Identity and agency in emerging adulthood: Two developmental routes in the individualisation process

Youth and Society

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 201-229

  Schwartz, Seth J ^a   Côté, James E ^b   Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

Agency; Emerging adulthood; Ethnicity; Identity

Indexed keywords

EID: 28744454045     PISSN: 0044118X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0044118X05275965     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Arnett, J. J. (1994). Are college students adults? Their conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 1, 213-224.
2. Arnett, J. J. (1998). Learning to stand alone: The contemporary American transition to adulthood in cultural and historical context. Human Development, 41, 295-315.
3. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480.
4. Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York: Oxford University Press.
5. Arnett, J. J., & Taber, S. (1994). Adolescence terminable and interminable: When does adolescence end? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 23, 517-537.
6. Arnett, J. J., & Tanner, J. (Eds.), (in press). Growing into adulthood: The lives and contexts of emerging adults. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
7. Balistreri, E., Busch-Rossnagel, N. A., & Geisinger, K. F. (1995). Development and preliminary validation of the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire. Journal of Adolescence, 18, 179-190.
8. Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44, 1175-1184.
9. Bauman, Z. (2001). The individualized society. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
10. Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage.
11. Bennion, L. D., & Adams, G. R. (1986). A revision of the extended version of the Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status: An identity instrument for use with late adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 1, 183-198.
12. Berzonsky, M. D. (1989). Identity style: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4, 267-281.
13. Berzonsky, M. D. (1997). Identity Style Inventory, version 3. Unpublished measure, State University of New York, Cortland.
14. Berzonsky, M. D., & Adams, G. R. (1999). Reevaluating the identity status paradigm: Still useful after 35 years. Developmental Review, 19, 557-590.
15. Berzonsky, M. D., Macek, P., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2003). Interrelationships among identity process, content, and structure: A cross-cultural investigation. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18, 112-130.
16. Berzonsky, M. D., & Neimeyer, G. J. (1994). Ego identity status and identity processing orientation: The mediating role of commitment. Journal of Research in Personality, 28, 425-435.
17. Berzonsky, M. D., Nurmi, J.-E., Kinney, A., & Tammi, K. (1999). Identity processing style and cognitive attributional strategies: Similarities and difference across different contexts. European Journal of Personality, 13, 105-120.
18. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
19. Côté, J. E. (1984). The identity crisis: A formulation and empirical test of Erikson's theory of ego identity formation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, York University, Ontario, Canada.
20. Côté, J. E. (1997). An empirical test of the identity capital model. Journal of Adolescence, 20, 421-437.
21. Côté, J.E. (2000). Arrested adulthood: The changing nature of maturity and identity. New York: New York University Press.
22. Côté, J. E. (2002). The role of identity capital in the transition to adulthood: The individualization thesis examined. Journal of Youth Studies, 5(2), 117-134.
23. Côté, J. E., & Levine, C. G. (2002). Identity formation, agency, and culture: A social psychological synthesis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
24. Côté, J. E., & Schwartz, S. J. (2002). Comparing psychological and sociological approaches to identity: Identity status, identity capital, and the individualization process. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 571-586.
25. Day, J. C. (1996). Population projections of the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Current Population Report P25-1130). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
26. Ehrsensaft, M. K., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E., Chen, H., & Johnson, J. G. (2003). Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: A 20-year prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 741-753.
27. Emirbayer, M., & Mische, A. (1998). What is agency? American Journal of Sociology, 103, 962-1023.
28. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
29. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
30. Evans, K., & Heinz, W. R. (1994). Becoming adults in England and Germany. London: Anglo-German Foundation.
31. Fornell, C. R., & Lacker, D. F. (1981). Two structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50.
32. Furlong, A., & Cartmel, F. (1997). Young people and social change: Individualization and risk in late modernity. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
33. Goossens, L. (2001). Global versus domain-specific statuses in identity research: A comparison of two self-report measures. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 681-699.
34. Grotevant, H. D., Thorbecke, W., & Meyer, M. L. (1982). An extension of Marcia's Identity Status Interview into the interpersonal domain. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 11, 33-47.
35. Hagan, J., & Foster, H. (2003). S/he's a rebel: Toward a sequential stress theory of delinquency and gendered pathways to disadvantage in emerging adulthood. Social Forces, 82, 53-86.
36. Halperin, S. (Ed.). (2001). The forgotten half revisited: American youth and young families, 1988-2008. Washington, DC: American Youth Policy Forum.
37. Holmstrom, L. L., Karp, D. A., & Gray, P. S. (2002). Why laundry, not Hegel? Class, transition to college, and pathways to adulthood. Symbolic Interaction, 25, 437-462.
38. Kelly, G. A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton.
39. Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.
40. Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 551-558.
41. Schwartz, B. (2000). Self-determination: The tyranny of freedom. American Psychologist, 55, 79-88.
42. Schwartz, B. (2004, January 23). The tyranny of choice. Chronicle of Higher Education, 50(20), p. B6.
43. Schwartz, S. J. (2001). The evolution of Eriksonian and neo-Eriksonian identity theory and research: A review and integration. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 1, 7-58.
44. Schwartz, S. J. (2002). In search of mechanisms of change in identity development: Integrating the constructivist and discovery perspectives on identity. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2, 317-339.
45. Schwartz, S. J., & Montgomery, M. J. (2002). Similarities or differences in identity development? The impact of acculturation and gender on identity process and outcome. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 359-372.
46. Schwartz, S. J., Montgomery, M. J., & Briones, E. (2005). Acculturation and identity among immigrant people: Theoretical propositions, empirical questions, and applied recommendations. Manuscript submitted for publication.
47. Shanahan, M. J. (2000). Pathways to adulthood in changing societies: Variability and mechanisms in life course perspective. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 667-692.
48. Sneed, J. R., Schwartz, S. J., Cross, W. E., Jr. (in press). A multicultural critique of Eriksonian-based research and theory: A call for the integration of ethnic and racial identity theories. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research.
49. U.S. Census Bureau. (2001). Statistical abstract of the United States, 2000. Washington, DC: Author.
50. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights. (2002). Annual report, 2002. Retrieved March 1,2003, from www.ed.gov/offices/OCR/minorityinst- col-ny.html
51. van Hoof, A. (1999). The identity status field re-reviewed: An update of unresolved and neglected issues with a view on some alternative approaches. Developmental Review, 19, 497-556.
52. Wallace, C., & Kovatcheva, S. (1998). Youth in society: The construction anddeconstruction of youth in East and West Europe. London: Macmillan.
53. Waterman, A. S. (1999). Identity, the identity statuses, and identity status development: A contemporary statement. Developmental Review, 19, 591-621.
54. White, N. R. (2003). Changing conceptions: Young people's views of partnering and parenting. Journal of Sociology, 39(2), 149-164.