The privileges of rank: The peacetime draft and later-life attainment

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 682-713

  MacLean, Alair ^a  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Life course; Military rank; Military service; Social inequality

Indexed keywords

EID: 44949203662     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X07310336     Document Type: Article

References (138)

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11. B. T. Hirsch and S. L. Mehay, "Evaluating the Labor Market Performance of Veterans Using a Matched Comparison Group Design," Journal of Human Resources 38, 3 (2003).
12. Angrist, "Lifetime Earnings";
13. Angrist and Krueger, "Why Do World-War-II Veterans Earn More";
14. De Tray, "Veteran Status";
15. Mangum and Ball, "The Transferability";
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19. George Q. Flynn, The Draft, 1940-1973. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993.
20. For an exception, see Robert M. Hauser, "The Earnings Trajectories of Young Men," in CDE Working Paper 79-24 (Madison, WI; Center for Demography and Ecology, 1979).
21. Dechter and Elder, "World War II Mobilization";
22. Hirsch and Mehay, "Evaluating the Labor Market Performance."
23. Mark C. Berger and Barry T. Hirsch, "The Civilian Earnings Experience of Vietnam-Era Veterans," Journal of Human Resources 18 (1983);
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27. Teachman., "Military Service During the Vietnam Era."
28. Joshua D. Angrist, "The Effect of Veterans' Benefits on Education and Earnings," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 46, 4 (1993).
29. Hauser, "The Earnings Trajectories";
30. Teachman, "Military Service During the Vietnam Era."
31. Harley L. Browning, Sally C. Lopreato, and Dudley L. Poston, Jr., "Income and Veteran Status: Variations among Mexican Americans, Blacks and Whites," American Sociological Review 38, 1 (1973);
32. Sally C. Lopreato and Dudley L. Poston, Jr., "Differences in Earnings and Earnings Ability between Black Veterans and Nonveterans in the United States," Social Science Quarterly 57, 4 (1977);
33. Dudley L. Poston, Jr., "The Influence of Military Service on the Civilian Earnings Patterns of Blacks, Mexican Americans, and Anglos," Journal of Political and Military Sociology 7 (Spring 1979).
34. But also see Phillips Cutright, "The Civilian Earnings of White and Black Draftees and Nonveterans," American Sociological Review 39, 3 (1974).
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36. Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub, "Socioeconomic Achievement in the Life Course of Disadvantaged Men: Military Service as a Turning Point, Circa 1940-1965," American Sociological Review 61, 3 (1996).
37. Angrist, "Estimating the Labor Market Impact";
38. Berger and Hirsch, "The Civilian Earnings Experience";
39. Bryant, Samaranayake, and Wilhite, "The Effect of Military Service."
40. But also see Teachman, "Military Service During the Vietnam Era."
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44. Glen H. Elder, Jr. and Tamara K. Hareven, "Rising above Life's Disadvantage: From the Great Depression to War," in Children in Time and Place, ed. Glen H. Elder, J. Modell, and R. D. Parke (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
45. Robert King Mertou, "The Matthew Effect in Science," Science 159, 3810 (1968).
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48. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).
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50. Charles C. Moskos, The American Enlisted Man: The Rank and File in Today's Military (New York: Russell Sage, 1970).
51. Christian G. Appy, Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993);
52. James Fallows, "What Did You Do in the Class War, Daddy?" Washington Monthly 7, 8 (1975).
53. Moskos, The American Enlisted Man;
54. Samuel Andrew Stouffer, The American Soldier: Adjustment During Army Life, volume 2, Studies in Social Psychology in World War II (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949).
55. Angrist, "The Effect of Veterans' Benefits."
56. Josefina J. Card, Lives after Vietnam: The Personal Impact of Military Service (Lexington, MA: Lexington. Books, 1983);
57. Elder, "Military Times."
58. Albert J. Mayer and Thomas Ford Hoult, "Social Stratification and Combat Survival," Social Forces 34 (1955);
