Phylogenetic analysis of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) based on DNA sequences from three nuclear genes, and a review of the higher classification

Systematic Entomology

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 238-260

  Downie, D A ^a,b   Gullan, P J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b RHODES UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA; EVOLUTION; PHYLOGENY;

ACLERDA; ACLERDIDAE; AMONOSTHERIUM; ANISOCOCCUS; ANTONINA; APIS; BALANOCOCCUS; BETAPROTEOBACTERIA; CHAETOCOCCUS; CHAETOCOCCUS BAMBUSAE; COCCOIDEA; DROSOPHILA; DYSMICOCCUS; FERRISIA; GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA; GREWIACOCCUS; HELIOCOCCUS; HEMIPTERA; HEXAPODA; HOMOPTERA; ICERYA; INSECTA; MACONELLICOCCUS; MARGARODIDAE; NIPAECOCCUS; PARACOCCUS; PARAPUTO; PHENACOCCUS; PLANOCOCCOIDES; PLANOCOCCUS; PROTEOBACTERIA; PSEUDOCOCCIDAE; PSEUDOCOCCUS; PUTO; PUTOIDAE; STERNORRHYNCHA; TRIONYMUS; VRYBURGIA;

EID: 4544365021     PISSN: 03076970     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0307-6970.2004.00241.x     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Afifi, S.A. (1968) Morphology and taxonomy of the adult males of the families Pseudococcidae and Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Supplement, 13, 1-210.
2. Banks, H.J., Cameron, D.W. & Raverty, W.D. (1976) Chemistry of the Coccoidea. II. Condensed polycyclic pigments from two Australian pseudococcids (Hemiptera). Australian Journal of Chemistry, 29, 1509-1521.
3. Beardsley, J.W. (1962) Descriptions and notes on male mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 28(1961), 81-98.
4. Beardsley, J.W. (1969) A new fossil scale insect from Canadian amber. Psyche, 76, 270-279.
5. Belshaw, R. & Quicke, D.L.J. (1997) A molecular phylogeny of the Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 7, 281-293.
6. Ben-Dov, Y. (1990) Classification of diaspidoid and related Coccoidea. Armored Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. World Crop Pests, Vol. 4A (ed. by D. Rosen), pp. 97-128. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
7. Ben-Dov, Y. (1994) A Systematic Catalogue of the Mealybugs of the World (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Intercept, Andover.
8. Ben-Dov, Y. & German, V. (2003) Pseudococcidae. ScaleNet: a Database of the Scale Insects of the World (ed. by Y. Ben-Dov, D.R. Miller and G.A.P. Gibson). http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm.
9. Ben-Dov, Y., Miller, D.R. & Gibson, G.A.P. (2003) ScaleNet: a Database of the Scale Insects of the World. http://www.sel.barc. usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm.
10. Bink-Moenen, R.M. & Mound, L.A. (1990) Whiteflies: diversity, biosystematics and evolutionary patterns. Whiteflies: Their Bionomics. Pest Status and Management (ed. by D. Gerling), pp. 1-11. Intercept, Andover.
11. Brown, S.W. & Cleveland, C. (1968) Meiosis in the male of Puto albicans (Coccoidea-Homoptera). Chromosoma, 24, 210-232.
12. Buchner, P. (1965) Endosymbiosis of Animals with Plant Microorganisms. Interscience, New York.
13. Charles, J.G., Froud, K.J. & Henderson, R.C. (2000) Morphological variation and mating compatibility within mealybugs Pseudococcus calceolariae and P. similans (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and a new synonymy. Systematic Entomology, 25, 285-294.
14. Cho, S., Mitchell, A., Regier, J.C., Mitter, C., Poole, R.W., Friedlander, T.P. & Zhao, S. (1995) A highly conserved nuclear gene for low-level phylogenetics: elongation factor 1-alpha recovers morphology-based tree for heliothine moths. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 12, 650-656.
15. Cook, L.G., Gullan, P.J. & Trueman, H.E. (2002) A preliminary phylogeny of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) based on nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 25, 43-52.
16. Cox, J.M. (1983) An experimental study of morphological variation in mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Systematic Entomology, 8, 361-382.
