Female-specific issues in multiple sclerosis

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 969-977

  Ghezzi, Angelo ^a   Zaffaroni, Mauro ^a  

^a Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla   (Italy)

Author keywords

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Hormone replacement therapy; Immunomodulator; Immunosuppressant; Multiple sclerosis; Oral contraceptive; Post partum delivery; Pregnancy; Sexual hormone

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; AZATHIOPRINE; BACLOFEN; BENZODIAZEPINE; BETA INTERFERON; BETA1A INTERFERON; CARBAMAZEPINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DANTROLENE; ESTRIOL; ESTROGEN; GABAPENTIN; GLATIRAMER; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INTERFERON BETA SERINE; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MITOXANTRONE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; OXYBUTYNIN; PEMOLINE; PHENYTOIN; POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; PROGESTERONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TESTOSTERONE; TIZANIDINE; TOLTERODINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; AMENORRHEA; ANENCEPHALUS; BRAIN ATROPHY; BREAST FEEDING; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COLIC; CONGENITAL DISORDER; CONGENITAL HEART MALFORMATION; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; CRANIOFACIAL MALFORMATION; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOWN SYNDROME; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; FATIGUE; FEEDING DISORDER; FEMALE; FEMALE FERTILITY; FERTILITY; FETUS DEATH; FETUS GROWTH; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GYNECOLOGIC CANCER; HORMONAL REGULATION; HORMONAL THERAPY; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYDROCEPHALUS; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOREGULATION; INCONTINENCE; INDUCED ABORTION; INGROWN NAIL; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT; LACTATION; LIMB MALFORMATION; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; LOW DRUG DOSE; MALE; MENINGOMYELOCELE; MENOPAUSE; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; MENSTRUATION; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEUROPROTECTION; PAIN; PATHOLOGICAL CRYING; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREMATURE LABOR; PREMATURITY; PROGNOSIS; PUBERTY; RECURRENCE RISK; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIDE EFFECT; SOMNOLENCE; SPASTICITY; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; STILLBIRTH; SURVIVAL RATE; THROMBOSIS; UTERUS MYOMA; WOMEN'S HEALTH; X CHROMOSOME ABERRATION;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