59. M. Zeitlin, K. G. Lutterman, and J. W. Russell, "Death in Vietnam: Class, Poverty, and the Risks of War," Politics and Society 3, 3 (1973).
60. Appy, Working-Class War,
61. Fallows, "What Did You Do";
62. Zeitlin, Lutterman, and Russell, "Death in Vietnam."
63. Jere Cohen, David R. Segal, and Lloyd V. Temme, "The Educational Cost of Military Service in the 1960s," Journal of Political and Military Sociology 14, 2 (1986);
64. Jere Cohen, Rebecca L. Warner, and David R. Segal, "Military Service and Educational Attainment in the All-Volunteer Force," Social Science Quarterly 76, 1 (1995);
65. Teachman and Call, "The Effect of Military Service."
66. Jay D. Teachman, Vaughn R. A. Call, and Mady Wechsler Segal, "The Selectivity of Military Enlistment," Journal of Political and Military Sociology 21, 2 (1993).
67. Flynn, The Draft, 1940-1973.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Duncan Bailey and Thomas F. Cargill, "The Military Draft and Future Income," Western Economics Journal 4 (1969);
71. W. Lee Hansen and Burton A. Weisbrod, "Economics of the Military Draft," Quarterly Journal of Economics 8.1, 3 (1967);
72. James C. Miller, III and Robert Tollison, "The Implicit Tax on Reluctant Military Recruits," Social Science Quarterly 51 (1971);
73. Walter Y. Oi, "The Economic Cost of the Draft," American Economic Review 57, 2 (1967).
74. Teachman, "Military Service During the Vietnam Era."
75. Flynn, The Draft, 1940-1973.
76. Mayer and Hoult, "Social Stratification";
77. Zeitlin, Lutterman, and Russell, "Death in Vietnam."
78. Angrist and Krueger, "Why Do World-War-II Veterans Earn More";
79. K. Bedard and O. Deschenes, "The Long-Term Impact of Military Service on Health: Evidence from World War II and Korean War Veterans," American Economic Review 96, 1 (2006).
80. Dechter and Elder, "World War II Mobilization";
81. Hirsch and Mehay, "Evaluating the Labor Market Performance."
82. M. G. Merli, "Socioeconomic Background and War Mortality During Vietnam's Wars," Demography 37, 1 (2000).
83. Glen H. Elder, Jr., Michael J. Shanahan, and Elizabeth Colerick Clipp, "Linking Combat and Physical Health: The Legacy of World War II in Men's Lives," American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (1997);
84. V. M. Villa, N. D. Harada, D. Washington, and J. Damron-Rodriguez, "Health and Functioning among Four War Eras of Us Veterans: Examining the Impact of War Cohort Membership, Socioeconomic Status, Mental Health, and Disease Prevalence," Military Medicine 167, 9 (2002).
85. Charles W. Hoge, Carl A. Castro, Stephen C. Messer, Dennis McGurk, Dave I. Cotting, and Robert L. Koffman, "Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems, and Barriers to Care," New England Journal of Medicine 351, 1 (2004);
86. Han K. Kang and K. C. Hyams, "Mental Health Care Needs among Recent War Veterans," New England Journal Of Medicine 352, 13 (2005).
87. Angrist, "The Effect of Veterans' Benefits";
88. Neil Fligstein, "Military Service, the Draft, and the GI Bill: Their Effects on the Lives of American Males" (master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1976);
89. Mason, "On the Socioeconomic Effects";
90. Veterans Administration, Education Tuition Assistance Study: A Report Prepared by the Veterans' Administration, (Washington, DC: Veterans Administration, 1975);
91. Xie, "The Socioeconomic Status."
92. Suzanne Mettler, Soldiers to Citizens: The G.I. Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
93. Angrist, "The Effect of Veterans' Benefits";
94. Sampson and Laub, "Socioeconomic Achievement";
95. M. Stanley, "College Education and the Midcentury GI Bills," Quarterly Journal of Economics 118, 2 (2003).
96. Stanley, "College Education."
97. Angrist, "The Effect of Veterans' Benefits";
98. Fligstein, "Military Service";
99. Charles B. Nam, "Impact of the 'GI Bills' on the Educational Level of the Male Population," Social Forces 43, 1 (1964).
100. Veterans Administration, Education Tuition.
101. Alair MacLean, "Lessons from the Cold War: Military Service and College Education," Sociology of Education 78, 3 (2005).
102. William H. Sewell, Robert M. Hauser, Kristen W. Springer, and Taissa S. Hauser, "As We Age: A Review of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, 1957-2001," Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 20 (2004).
103. Robert M. Hauser and John Robert Warren, "Socioeconomic Indexes for Occupations: A Review, Update, and Critique," Sociological Methodology 27 (1997).
