Changes in the transition to adulthood in the UK and Canada: The role of structure and agency in emerging adulthood

Journal of Youth Studies

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 251-268

  Côté, James ^a   Bynner, John M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Education or training; Employment; Exclusion; Higher education; Not in employment; Young adulthood

Indexed keywords

EID: 45849103513     PISSN: 13676261     EISSN: 14699680     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13676260801946464     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Allahar, A.L. and Côté, J.E., 1998. Richer and poorer: the structure of social inequality in Canada. Toronto: Lorimer.
2. Aranowitz, S. and Di Fazio, W., 1994. The jobless future. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
3. Arnett, J.J., 2000. Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American psychologist, 55(5), 469-480.
4. Arnett, J.J., 2004. Emerging adulthood: the winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York: Oxford University Press.
5. Arnett, J.J. and Tanner, J.L., eds., 2006. Emerging adults in America: coming of age in the 21st century. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
6. Ashton, D. and Lowe, G., 1991. School to work transitions in comparative perspective. In: D. Ashton and G. Lowe, eds. Making their way: education, training and the labour market in Canada and Britain. Miton Keynes: Open University Press.
7. Ashton, D. and Maguire, M., 1983. The vanishing youth labour market. Occasional paper 3. London: Youthaid.
8. Baethge, M., 1989. Individualization as hope and disaster: a socio-economic perspective. In: K. Hurrelmann and U. Engel, eds. The social world of adolescents. Berlin: de Gruyter.
9. Banks, M., et al., 1992. Careers and identities. Buckingham: Open University Press.
10. Beck, U., 1992. Risk society. London: Sage.
11. Beck, U., Giddens, A., and Lash, S., 1994. Reflexive modernisation: politics, tradition and aesthetics in the modern social order. Cambridge: Polity Press.
12. Bertram, H., 2000. Adversity and challenge in life in the new Germany and in England. In: J. Bynner and R. K. Silbereisen, eds. Adversity and challenge in life in the new Germany and in England. London: Macmillan.
13. Bosanquet, N., Haldeby, A., Hoskin, P. and Rainbow, H., 2007. Class of 2007: inaction sinks the IPOD generation. Report by the London Think Tank, Reform. Available from: www.reform.co.uk/filestore/ [Accessed 9 February 2007].
14. Bowlby, G., 2000. The school-to-work transition. Perspectives, Spring, 43-48, Statistics Canada Catalogue Number 75-001-XPE.
15. Bronfenbrenner, U., 1979. The ecology of human development; experiments by nature and by design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16. Bynner, J., 1999. New routes to employment: integration and exclusion. In: From education to work: cross-national perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. Bynner, J., 2001. British youth transitions in comparative perspective. Journal of youth studies, 4, 5-23.
18. Bynner, J., 2005. Reconstructing the youth phase of the life course: the case of emerging adulthood. Journal of youth studies, 8, 367-384.
19. Bynner, J. and Joshi, H., 2007. Building the evidence base from longitudinal data. Innovation. the European journal of social science research, 20 (2), 159-179.
20. Bynner, J. and Parsons, S., 2002. Social exclusion and the transition from school to work: the case of young people not in education, employment or training (NEET). Journal of vocational behaviour, 60, 289-309.
21. Bynner, J. and Roberts, K., eds., 1991. Youth and work: transition to employment in England and Germany. London: Anglo German Foundation.
22. Catan, L., 2004. Becoming adult: changing youth transitions in the 21st century. Brighton: Trust for the Study of Adolescence.
23. Chisholm, L., 1995. Conclusion: Europe, Europeanisation and young people: a triad of confusing images. In: A. Cavalli and O. Galland, eds. Youth in Europe. London: Pinter.
24. Clark, W., 1998. Religious observance: marriage and family. Canadian social trends, Autumn, 2-7.
25. Clark, W., 2007. Delayed transitions of young adults. Canadian social trends, September, 13-21.
26. Collins, R., 1979. The credential society. New York: Academic Press.
27. Côté, J.E., 2000. Arrested adulthood: the changing nature of maturity and identity. New York: New York University Press.
28. Côté, J.E., 2002. The role of identity capital in the transition to adulthood: the individualization thesis examined. Journal of youth studies, 5, 117-134.
29. Côté, J.E., 2006. Emerging adulthood as an institutionalized moratorium: risks and benefits to identity formation. In: J. J. Arnett and J. Tanner, eds. Emerging adults in America: coming of age in the 21st century. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
30. Côté, J.E., 2007. Changing dynamics of youth integration/inclusion in Canada: emerging pressures. Ottawa, Canada: Policy Research Initiative.
31. Côté, J.E. and Allahar, A., 1996. Generation on hold: coming of age in the late twentieth century. New York: New York University Press.
32. Côté, J.E. and Allahar, A., 2006. Critical youth studies: a Canadian focus. Toronto: Pearson Education.
33. Côté, J.E. and Allahar, A., 2007. Ivory tower blues: a university system in crisis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
34. Elder, G.H., Jr., 1974. Children of the great depression: social change in life experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
35. Elder, G.H., 1991. Lives and social change. In: W. R. Heinz, ed. Theoretical advances in life course research. Weinhiem: Deutscher Studien Verlag.
36. Elder, G.H., 1998. The life course and human development. In: R.M. Lerner, ed. Handbook of child psychology,Volume 1: theoretical models of human development. New York: Wiley.
