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Early comprehensive studies on podands clearly demonstrated the possibility of open-chain analogues of crown ethers to complex with metal ions and generate folded structures. Several workers exploited such metal-ion-induced folding to modulate photophysical behavior in small molecules. For comprehensive reviews, see: a) F. Vogtle, E. Weber, Angew. Chem. 1979, 91, 813; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1979, 18, 753;
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Early comprehensive studies on podands clearly demonstrated the possibility of open-chain analogues of crown ethers to complex with metal ions and generate folded structures. Several workers exploited such metal-ion-induced folding to modulate photophysical behavior in small molecules. For comprehensive reviews, see: a) F. Vogtle, E. Weber, Angew. Chem. 1979, 91, 813; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1979, 18, 753;
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note
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Experimental details regarding the synthesis and characterization of the monomer and the polymer are available in the Supporting Information.
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note
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In contrast, the homopolyimide, which is devoid of the naphthalene unit, prepared from simple amine terminated oligoethylene glycol and pyromellitic dianhydride, is white in colour.
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note
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1,5-Dimethoxynaphthalene was used as the model donor and the pyromellitic diimide prepared from pyromellitic dianhydride with 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxylethylene amine was used as the model acceptor.
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32
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0042267047
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For examples of small molecule systems in which enhanced charge-transfer complexation results from linking of the donor and acceptor units, see: a) N. C. Yang, Y. Gaoni, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 5022;
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b) J. W. Verhoeven, I. P. Drikx, T. J. Deboer, Tetrahedron Lett. 1966, 7, 439;
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note
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A similar variation in the chemical shift of the acceptor protons, going through a maximum with increasing solvent polarity was noticed, which confirms the initial decrease prior to the increase in the apparent association constant. Detailed NMR spectral evolution as a function of solvent composition is included in the Supporting Information.
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38
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Similar upfield shifts of the signals for the donor and acceptor protons upon charge-transfer complex formation was previously reported, and may be ascribed to the perturbation of the aromatic ring current causing a shielding effect: a) Y. Nakamura, S. Minami, K. Iizuka, J. Nishimura, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 3266; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3158; see also reference [9c]
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39
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0041810191
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see also reference [9c]
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Similar upfield shifts of the signals for the donor and acceptor protons upon charge-transfer complex formation was previously reported, and may be ascribed to the perturbation of the aromatic ring current causing a shielding effect: a) Y. Nakamura, S. Minami, K. Iizuka, J. Nishimura, Angew. Chem. 2603, 115, 3266; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3158; see also reference [9c].
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3CN (1:1 v/v). In contrast, there was no change in the chemical shifts in the case of a mixture of the model compounds at the same concentration.
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41
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note
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The program EQNMR version 2.10 was used to calculate the K values from the variation of the chemical shift of the acceptor proton. (Freeware developed by M. J. Hynes, Chemistry Department, University College, Galway, Ireland). It is evident that the association constant does not directly parallel the extent of change seen in either the charge-transfer absorbance or the chemical shift. It may be reasoned that the extent of change experienced by the donor and acceptor units (both in their NMR and UV/Vis spectra), owing to metal-ion complexation by the loop, would greatly depend on the final geometry of the donor-acceptor complex. Thus, formation of a strong complex with the metal ion need not necessarily bring the donor and acceptor units in the optimum geometry for most effective charge-transfer interaction. Further studies are currently being done on model conor-acceptor oligomers to gain better insight into these aspects.
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+. A similar variation was reported by Vogtle and co-workers in the case of podands (see reference [11a]). All the spectral variations are included in the Supporting Information.
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