The development of a Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure (GOEM)

Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 55-71

  Petherick, Caroline M ^a,b   Markland, David ^a  

^a BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); Exercise domains; Goal orientations; Self determination theory

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; EXERCISE; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MOTIVATION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 45849139703     PISSN: 1091367X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10913670801903902     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Allender, S., Peta, V., Scarborough, P., Boxer, A., & Raynor, M. (2006). Coronary heart disease statistics. London: BHF.
2. Ames, A. (1984). Competitive, cooperative, and individualistic goal structures: A motivational analysis. In R. E. Ames & C. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education: Student motivation, (pp. 177-207). New York: Academic Press.
3. Ames, A. (1992). Classrooms: Goals, structures and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 261-271.
4. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
5. Biddle, S. J., Duda, J. L., Papaioannou, A., & Harwood, C. G. (2002). Physical education, positivism and optimistic claims from achievement goal theorists: A response to Pringle. Quest, 53, 457-470.
6. Biddle, S., & Goudas, M. (1996). Analysis of children's physical activity and its association with adult encouragement and social cognitive variables. Journal of School Health, 66, 75-78.
7. Bollen, K. A. (1990). Overall fit in covariance structure models: Two types of sample size effects. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 256-259.
8. Byrne, B. M. (1989). A Primer of LISREL: Basic applications and programming for confirmatory factor analytic models. New York: Springer-Verlag.
9. Byrne, B. M. (1994). Testing for the factorial validity, replication, and invariance of a measuring instrument: A paradigmatic application based on the Maslach burnout inventory. Multivariate Behavioural Research, 29, 289-311.
10. Chou, C. P., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Estimation and tests in structural equation modelling. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 37-55). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
11. Conroy, D. E., & Motl, R. W. (2003). Modification, cross-validation, gender invariance, and latent mean differences in the Self-Presentation in Exercise Questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Sciences, 7, 1-18.
12. Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334.
13. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
14. Duda, J. L. (2001). Achievement goal research in sport: Pushing the boundaries and clarifying some misunderstandings. In G. C. Roberts (Ed.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 129-182). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
15. Duda, J. L., & Nicholls, J. G. (1992). Dimensions of achievement motivation in schoolwork and sport. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 290-299.
16. Duda, J. L., & Tappe, M. K. (1988). Predictors of personal investment in physical activity among middle-aged and older adults. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 66, 543-549.
17. Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040-1048.
18. Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273.
19. Elliot, E. S., & Dweck, C. S. (1988). Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 5-12.
20. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
21. Gill, D. L., Williams, L., Dowd, D. A., Beaudoin, C. M., & Martin, J. J. (1996). Competitive orientations and motives of adult sport and exercise participants. Journal of Sport Behavior, 19, 307-318.
22. Harackiewicz, J. M., & Linnenbrisk, E. A. (2005). Multiple achievement goals and multiple pathways for learning: The agenda and impact of Paul R. Pintrich. The Educational Psychologist, 40, 75-84.
23. Hardy, L. (1997). The Coleman Robert Griffith address: Three myths about applied consultancy work. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 277-294.
24. Hardy, L. (1998). Responses to the reactants on three myths in applied consultancy work. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 10, 212-219.
25. Harwood, C. G. (2002). Assessing achievement goals in sport: Caveats for consultants and a case for contextualization. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 380-393.
26. Harwood, C. G., Cumming, J. L., & Fletcher, D. (2004). Motivational profiles and psychological skills usage within elite youth sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 318-332.
27. Harwood, C. G., & Swain, A. B. (2001). The development and activation of achievement goals in tennis: II. A player, parent, and coach intervention. The Sports Psychologist, 15, 319-341.
28. Harwood, C. G., & Swain, A. B. (2002). The development and activation of achievement goals in tennis: II. A player, parent and coach intervention. The Sport Psychologist, 16, 111-138.
29. Hofmann, R. (1995). Establishing factor validity using variable reduction in confirmatory factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55, 572-582.
30. Hu, L. & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications (pp. 76-99). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
31. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
32. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1981). LISREL V: Analysis of linear structural relations by the method of maximum likelihood. Chicago, IL: International Educational Services.
33. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8 user's reference guide. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
34. Kilpatrick, M., Bartholomew, J., & Riemer, H. (2003). The measurement of goal orientations in exercise. Journal of Sport Behavior, 26, 121-136.
35. Leary, M. R. (1992). Self-presentational processes in exercise and sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14, 339-351.
36. Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990). Impression management: A literature review and twocomponent model. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 34-47.
37. Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (1997). Superstars and me: Predicting the importance of role models on the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 91-103.
38. Markland, D., & Ingledew, D. K. (1997). The measurement of exercise motives: Factorial validity and invariance across gender of a revised Exercise Motivations Inventory. British Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 361-376.
39. Markland, D., & Tobin, V. (2004). A modification to the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26, 191-196.
40. Marsh, H. W. (1993). The multidimensional structure of academic self-concept: Invariance over gender and age. American Educational Research Journal, 30, 841-860.
41. Midgley, C., & Urdan, T. (2001). Academic self-handicapping and personal achievement goals: A further examination. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26, 61-75.
42. Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Concepts of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91, 328-346.
43. Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
44. Nicholls, J. G., & Miller, (1984). Reasoning about the ability of self and others: A developmental study. Child Development, 55, 1990-1999.
45. Ntoumanis, N. (2001). Empirical links between achievement goal theory and self-determination theory in sport. Journal of Sport Science, 19, 397-409.
46. Petherick, C. M., & Weigand, D. A. (2002). The relationship of dispositional goal orientations and perceived motivational climates on indices of motivation in male and female swimmers. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 33, 218-237.
47. Rawsthorne, L. J., & Elliot, A. J. (1999). Achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychological Review, 3, 326-344.
48. Roberts, G. C. (1986). The perception of stress: A potential source and its development. In M. R. Weiss and D. R. Gould (Eds.), Sport for children and youths (pp. 119-126). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
49. Roberts, G. C. (2001). Understanding the dynamics of motivation in physical activity. The influence of achievement goals on motivational processes. In G. C. Roberts (Ed.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 1-50). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
50. Roberts, G. C., Treasure, D. C., & Kavussanu, M. (1996). Orthogonality of achievement goals and its relationship to beliefs abut success and satisfaction in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 389-408.
51. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
52. Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507-514.
53. Sheldon, K. M. (2002). The self-concordance model of health goal striving: When personal goals correctly represent the person. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 65-86). Rochester, New York: The University of Rochester Press.
54. Spray, C. M., Biddle, S. J. H., & Fox, K. R. (1999). Achievement goals, beliefs about the causes of success and reported emotions in post-16 physical education. Journal of Sport Sciences, 17, 213-219.
55. Standage, M., & Treasure, D. C. (2002). Relationships among achievement goal orientations and multidimensional situational motivation in physical education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 87-103.
56. Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An internal estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioural Research, 25, 173-180.
57. Wang, C. K. J., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Spray, C. M., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2002). Achievement goal profiles in school physical education: Differences in self-determination, sport ability beliefs, and phsyical activity. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 433-445.
58. White, S. A., & Zellner, S. R. (1996). The relationship between goal orientations, beliefs about causes of sport success, and trait anxiety among high school, intercollegiate, and recreational sport participants. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 58-72.
59. Wood, J. V. (1989). Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 231-248.