17. Cox, J.M. (1987) Pseudococcidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 11, 1-230.
18. Cox, J.M. & Pearce, M.J. (1983) Wax produced by dermal pores in three species of mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 12, 235-248.
19. Cunningham, C.W. (1997) Can three incongruence tests predict when data should be combined? Molecular Biology and Evolution, 14, 733-740.
20. Danforth, B.N. & Ji, S. (1998) Elongation factor 1-α occurs as two copies in bees: implications for phylogenetic analysis of EF-1-α in insects. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 15, 225-235.
21. Danzig, E.M. (1980) Coccids of the Far East USSR (Homoptera, Coccinea) with Phylogenetic Analysis of Scale Insect Fauna of the World. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).
22. Danzig, E.M. & Miller, D.R. (1996) A systematic revision of the mealybug genus Trabutina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Israel Journal of Entomology, 30, 7-46.
23. Darlu, P. & Lecointre, G. (2002) When does the Incongruence Length Difference test fail? Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19, 432-437.
24. De Lotto, G. (1969) The mealybugs of South Africa (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), II. Entomology Memoirs, Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Republic of South Africa Pretoria, 20, 1-30.
25. Dietrich, C.H., Rakitov, R.A., Holmes, J.L. & Black, W.C. (2001) Phylogeny of the major lineages of Membracoidea based on 28S rDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 18, 293-305.
26. Dill, M., Williams, D.J. & Maschwitz, U. (2002) Herdsmen ants and their mealybug partners. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 557, 1-373.
27. Dolphin, K., Belshaw, R., Orme, C.D. & Quicke, D.L.J. (2000) Noise and incongruence: interpreting results of the Incongruence Length Difference test. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17, 401-406.
28. Dowton, M. & Austin, A.D. (2002) Increased congruence does not necessarily indicate increased phylogenetic accuracy - the behavior of the incongruence length difference test in mixed model analysis. Systematic Biology, 51, 19-31.
29. Ezzat, Y.M. (1958) Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), a new genus, with description of the species (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae-Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Égypte, 42, 377-383.
30. Ezzat, Y.M. & McConnell, H.S. (1956) A classification of the mealybug tribe Planococcini (Pseudococcidae, Homoptera). Bulletin of the University of Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, A-84, 1-108.
31. Farris, J.S., Kallerjo, M., Kluge, A.G. & Bult, C. (1994) Testing significance of congruence. Cladistics, 10, 315-319.
32. Ferris, G.F. (1950) Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, V, the Pseudococcidae (Part I). Stanford University Press, California.
33. Ferris, G.F. (1953) Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, VI, the Pseudococcidae (Part II). Stanford University Press, California.
34. Gullan, P.J., Downie, D.A. & Steffan, S.A. (2003) A new pest species of the mealybug genus Ferrisia Fullaway (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from the USA. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 96, 723-737.
35. Gullan, P.J. & Kosztarab, M. (1997) Adaptations in scale insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 42, 23-50.
36. Hambleton, E.J. (1946) Studies of hypogeic mealybugs. Revista de Entomologia, 17, 1-77.
37. Hambleton, E.J. (1976) A revision of the New World mealybugs of the genus Rhizoecus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 1522, 1-88.
38. Hancock, J.M., Tautz, D. & Dover, G.M. (1988) Evolution of the secondary structure and compensatory mutations of the ribosomal RNAs of Drosophila melanogaster. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 5, 393-414.
39. Hendricks, H.J. & Kosztarab, M. (1999) Revision of the Tribe Serrolecaniini (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
40. Hodgson, C.J. (1994) The Scale Insect Family Coccidae. An Identification Manual to Genera CAB International, Wallingford.
41. Hodgson, C.J. (2002) Preliminary phylogeny of some non-margarodid Coccoidea (Hemiptera) based on adult male characters. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, 33(2001), 129-137.
42. Hovemann, B., Richter, S., Waldorf, U. & Cziepluch, C. (1988) Two genes encode related cytoplasmic elongation factors 1α in Drosophila melanogaster with continuous and stage specific expression. Nucleic Acids Research, 16, 3175-3194.
43. Howell, J.O. & Tippins, H.H. (1990) The immature stages. Armored Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. World Crop Pests, Vol. 4A (ed. by D. Rosen), pp. 29-42. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
44. Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics, 17, 754-755.
