge PS, Calverley PM, Jones PW, et al. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. BMJ 2000; 320:1297-1303
24. The Lung Health Study Research Group. Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1902-1909
25. Hay JG, Stone P, Carter J, et al. Bronchodilator reversibility, exercise performance and breathlessness in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1992; 5:659-664
26. Friedman M, Serby C, Menjoge S, et al. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of a combination of ipratropium plus albuterol compared with ipratropium alone and albuterol alone in COPD. Chest 1999; 115:635-641
27. Belman MJ, Botnick WC, Shin JW. Inhaled bronchodilators reduce dynamic hyperinflation during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:967-975
28. O'Donnell D, Lam M, Webb K. Spirometric correlates of improvement in exercise performance after anticholinergic therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:542-549
29. O'Donnell D, Voduc N, Fitzpatrick M, et al. Effect of salmeterol on the ventilatory response to exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2004; 24:86-94
30. O'Donnell D, Flugre T, Gerken F, et al. Effects of tiotropium on lung hyperinflation, dyspnea and exercise tolerance in COPD. Eur Respir J 2004; 23:832-840
31. Marin J, Carrizo S, Gascon M, et al. Inspiratory capacity, dynamic hyperinflation, breathlessness and exercise performance during the 6 minute walk test in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:1395-1400
32. Martinez F, Montes de Oca M, Whyte R, et al. Lung-volume reduction surgery improves dyspnea, dynamic hyperinflation and respiratory muscle function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:2018-2023
33. Casanova C, Cote C, de Torres JP, et al. Inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio predicts mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:591-597
34. Agustí AG, Noguera A, Sauleda J, et al. Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003; 21:347-360
35. Nishimura K, Izumi T, Tsukino M, et al. Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5-year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD. Chest 2002; 121:1434-1440
36. Schols AM, Slangen J, Volovics L, et al. Weight loss is a reversible factor in the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:1791-1797
37. Landbo C, Prescott E, Lange P, et al. Prognostic value of nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:1856-1861
38. Gerardi DA, Lovett L, Benoit-Connors ML, et al. Variables related to increased mortality following out-patient pulmonary rehabilitation. Eur Respir J 1996; 9:431-435
39. Pinto-Plata VM, Cote C, Cabral H, et al. The 6-minute walk distance: change over time and value as a predictor of survival in severe COPD. Eur Respir J 2004; 1:28-33
40. Cote CG, Dordelly LJ, Celli BR. Impact of COPD exacerbations on patient-centered outcomes. Chest 2007; 131: 696-704
41. Imsfeld S, Bloch KE, Weder W, et al. The BODE index after lung volume reduction surgery correlates with survival. Chest 2006; 129:835-836
42. Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease. Ann Intern Med 1980; 93:391-398
43. Report of the Medical Research Council Working Party. Long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Lancet 1981; 1:681-685
44. Brochard L, Mancebo J, Wysocki M, et al. Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:817-822
45. Kramer N, Meyer T, Meharg J, et al. Randomized prospective trial of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151:1799-1806
46. Bott J, Caroll P, Conway J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of nasal ventilation in acute ventilatory failure due to obstructive lung disease. Lancet 1993; 341:1555-1559
47. National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:2059-2073
48. Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:775-789
49. Nici L, Donner C, Wouters E, et al. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173:1390-1413
50. Ries AL, Kaplan RM, Limberg TM, et al. The effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on physiologic and psychosocial outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122:823-832
51. Kottke TE, Battista RN, DeFriese GH. Attributes of successful smoking cessation interventions in medical practice: a meta-analysis of 39 controlled trials. JAMA 1988; 259: 2882-2889
52. Fiore M, Bailey W, Cohen S, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000
53. Jorenby DE, Leischow SG, Nides MA, et al. A controlled trial of sustained release buproprion, a nicotine patch or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:685-691
54. Keating GM, Siddiqui MA. Varnicline: a review of its use as an aid to smoking cessation therapy. CNS Drugs 2006; 20:945-980