104. When the men who had less than twelve months of active duty are treated as veterans, the results are substantively similar.
105. Bryant, Samaranayake, and Wilhite, "The Effect of Military Service";
106. Bryant and Wilhite, "Military Experience and Training."
107. Peter Michael Blau and Otis Dudley Duncan, The American Occupational Structure (New York: John Wiley, 1967);
108. David L. Featherman and Robert M. Hauser, Opportunity and Change, Studies in Population (New York: Academic Press, 1978).
109. Otis Dudley Duncan, "A Socioeconomic Index for All Occupations," in Occupations and Social Status, ed. A. Reiss, Jr. (New York: Free Press, 1961).
110. Cohen, Segal, and Temme, "The Educational Cost of Military";
111. Cohen, Warner, and Segal, "Military Service";
112. Teachman and Call, "The Effect of Military Service."
113. Robert M. Hauser, "Disaggregating a Social-Psychological Model of Educational Attainment," Social Science Research 1 (1972);
114. Robert M. Hauser and Arthur S. Goldberger, "The Treatment of Unobservable Variables in Path Analysis," in Sociological Methodology, 1971, ed. H. L. Costner (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1971).
115. R. D. Mare, "Response: Statistical Models of Educational Stratification-Hauser and Andrew's Models for School Transitions," Sociological Methodology 36 (2006): 27.
116. Hauser and Goldberger, 'The Treatment of Unobservable Variables";
117. Karl G. Joreskog and Dag Sorbom, Lisrel 8: User's Reference Guide (Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, 2001).
118. I ran the ordinary least squares regressions without the veterans who had received combat training as describe above, and the point estimates were slightly different in some cases. In most cases the estimate of the effect of officer status was slightly larger (e.g., .277 vs. .264) and in one case slightly smaller (.337 vs. .328) when combat-trained veterans were excluded. However, the substantive findings did not differ when the models were estimated with and without the veterans who were trained according to combat specialties. Therefore, I present the results based on data including the combat-trained veterans. In addition, I ran the analyses without the respondents who reported that they both were officers and had been drafted. This exclusion did not influence the results. Therefore, I present findings based on data including officers who reported having been drafted.
119. Martina Morris and Western Bruce, "Inequality in Earnings at the Close of the Twentieth Century," Annual Review of Sociology 25 (1999);
120. Alan B. Krueger, "How Computers Have Changed the Wage Structure: Evidence from Microdata, 1984-1989," Quarterly Journal of Economics 108, 1 (1993): 33-60.
121. Training had the same effect for officers and enlisted men. In the veteran sample, there is no interaction between officer status and training.
122. Appy, Working-Class War,
123. Card, Lives after Vietnam;
124. Fallows, "What Did You Do";
125. Mayer and Hoult, "Social Stratification";
126. Zeitlin, Lutterman, and Russell, "Death in Vietnam."
127. Dechter and Elder, "World War II Mobilization."
128. Cohen, Segal, and Temme, "The Educational Cost";
129. Dechter and Elder, "World War II Mobilization";
130. Hirsch and Mehay, "Evaluating the Labor Market Performance."
131. Berger and Hirsch, "The Civilian Earnings Experience."
132. Bryant, Samaranayake, and Wilhite, "The Effect of Military Service."
133. For more details on the multiple indicator multiple cause model, see Häuser, "Disaggregating a Social-Psychological Model";
134. Hauser and Goldberger, "The Treatment of Unobservable Variables";
135. Joreskog and Sorbom, Lisrel 8; Mare, "Response."
136. A. E. Raftery, "Bayesian Model Selection in Social Research," in Sociological Methodology 1995, ed. V. Peter Marsden (Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1995).
137. Ibid.
138. The substantive results differ slightly when missing values are imputed using the imputation procedure in. Prelis, which relies on an expectation maximization algorithm (Lisrel 8.54). The effect of being drafted is larger and statistically significant in the imputed data set. All other estimates are the same regardless of whether the models are based on listwise deleted or imputed data. Therefore, I present the more conservative estimates based on the smaller sample of complete cases.