The ethical climate of danish firms: A discussion and enhancement of the ethical-climate model

Journal of Business Ethics

Volumn 80, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 653-675

  Lemmergaard, Jeanette ^a   Lauridsen, Jorgen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Autonomy; Confirmatory factor analysis; Covariance modeling; Ethical climate; Ethics

Indexed keywords

EID: 44849117017     PISSN: 01674544     EISSN: 15730697     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10551-007-9461-x     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Agarwal, J. and D. C. Malloy: 1999, Ethical Work Climate Dimensions in a Not-For-Profit Organization: An Empirical Study, Journal of Business Ethics 20(1), 1-14.
2. Ashforth, B. E.: 1985, Climate Formation: Issues and Extensions, Academy of Management Review 10(4), 837-847.
3. Babbie, E.: 1990, Survey Research Methods (Wadsworth, Inc., Belmont, CA).
4. Balnaves, M. and P. Caputi: 2001, Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods. An Investigative Approach (Sage Publications Ltd, Thousand Oaks, CA).
5. Bartels, L. K., E. Harrick, K. Martell, and D. Strickland: 1998, The Relationship between Ethical Climate and Ethical Problems within Human Resource Management, Journal of Business Ethics 17(7), 799-804.
6. Blau, P. M.: 1970, A Formal Theory of Differentiation in Organizations, American Sociological Review 35(2), 201-218.
7. Borg, W. R. and M. D. Gall: 1979, Educational Research: An Introduction (Longman, New York, NY).
8. Campbell, J. P., M. D. Dunnette, E. E. Lawler, and K. E. Weick: 1970, 'Environmental Variation and Managerial Effectiveness', in J. P. Campbell, M. D. Dunnette, E. E. Lawler, and K. E. Weick (eds.), Managerial Behaviour, Performance, and Effectiveness (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York), pp. 385-414.
9. Cullen, J. B., B. Victor, and J. W. Bronson: 1993, The Ethical Climate Questionnaire: An Assessment of its Development and Validity, Psychological Reports 73, 667-647.
10. DeConinck, J. B. and W. F. Lewis: 1997, The Influence of Deontological and Teleological Considerations and Ethical Climate on Sales Managers' Intentions to Reward or Punish Sales Force Behavior, Journal of Business Ethics 16(5), 497-506.
11. Derry, R.: 1989, An Empirical Study of Moral Reasoning among Managers, Journal of Business Ethics 8(11), 855-862.
12. Deshpande, S. P.: 1996a, Ethical Climate and the Link between Success and Ethical Behavior: An Empirical Investigation of a Non-profit Organization, Journal of Business Ethics 15, 315-320.
13. Deshpande, S. P.: 1996b, 'The Impact of Ethical Climate Types on Facets of Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Investigation, Journal of Business Ethics 15(6), 655-660.
14. Ekvall, G.: 1987, The Climate Metaphor in Organization Theory, in B. M. Bass and P. J. D. Drenth (eds.), Advances in Organizational Psychology. An International Review (Sage Publications, Inc., Newbury Park, California), pp. 177-190.
15. Forehand, G. A. and B. von Haller Gilmer: 1964, 'Environmental Variation in Studies of Organizational Behavior', Psychological Bulletin 62, 361-382.
16. Friedman, S. D. and H. Singh: 1989, CEO Succession and Stockholder Reaction: The Influence of Organizational Context and Event Content, Academy of Management Journal 32(4), 718-744.
17. Fritzsche, D. J. and H. Becker: 1984, 'Linking Management Behaviour to Ethical Philosophy - An Empirical Investigation, Academy of Management Journal 27(1), 166-175.
18. Gilligan, C.: 1982, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, M.A., USA).
19. Glick, W. H.: 1985, Conceptualizing and Measuring Organizational and Psychological Climate: Pitfalls in Multilevel Research, Academy of Management Review 10(3), 601-616.
20. Halpin, A. W. and D. B. Croft: 1963, The Organizational Climate of Schools (Midwest Administration Center, University of Chicago, Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc., Danville, Illinois, USA).
21. Hambrick, D. C., S. C. Davision, S. A. Snell, and C. C. Snow: 1998, When Groups Consist of Multiple Nationalities: Towards a new Understanding of the Implications, Organization Studies 19(2), 181-205.
22. Mary Ellen O'Grady Harvey: 2001, 'The Impact of Organizational Ethical Climate and Ethical Ideology on the Propensity to Create Budgetary Slack and Job Satisfaction', Ph.D. dissertation, Nova South-Eastern University, Business Administration, Ann Arbor, Mich., UMI.
23. Hellriegel, D. and J. W. Slocum, Jr.: 1974, Organizational Climate: Measure, Research, and Contingencies, Academy of Management Journal 17(2), 255-280.
24. Hofstede, G: 1991, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival (Harper Collings Publishers, Hammer-Smith, London, UK).
25. James, L. R. and A. P. Jones: 1974, Organizational Climate: A Review of Theory and Research, Psychological Bulletin 81(12), 1096-1112.
26. James, L.R., L.A. James, and D.K. Ashe: 1990, The Meaning of Organizations: The Role of Cognition and Values, in B. Schneider (ed.), Organizational Climate and Culture (Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers, San Francisco, CA), pp. 40-84.
27. Joseph, J. and S. P. Deshpande: 1997, The Impact of Ethical Climate on Job Satisfaction of Nurses. Health Care Management Review 22(1), 76-81.
28. Kohlberg, L.: 1971, Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Socialization, in D. A. Goslin (ed.), Handbook of Socialization: Theory and Research (Rand McNally & Company, Chicago), pp. 347-480.