55. Celli B, ZuWallack R, Wang S, et al. Improvement of inspiratory capacity and hyperinflation with tiotropium in COPD patients with severe hyperinflation. Chest 2003; 124:1743-1748
56. O'Donnell DE, Sciurba F, Celli B, et al. Effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol on lung hyperinflation and exercise endurance in COPD. Chest 2006; 130:647-656
57. Dahl R, Greefhorst LA, Nowak D, et al. Inhaled formoterol dry powder versus ipratropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:778-784
58. Tantucci C, Duguet A, Similowski T, et al. Effect of salbutamol on dynamic hyperinflation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J 1998; 12:799-804
59. Rennard SI, Anderson W, ZuWallack R, et al. Use of a long-acting inhaled β2-adrenergic agonist, salmeterol xinafoate, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:1087-1092
60. Ramirez-Venegas A, Ward J, Lentine T, et al. Salmeterol reduces dyspnea and improves lung function in patients with COPD. Chest 1997; 112:336-340
61. Niwehowener D, Rice K, Cote C, et al. Prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with tiotropium, a once daily anticholinergic; a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2005; 143:317-326
62. Van Noord J, Aumann J, Jasnseens E, et al. Comparison of tiotropium qd, formoterol bid and both combined qd in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2005; 26:214-222
63. COMBIVENT Inhalation Aerosol Study Group. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a combination of ipratropium and albuterol is more effective than either agent alone: an 85-day multicenter trial. Chest 1994; 105:1411-1419
64. Decramer M, Celli B, Tashkin D, et al. Clinical trial design considerations in assessing long-term functional impacts of tiotropium. J COPD 2004; 1:303-312
65. Karpel JP, Kotch A, Zinny M, et al. A comparison of inhaled ipratropium, oral theophylline plus inhaled β-agonist, and the combination of all three in patients with COPD. Chest 1994; 105:1089-1094
66. Barnes PJ, Ito K, Adcock IM. Corticosteroid resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: inactivation of histone deacetylase. Lancet 2004; 363:731-733
67. Rabe K, Bateman E, O'Donnell D, et al. Roflumilast, an oral anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366:563-571
68. Rennard S, Schachter N, Strek M, et al. Cilomilast for COPD: results of a 6-month, placebo controlled study of a potent, selective inhibitor of posphodiesterase 4. Chest 2006; 129:56-66
69. Mahler D, Huang S, Tabrizzi M, et al. Efficacy and safety of a monoclonal antibody recognizing interleukin-8 in COPD: a pilot study. Chest 2004; 126:926-934
70. Rennard S, Fogarty C, Kelsen S, et al. The safety and efficacy of infliximab in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:926-934
71. Vestbo J. The TORCH (Towards a Revolution in COPD Health) survival study protocol. Eur Respir J 2004; 24:206-210
72. Pauwels R, Lofdahl C, Laitinen L, et al. Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1948-1953
73. Vestbo J, Sorensen T, Lange P, et al. Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353:1819-1823
74. Sin DD, Tu JV. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk for mortality and readmission in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:580-584
75. Soriano JB, Vestbo J, Pride N, et al. Survival in COPD patients after regular use of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in general practice. Eur Respir J 2002; 20:819-824
76. Calverley PM, Boonsawat W, Cseke Z, et al. Maintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003; 22:912-919
77. Szafranski W, Cukier A, Ramirez A, et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of COPD. Eur Respir J 2003; 21:74-81
78. 2-agonist and corticosteroids in stable COPD. Chest 2004; 126:220-237
79. Aaron S, Vandemheen KL, Fergusson D, et al. Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146:545-555
80. Petty TL. The National Mucolytic Study: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of iodinated glycerol in chronic obstructive bronchitis. Chest 1990; 97:75-83
81. Decramer M, Rutten-van Molken M, Dekhuijzen PN, et al. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Bronchitis Randomized on NAC Cost-Utility Study, BRONCUS): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365:1552-1560
82. Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CPW, et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106:196-204
83. Saint S, Bent S, Vittinghoff F, et al. Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation: a metaanalysis. JAMA 1995; 273:957-960
84. Stockley R, O'Bryan C, Pie A, et al. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest 2000; 117:1638-1645