EID: 45749141159     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.6.969     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Kantarci O, Wingerchuk D. Epidemiology and natural history of multiple sclerosis: new insights. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 19, 248-254 (2006).
2. Duquette P, Pleines J, Girard M et al. The increased susceptibility of women to multiple sclerosis. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 19, 466-471 (1992).
3. Ghezzi A. Clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis with early onset. Neurol. Sci. 25, S336-S339 (2004).
4. Hawkins SA, McDonnell GV. Benign multiple sclerosis? Clinical course, long term follow up, and assessment of prognostic factors. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 67, 148-152 (1999).
5. Sloka JS, Pryse-Phillips WE, Stefanelli M. The relation between menarche and the age of first symptoms in a multiple sclerosis cohort. Mult. Scler. 12, 333-339 (2006).
6. Sadovnick AD, Yee IM, Ebers GC. Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Factors influencing sib risks for multiple sclerosis. Clin. Genet. 58, 431-435 (2000).
7. Dwosh E, Guimond C, Sadovnik AD. Reproductive counselling for MS: a rationale. Int. MS J. 10, 52-59 (2003).
8. Kantarci OH, Barcellos LF, Atkinson EJ et al. Men transmit MS more often to their children vs women. Neurology 67(2), 305-310 (2006).
9. Herrera BM, Ramagopalan SV, Orton S et al. Parental trasmission of MS in a population-based cohort Neurology 69, 1202-1203 (2007).
10. Mayr WT, Pittock SJ, McClellands RL et al. Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1985-2000, Neurology 61, 1373-1377 (2003).
11. Runmarker B, Andersen O. Prognostic factors in a multiple sclerosis incidence cohort with twenty-five years of follow-up. Brain 116, 117-134 (1993).
12. Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Adeleine P. Early clinical predictors and progression of irreversible disability in multiple sclerosis: an amnesic process. Brain 126, 770-782 (2003).
13. Savettieri G, Messina D, Andreoli V et al. Gender-related effect of clinical and genetic variables on the cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. 251, 1208-1214 (2004).
14. Thompson AJ, Polman CH, Miller DH et al. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 120, 1085-1096 (1997).
15. Sumelahti ML, Tienari PJ, Wikstrom J et al. Survival of multiple sclerosis in Finland between 1964 and 1993. Mult. Scler. 8, 350-355 (2002).
16. Orton S-M, Herrera B M, Yee IM et al. Canadian Collaborative Study Group sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: a longitudinal study. Lancet Neurol. 5, 932-936 (2006).
17. Devonshire V, Duquette P, Dwosh et al. The immune system and hormones: review and relevance to pregnancy and contraception in women with MS. Int. MS J. 10, 61-66 (2003).
18. Robertson SA, Seamark RF, Gilbert LJ, Wegmann TG The role of cytokines in Gestation. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 14, 239-292 (1994).
19. Confavreux C, Hutchinson M, Hours M. Pregnancy in multiple sclerosis group. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 285-291 (1998).
20. Delicostantinos G. Effects of prostaglandin E2 and progesterone in rat brain synaprosomal plasma membranes. Ciba Found. Symp. 153, 190-205 (1990).
21. Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Bakalov VK et al. 1L-2, TNF-α and hormonal changes during late pregnancy and hearly post-partum: implications for autoimmune disease activity during these times. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 4933-4938 (2001).
22. Zorgrager A, De Keyser J. The premestrual period and exacerbations in multiple sclerosis. Eur. Neurol. 48, 204-206 (2002).
23. Zordrager A, De Kayser J. Menstrually related worsening of symptoms in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 149, 95-97 (1997).
24. Glesser B, Bergen R, Akporiaye E. Clinical status in multiple sclerosis does not change with the menstrual cycle. J. Neurol. 246, 1-90 (1999).
25. Pozzilli C, Falaschi P, Maniero C et al. MRI in multiple sclerosis during the menstrual cycle: relationship with sex hormone patterns. Neurology 53, 622-624 (1999).
26. Tomassini V, Onesti E, Mainero C et al. Sex hormones modulate brain damage in multiple sclerosis: MRI evidence. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 76, 272-275 (2005).
27. van den Broek H, Damoiseaux J, De Baets MH, Hupperts R The influence of sex hormones on cytokines in multipla sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a review. Mult. Scler. 11, 349-359 (2005).
28. Jansson L, Olsson T, Holmdahl R. Estrogen induces a potent suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and collagen-induced arthritis in mice. J. Neuroimmunol. 53, 203-207 (1994).
29. Liu HB, Loo KK, Palaszynski K et al. Estrogen receptor ? mediates estrogen's immune protection in autoimmune protection in autoimmune diseases. J. Immunol. 171, 6936-6940 (2003).
30. Palaszynski KM, Look KK, Ashouri JF et al. Androgens are protective in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: implications for the multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimunol. 146, 144-152 (2004).
31. Smith R, Studd JW. A pilot study of the effect upon multiple sclerosis and menopause4, gormone replacement therapy and the mestrual cycle. J. R. Soc. Med. 85, 612-613 (1992).