45. Johnson, C., Agosti, D., Delabie, J.H., Dumpert, K., Williams, D.J., von Tschirnhaus, M. & Maschwitz, U. (2001) Acropyga and Azteca ants with scale insects: 20 million years of intimate symbiosis. American Museum Novitates, 3335, 1-18.
46. Kosztarab, M. & Kozár, F. (1988) Scale Insects of Central Europe. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
47. Koteja, J. (1974a) Comparative studies on the labium in the Coccinea (Homoptera). Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej, Kraków, Series Rozprawy, 27, 1-162.
48. Koteja, J. (1974b) On the phylogeny and classification of the scale insects (Homoptera, Coccinea) (discussion based on the morphology of the mouthparts). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 19, 267-326.
49. Koteja, J. (1985) Essay on the prehistory of the scale insects (Homoptera, Coccinea). Annales Zoologici (Warszawa), 38, 461-503.
50. Koteja, J. (1988) Reviewer's remark. Scale Insects of Central Europe (ed. by M. Kosztarab and F. Kozár), pp. 60-61. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
51. Maddison, W.P. & Maddison, D.R. (2000) Macclade: Analysis of Phylogeny and Character Evolution, Version 4.0. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
52. Mason-Gamer, R.J. & Kellogg, E.A. (1996) Testing for phylogenetic conflict among molecular data sets in the tribe Triticeae. Systematic Biology, 45, 522-543.
53. McKenzie, H.L. (1967) Mealybugs of California with Taxonomy, Biology and Control of North American Species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). University of California Press, California.
54. Michot, B., Hassouna, N. & Bachellerie, J. (1984) Secondary structure of mouse 28S rRNA and general model for the folding of the large rRNA in eukaryotes. Nucleic Acids Research, 12, 4259-4279.
55. Millar, I.M. (2002) Mealybug genera (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) of South Africa: identification and review. African Entomology, 10, 185-233.
56. Miller, D.R. (1991) The scales, scale insects or coccoids. Immature Insects, Vol. 2 (ed. by F.W. Stehr), pp. 90-107. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa.
57. Miller, D.R., Gullan, P.J. & Williams, D.J. (1998) Family placement of species previously included in the scale insect genus Sphaerococcus Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 100, 286-305.
58. Miller, D.R. & Kosztarab, M. (1979) Recent advances in the study of scale insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 24, 1-27.
59. Miller, D.R. & Miller, G.R. (1993) A new species of Puto and a preliminary analysis of the phylogenetic position of the Puto group within the Coccoidea (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Jeffersoniana: Contributions from the Virginia Museum of Natural History, 4, 1-35.
60. Miller, D.R., Miller, G.L. & Watson, G.W. (2002) Invasive species of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and their threat to U.S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104, 824-835.
61. Moran, N.A., Kaplan, M.E., Gelsey, M.J., Murphy, T.G. & Scholes, E.A. (1999) Phylogenetics and evolution of the aphid genus Uroleucon based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Systematic Entomology, 24, 85-93.
62. Normark, B.B. (2000) Molecular systematics and evolution of the aphid family Lachnidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 14, 131-140.
63. Nur, U. (1977) Electrophoretic comparison of enzymes of sexual and parthenogenetic mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Research Division Bulletin, 127, 69-84.
64. Pamilo, P. & Nei, M. (1988) Relationships between gene trees and species trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 5, 568-583.
65. Posada, D. & Crandall, K.A. (1998) MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics, 14, 817-818.
66. Remaudière, G. & Remaudière, M. (1997) Catalogue of the World's Aphididae (Homoptera Aphidoidea). Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris.
67. Rohrbach, K.G., Beardsley, J.W., German, T.L., Reimer, N.J. & Sanford, W.G. (1988) Mealybug wilt, mealybugs, and ants on pineapple. Plant Disease, 72, 558-565.
68. Rousset, F., Pelandakis, M. & Solignac, M. (1991) Evolution of compensatory substitutions through G-U intermediate state in Drosophila rRNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 88, 10032-10036.
69. Ruvolo, M. (1997) Molecular phylogeny of the hominids: inferences from multiple independent DNA sequence data sets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 14, 248-265.