85. Miravitlles M. Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Clin Pulm Med 2002; 9:191-197
86. Adams SG, Melo J, Luther M, Anzueto A. Antibiotics are associated with lower relapse rates in outpatients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2000; 117:1345-1352
87. Dirksen A, Dijkman JH, Madsen B, et al. A randomized clinical trial of α(1)-antitrypsin augmentation therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:1468-1472
88. Sandhaus R. α-1-Antitrypsin deficiency: new and emerging therapies for α-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Thorax 2004; 59: 904-909
89. Nichol KL, Baken L, Nelson A. Relation between influenza vaccination and outpatient visits, hospitalization, and mortality in elderly persons with chronic lung disease. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:397-403
90. Nichol KL, Mendelman PM, Mallon KP, et al. Effectiveness of live, attenuated intranasal influenza virus vaccine in healthy, working adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 282:137-144
91. Snider G. Reduction pneumoplasty for giant bullous emphysema: implications for surgical treatment of nonbullous emphysema. Chest 1996; 109:540-548
92. Patterson G, Maurer J, Williams T, et al. Comparison of outcomes of double and single lung transplantation for obstructive lung disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 110:623-632
93. Bando K, Paradis I, Keenan R, et al. Comparison of outcomes after single and bilateral lung transplantation for obstructive lung disease. J Heart Lung Transplant 1995; 14:692-698
94. Orens J, Becker F, Lynch J III, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing following allogeneic lung transplantation for different underlying disease states. Chest 1995; 107:144-149
95. Hosenpud J, Bennett L, Keck B, et al. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: eighteenth official report-2001. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20:805-815
96. Orens JB, Estenne M, Arcasoy S, et al. International guidelines for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2006 update; a consensus report from the Pulmonary Scientific Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25:745-755
97. Cooper J, Patterson G, Sundaresan R, et al. Results of 150 consecutive bilateral lung volume reduction procedures in patients with severe emphysema. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 112:1319-1330
98. Leyenson V, Furukawa S, Kuzma AM, et al. Correlation of changes in quality of life after lung volume reduction surgery with changes in lung function, exercise, and gas exchange. Chest 2000; 118:728-735
99. Geddes D, Davies M, Koyama H, et al. Effect of lung-volume-reduction surgery in patients with severe emphysema. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:239-245
100. Criner G, Cordova G, Furukawa S, et al. Prospective randomized trial comparing bilateral lung volume reduction surgery to pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:2018-2027
101. Flaherty KR, Kazerooni EA, Curtis JL, et al. Short-term and long-term outcomes after bilateral lung volume reduction surgery: prediction by quantitative CT. Chest 2000; 119: 1337-1346
102. 2. Chest 1997; 112:902-906
103. Flaherty KR, Kazerooni EA, Curtis JL, et al. Short-term and long-term outcomes after bilateral lung volume reduction surgery: prediction by quantitative CT. Chest 2001; 119: 1337-1346
104. National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Patients at high risk of death after lung-volume-reduction surgery. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1075-1083
105. Szekely LA, Oelberg DA, Wright C, et al. Preoperative predictors of operative morbidity and mortality in COPD patients undergoing bilateral lung volume reduction surgery. Chest 1997; 111:550-558
106. Glaspole IN, Gabbay E, Smith JA, et al. Predictors of perioperative morbidity and mortality in lung volume reduction surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69:1711-1716
107. Hopkinson NS, Toma TP, Hansell DM, et al. Effect of bronchoscope lung volume reduction on dynamic hyperinflation and exercise in emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 17:453-460
108. Ingenito EP, Loring SG, Moy ML, et al. Comparison of physiological and radiological screening for lung volume reduction surgery Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 1068-1073
109. Ingenito EP, Reilly JJ, Mentzer SJ, et al. Bronchoscopic volume reduction: a safe and effective alternative to surgical therapy for emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:295-301
110. Reilly J, Washko G, Pinto-Plata V, et al. Biological lung volume reduction: a new bronchoscopic therapy for advanced emphysema. Chest 2007; 131:1108-1113