37. Erikson, E.H., 1968. Identity: youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
38. European Commission Fourth Framework Programme. 1995. Targeted socio-economic research. Available from: http://cordis.europa.eu/tser/home. html [Accessed 5 October 2007].
39. Evans, K. and Furlong, A., 1997. Metaphors of youth transitions: niches, pathways, trajectories or navigations. In: J. Bynner, L. Chisholm and A. Furlong, eds. Youth, citizenship and social change. Aldershot: Ashgate.
40. Evans, K. and Heinz, W.R., 1994. Transitions, careers and destinations. In: K. Evans and W.R. Heinz, eds. Becoming adults in England and Germany. London: Anglo-German Foundation.
41. Ferri, E., Bynner, J. and Wadsworth, M.E., eds., 2003. Changing Britain, changing lives: three generations at the turn of the century. London: Institute of Education, Bedford Way Papers.
42. Frankl, V., 1962. Man's search for meaning: an introduction to logotherapy. New York: Simon and Schuster.
43. Furlong, A. and Cartmel, F., 1997. Young people and social change: Individualization and risk in late modernity. Buckingham: Open University Press.
44. Furlong, A. and Cartmel, F., 2007. Young people and social change: Individualization and risk in late modernity. 2nd ed. Buckingham: Open University Press.
45. Furlong, A., et al., 2003. Youth transitions: patterns of vulnerability and processes of social inclusion. Report to the Scottish Executive. Available from: www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2003/10/18348/27999.
46. Galland, O., 1995. What is youth? In: A Cavalli and O. Galland, eds. Youth in Europe. London: Pinter.
47. Giddens, A., 1984. The constitution of society. Oxford: Blackwell.
48. Hall, G.S., 1904. Adolescence. New York: Appleton.
49. Hamilton, S.F. and Hamilton, M.A., 2006. School, work, and emerging adulthood. In: J.J. Arnett and J. Tanner, eds. Emerging adults in America: coming of age in the 21st century.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
50. Hango, D. and de Broucker, P., 2007. Education-to-labour market pathways of Canadian youth: findings from the Youth in Transition Survey. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics Research Papers.
51. Heinz, W.R., 1991. Status passages, social risks and the life course: a conceptual framework. In: W.R. Heinz, ed. Theoretical advances in life course research. Volume I status passages and the life course. Weinheim: Deutscher Studien Verlag.
52. Heinz, W.R., 2007. 'The many faces of emerging adulthood: social pathways from youth to adulthood. Paper presented at the 3rd Conference on Emerging Adulthood, Tucson, AZ.
53. Hendry, L. and Kloep, M., 2007a. Emerging adulthood or eternal youth? A European perspective. Paper presented at the 3rd Conference on Emerging Adulthood, Tucson, AZ.
54. Hendry, L.B. and Kloep, M., 2007b. Conceptualizing emerging adulthood: inspecting the emperor's new clothes? Child development perspectives, 1 (2), 74-79.
55. Hutton, W., 1995. The state we are in. London: Jonathan Cape.
56. Jones, G., 2002. The youth divide: diverging paths to adulthood. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
57. Jones, G. and Wallace, C., 1992. Youth, family and citizenship. Buckingham: Open University Press.
58. Lerner., R., 2002. Concepts and theories of human development. 3rd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
59. Montgomery, M. and Côté, J.E., 2003. The transition to university: outcomes and adjustments. In: G. Adams and M. Berzonsky, eds. The Blackwell handbook of adolescence. Oxford: Blackwell.
60. Morris, M. and Western, B., 1999. Inequality in earnings at the close of the twentieth century. Annual review of sociology, 25, 623-657.
61. Reifman, A., Arnett, J.J., and Colwell, M.J., 2007. Emerging adulthood: theory, assessment and application. Journal of youth development: bridging research & practice, 2 (1), 1-12.
62. Rifkin, J., 1995. The end of work. New York: G.P. Putman's Sons.
63. Roberts, K. and Parsell, G., 1989. Recent changes in the pathways from school to work. In: K. Hurrelmann and U. Engel, eds. The social world of adolescents. New York: de Gruyter.
64. Roberts, K., Clark, S.C., and Wallace, C., 1994. Flexibility and individualization: a comparison of transitions into employment in England and Germany. Sociology, 20, 31-54.
65. Schwartz, S., Côté, J.E., and Arnett, J.J., 2005. Identity and agency in emerging adulthood: two developmental routes in the individualization process. Youth and society, 37 (2), 201-229.
66. Social Exclusion Unit, 1999. Bridging the gap. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. Available from: http://www.socialexclusionunit.gov. uk/ [Accessed 3 September 2007].
67. Statistics Canada, 2003a. 2001 census: analysis series income of Canadian families. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue Number 96F0030XIE2001014.
68. Statistics Canada, 2003b. 2001 census: analysis series religion in Canada. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue Number 96F0030XIE2001015.
69. Statistics Canada, 2006. Social indicators: income. Canadian Social Trends, Winter, 54.
70. Stern, D., Finkelstein, N., Latting, J., and Dornsife, C., 1995. School to work: research on programs in the United States. Bristol, PA: Falmer Press.
71. Tannock, S., 2001. Youth at work: the unionized fast-food and grocery workplace. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
72. UK Office of National Statistics, 2007. Annual survey of hours and earnings, 1995, 2005 and 2006. London: UK Office of National Statistics.
73. Wallace, C., 1987. For richer or poorer: growing up in and out of work. London: Tavistock.
74. Wolf, A., 2002. Does education matter? Myths about education and economic growth. London: Penguin.