70. Slade, R.W., Moritz, C. & Heideman, A. (1994) Multiple nuclear gene phylogenies: application to pinnipeds and comparison with a mitochondrial DNA gene phylogeny. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11, 341-356.
71. Swofford, D.L. (2003) Paup* Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods), Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
72. Tamura, K. & Nei, M. (1993) Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10, 512-526.
73. Tang, F.T. (1992) The Pseudococcidae of China. Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi (in Chinese; summary and key in English).
74. Tautz, D., Hancock, J.M., Webb, D.A., Tautz, C. & Dover, G.A. (1988) Complete sequences of the rRNA genes of Drosophila melanogaster. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 5, 366-376.
75. Thao, M.L., Gullan, P.J. & Baumann, P. (2002) Secondary (γ-Proteobacteria) endosymbionts infect the primary (β- Proteobacteria) endosymbionts of mealybugs multiple times and coevolve with their hosts. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 3190-3197.
76. Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D.G. (1997) The CLUSTAL-Windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research, 25, 4876-4882.
77. Tremblay, E. (1989) Coccoidea endocytobiosis. Insect Endocytobiosis: Morphology, Physiology, Genetics, Evolution (ed. by W. Schwemmler and G. Gassner), pp. 145-173. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
78. von Dohlen, C.D., Kohler, S., Alsop, S.T. & McManus, W.R. (2001) Mealybug β-endosymbionts contain γ-proteobacterial symbionts. Nature, 412, 433-436.
79. von Dohlen, C.D., Kurosu, U. & Aoki, S. (2002) Phylogenetics and evolution of the eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunct aphid tribe, Hormaphidini. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 23, 257-267.
80. von Dohlen, C.D. & Moran, N.A. (1995) Molecular phylogeny of the Homoptera: a paraphyletic taxon. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 41, 211-223.
81. von Dohlen, C.D. & Moran, N.A. (2000) Molecular data support a rapid radiation of aphids in the Cretaceous and multiple origins of host alternation. Biology Journal of the Linnean Society, 71, 689-717.
82. White, I.M. & Hodkinson, I.D. (1985) Nymphal taxonomy and systematics of the Psylloidea (Homoptera). British Museum of Natural History (Entomology), 50, 153-301.
83. Wiens, J.J. (1998) Does adding characters with missing data increase or decrease phylogenetic accuracy? Systematic Biology, 47, 625-640.
84. Williams, D.J. (1958) The mealy-bugs (Pseudococcidae: Homoptera) described by W.M. Maskell, R. Newstead, T.D.A. Cockerell and E.E. Green from the Ethiopian Region. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology), 6, 203-236.
85. Williams, D.J. (1969) The family-group names of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology), 23, 315-341.
86. Williams, D.J. (1978) The anomalous ant-attended mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) of south-east Asia. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology), 37(1), 1-72.
87. Williams, D.J. (1985) Australian Mealybugs. British Museum of Natural History, London.
88. Williams, D.J. (1989) The mealybug genus Rastrococcus Ferris (Hemiptera: Pseudococciae). Systematic Entomology, 14, 433-486.
89. Williams, D.J. (1998) Mealybugs of the genera Eumyrmococcus Silvestri and Xenococcus Silvestri associated with the ant genus Acropyga Roger and a review of the subfamily Rhizoecinae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Entomology Series), 67, 1-64.
90. Williams, D.J. (2001) Appendix 1. Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Rhizoecinae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with ants of the genus Acropyga Roger in Dominican amber. American Museum Novitates, 3335, 16-18.
91. Williams, D.J. (2002) The mealybug tribe Allomyrmococcini and its association with herdsmen ants of the genus Dolichoderus in southern Asia. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 557, 115-181.
92. Williams, D.J. & Granara de Willink, M.C. (1992) Mealybugs of Central and South America. CAB International, Wallingford.
93. Williams, M.L. & Kondo, T. (2002) Characteristics of first-instar nymphs in the soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae): surprising indicators of relationships. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, 33(2001), 35-42.
94. Yoder, A.D., Irwin, J.A. & Payseur, B.A. (2001) Failure of the ILD to determine data combinability for slow loris phylogeny. Systematic Biology, 50, 408-424.