111. Agusti A, Sauleda J, Miralles C, et al. Skeletal muscle apoptosis and weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:485-489
112. Deeramer M, Gosselink R, Troosters T, et al. Muscle weakness is related to utilization of health care resources in COPD patients. Eur Respir J 1997; 10:417-423
113. Reardon J, Awad E, Normandin E, et al. The effect of comprehensive outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation on dyspnea. Chest 1994; 105:1046-1052
114. Goldstein RS, Gork EH, Stubbing D, et al. Randomized controlled trial of respiratory rehabilitation. Lancet 1994; 344:1394-1397
115. Wykstra PJ, Van Altens R, Kraan J, et al. Quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease improves after rehabilitation at home. Eur Respir J 1994; 7:269-273
116. Bendstrup KE, Ingenman Jensen J, Holm S, et al. Outpatient rehabilitation improves activities of daily living, quality of life, and exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1997; 10:2801-2806
117. Griffiths TL, Burr ML, Campbell IA, et al. Results at 1 year of outpatient multidiseiplinary pulmonary rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 355:362-368
118. Guell R, Casan P, Belda J, et al. Long-term effects of outpatient rehabilitation of COPD: a randomized trial. Chest; 2000; 117:976-983
119. Wedzicha JA, Bestall JC, Garrod R, et al. Randomised controlled trial of pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, stratified with the MRC dyspnoea scale. Eur Respir J 1998; 12:363-369
120. Trooster T, Gosselink R, Decramer M. Short and long term effects of outpatients pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Am J Med 2000; 109:207-212
121. Maltais F, LeBlanc P, Simard C, et al. Skeletal muscle adaptation to endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:436-444
122. Ries A, Kaplan R, Myers R, et al. Maintenance after rehabilitation in lung disease: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:880-888
123. Cote CG, Celli BR. Pulmonary rehabilitation and the BODE index in COPD. Eur Respir J 2005; 26:630-636
124. Prigatano GP, Parsons OA, Wright E, et al. Neuropsychologic test performance in mildly hypoxemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Consult Clin Psychol 1983; 51:108-116
125. Grant I, Prigatano GP, Heaton RK, et al. Progressive neuropsychologic impairment and hypoxemia: relationship in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44:999-1006
126. 2 in obstructed patients with mild hypoxemia. J Appl Physiol 1987; 63:195-200
127. Vyas MN, Banister EW, Morton JW, et al. Response to exercise in patients with chronic airway obstruction: II. Effects of breathing 40 percent oxygen. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971; 103:401-412
128. Dean NC, Brown JK, Himelman RB, et al. Oxygen may improve dyspnea and endurance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and only mild hypoxemia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:941-945
129. Rodriguez-Roisin R. Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations. Chest 2000; 117:398s-401s
130. Celli B, Barnes P. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2007; 29:1224-1238
131. Davies L, Angus RM, Calverley PM. Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 345:456-460
132. Thompson WH, Nielson CP, Carvalho P, et al. Controlled trial of oral prednisone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:407-412
133. Nieweohner DE, Erbland ML, Deupree RH, et al. Effect of glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1941-1947
134. Nouira S, Marghli S, Belghith M, et al. Once daily oral ofloxacin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2001; 358:2020-2035
135. Seemungal TAR, Donaldson GC, Paul EA, et al. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J. Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:1418-1422
136. Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, et al. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002; 57:847-852
137. Pinto-Plata V, Livnat G, Girish M, et al. Systemic cytokine, clinical and physiological changes in patients admitted with exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2007; 131:37-43
138. Casanova C, Celli BR, Tost L, et al. Long-term controlled trial of nocturnal nasal positive pressure ventilation in patients with severe COPD. Chest 2000; 118:1582-1590
139. Clinic E, Sturani C, Rossi A, et al. The Italian multicenter study on non-invasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J 2002; 20:529-538
140. Barnes PJ, Shapiro S, Pauwels R. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: molecular and cellular mechanisms. Eur Respir J 2003; 22:672-688
141. Wouters E, Creutzberg E, Schols A. Systemic effects of COPD. Chest 2002; 121:127S-130S