32. LeBlanc ES, Janowsky J, Chan BK, Nelson HD. Hormone replacement therapy and cognition: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 285, 1489-1499 (2001).
33. Alonso A, Jick SS, Olek MJ et al. Recent use of oral contraceptives and the risk of multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 62, 1362-1365 (2005).
34. Sicotte NL, Live SM, Klutch R et al. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the pregnancy hormone estriol. Ann. Neurol. 52, 421-428 (2002).
35. Hutchinson M. Oestrogen therapy for multiple sclerosis: not the way forward. Int. MS J. 10(3), 98 (2003).
36. Sicotte NL, Giesser BS, Tandon V et al. Testosterone treatment in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Arch. Neurol. 64, 683-688 (2007).
37. Villard-Mackintosh L, Vessey MP. Oral contraceptives and reproductive factors in multiple sclerosis incidence. Contraception 47, 161-168 (1993).
38. Thorogood M, Hannaford PC. The influence of oral contraceptives on the risk of multiple sclerosis. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 105, 1296-1299 (1998).
39. Herman MA, Hohol MJ, Olek MJ et al. Oral contraceptives and the incidence of multiple sclerosis Neurology 55, 848-854 (2000).
40. Cavalla P, Rovei V, Masera S et al. Fertility in patients with multiple sclerosis: current knowledge and future perspectives. Neurol. Sci. 27, 231-239 (2006).
41. Runmarker B, Andersen O. Pregnancy is associated with a lower risk of onset and a better prognosis in multiple sclerosis. Brain 118, 235-261 (1995).
42. Cohen BA, Mikol DD. Mitoxantrone treatment of multiple sclerosis: safety considerations. Neurology 63(Suppl. 6), S28-S32 (2004).
43. Marrosu MG, Musu L, Massole S et al. Effetti del mitoxantrone sulla fertilità nella sclerosi multipla - Studio FEMIMS (FErtility and Mitoxantrone In MS). Neurol. Sci. 26, S27-S30 (2005).
44. Ferrero S, Pretta S, Ragni N. Multiple sclerosis: management issues during pregnancy. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 115, 3-9 (2004).
45. Zaffaroni M, Ghezzi A. The prognostic value of age, gender, pregnancy and endocrine factors in multiple sclerosis. Neurol. Sci. 2, S857-S860 (2000).
46. Vukusic S, Hutchinson M, Hours M et al. Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis (the PRIMS study): clinical predictors of post-partum relapse. Brain 127, 1353-1360 (2004).
47. DeSeze J, Chapelotte M, Delalande S et al. Intravenous corticosteroids in the post-partum period for reduction of acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 10, 596-597 (2004).
48. Achiron A, Kishner I, Dolev M et al. Effect of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of pregnancy and postpartum-related relapses in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. 251, 1133-1137 (2004).
49. POPARTMUS study. Anounced at: ECTRIMS 2007. Prague, Czech Republic, 14-17 October, 2007.
50. Dwosh E, Guimond C, Duquette P, Sadovnik AD. The interaction of MS and pregnancy: a critical review. Int. MS J. 10, 38-42 (2003).
51. Dahl J, Myhr KM, Daltveit AK et al. Pregnancy, delivery and birth outcome in women with multiple sclerosis Neurology 65, 1961-1963 (2005).
52. Boskovic R, Wide R, Wolpin J et al. The reproductive effects of β interferon therapy in pregnancy: a longitudinal study. Neurology 65, 807-811 (2005).
53. Portaccio E, Ghezzi A, Rizzo A et al. Pregnancy outcomes during therapy with interferon-β in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. S54 (2007).
54. Nelson LM, Franklin GM, Jones MC. Risk of multiple sclerosis exacerbation during pregnancy and breast-feeding. JAMA 259, 3441-3443 (1988).
55. Compston A. Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 359, 1221-1231 (2002).
56. Park-Wyllie L, Mazzotta P, Pastuszak A et al. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology 62, 385-392 (2000).
57. Tremlett HL, Oger J. Ten years of adverse drug reaction reports for the multiple sclerosis immunomodulatory therapies: a Canadian prospective. Mult. Scler. 14(1), 94-105 (2008).
58. Coyle PK. Gender issues. Neurol. Clin. 23, 39-60 (2005).
59. Sandberg-Wollheim M, Frank D, Goodwin TM et al. Pregnancy outcomes during treatment with interferon β-1a in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 65(6), 802-806 (2005).
60. Temprano KK, Bandlamudi R, Moore TL. Antireumatic drugs in pregnancy and lactation. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 35, 112-121 (2005).
61. Ferrero S, Esposito F. Pretta S, Ragni N. Fetal risks related to treatment of multiple sclerosis during pregnancy and breastfeeding Expert Rev. Neurother. 6, 1823-1831 (2006).
62. De Santis M, Straface G, Cavaliere AF et al. The first case of mitoxantrone exposure in early pregnancy. Neurotoxicology 28(3), 696-697 (2007).
63. Kumar AR et al. Transfer of interferon ? into human breast milk. J. Hum. Lact. 16, 226-228 (2000).
64. Secondary Progressive Efficacy Clinical Trial of Recombinant Interferon-β-1ain MS (SPECTRIMS) Study Group. Randomized controlled trial of interferon-β-1a in secondary progressive MS: Clinical results. Neurology 56, 1496-1504 (2001).
65. Drugs in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding www.perinatology.com/exposures/ druglist.htm
66. WHO library database www.who.int/publications/en
67. Perinatology.com www.perinatology.com