29. Koys, D. J. and T. A. DeCotiis: 1991, Inductive Measures of Psychological Climate, Human Relations 44(3), 265-285.
30. Lawler, E. E., D. T. Hall, and G. R. Oldham: 1974, 'Organizational Climate: Relationships to Organizational Structure, Process, and Performance', Organizational Behaviour and Performance 11, 139-155.
31. Lemmergaard, J.: 2004a, Betydningen af det manglende 's': Value(s)-Based Management er ikke vaerdibaseret ledelse, Ledelse & Erhvervsoekonomi 68(3), 183-192.
32. Lemmergaard, J.: 2004b, 'Tolerance for Ambiguity - the Intersection between Ethical Climate, Psychological Climate, and Ethnic Diversity', Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern Denmark.
33. Lewin, K., R. Lippitt, and R. K. White: 1939, Patterns of Aggressive Behaviour in Experimentally Created Social Climates, Journal of Social Psychology 10(2), 271-299.
34. Litwin, G. H. and R. A. Stringer, Jr.: 1968, Motivation and Organizational Climate (Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, Boston).
35. Luthar, H. K., R. A. DiBattista, and T. Gautschi,: 1997, Perceptions of What the Ethical Climate is and what it should be: The Role of Gender, Academic Status, and Ethical Education, Journal of Business Ethics 16(2), 205-217.
36. Merton, R. K.: 1957, Patterns of Influence: Local and Cosmopolitan Influentials. Social Theory and Social Structure (The Free Press, New York), pp. 387-420.
37. Meyer, J. W. and B. Rowan, 1977, Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure of Organizations as Myth and Ceremony, American Journal of Sociology 83(2), 340-363.
38. Naylor, J. C., R. D. Pritchard, and D. R. Ilgen: 1980, A Theory of Behaviour in Organizations (Academic Press, Inc., New York).
39. Ouchi, W. G.: 1980, Markets, Bureaucracies and Clans, Administrative Science Quarterly 25(9), 129-141.
40. Payne, R. and D. S. Pugh: 1976, 'Organizational Structure and Climate', in M. D. Dunnette (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Rand McNally College Publishing Company, Chicago), pp. 1125-1173.
41. Pheysey, D. C., R. L. Payne, and D. S. Pugh: 1971, Influence of Structure at Organizational and Group Levels, Administrative Science Quarterly 16(1), 61-73.
42. Powell, G. N. and D. A. Butterfield: 1978, The Case for Subsystem Climates in Organizations, Academy of Management Review 3(1), 151-157.
43. Pritchard, R. D. and B. W. Karasick: 1973, The Effect of Organization Climate on Managerial Job Satisfaction, Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance 9(1), 126-146.
44. Punch, K. F.: 1998, Introduction to Social Research. Quantitative & Qualitative Approaches (Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA).
45. Robert, K. H. and A. O'Reilly: 1974, Measuring Organizational Communication, Journal of Applied Psychology 59(3), 321-326.
46. SAS: 1999, SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 8 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
47. Schein, E. H.: 1991, Organizational Culture and Leadership. A Dynamic View (Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, CA).
48. Schneider, B. and C. J. Bartlett: 1970, Individual Differences and Organizational Climate II: Measurement of Organizational Climate by the Multitrait-Multirater Matrix, Personnel Psychology 23, 493-512.
49. Schneider, B., J. J. Parkinton, and V. M. Buxton: 1980, Employee and Customer Perceptions of Service in Banks, Administrative Science Quarterly 25(2), 252-267.
50. Seidler, J.: 1974, On Using Informants: A Technique for Collecting Quantitative Data and Controlling Measurement Error in Organizational Analysis, American Sociological Review 39, 816-831.
51. Sharma, S.: 1996, Applied Multivariate Techniques (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York).
52. Sims, R. L. and T. L. Keon: 1997, Ethical Work Climate as a Factor in the Development of Person-Organization Fit, Journal of Business Ethics 16(11), 1095-1105.
53. Taguiri, R. and G. H. Litwin (eds.): 1968, Organizational Climate: Explorations of a Concept (Harvard University, Graduate School of Business Administration, Division of Research, Boston).
54. Trevinõ, L. K. and S. A. Youngblood: 1990, Bad Apples in Bad Barrels: A Causal Analysis of Ethical Decision-Making Behavior, Journal of Applied Psychology 75(4), 378-385.
55. Trevinõ, L. K., K. D. Butterfield, and D. L. McCabe: 1998, The Ethical Context in Organizations: Influences on Employee Attitudes and Behaviors, Business Ethics Quarterly 8(3), 447-476.
56. Vaicys, C., T. Barnett, and G. Brown: 1996, An Analysis of the Factor Structure of the Ethical Climate Questionnaire, Psychological Reports 79, 115-120.
57. Vardi, Y.: 2001, The Effects of Organizational and Ethical Climates on Misconduct at Work, Journal of Business Ethics 29, 325-337.
58. Victor, B. and J. B. Cullen: 1987, 'A Theory and Measureof Ethical Climate in Organizations' in W. C. Frederick (ed.), Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, Vol. 9 (JAI Press Inc., Greenwich, CT), pp. 51-71
59. Victor, B. and J. B. Cullen: 1988, The Organizational Bases of Ethical Work Climates, Administrative Science Quarterly 33, 101-125.
60. Victor, B. and J. B. Cullen: 1990, A Theory and Measure of Ethical Climate in Organizations, in W. C. Frederick and L. E. Preston (eds.), Business Ethics: Research Issues and Empirical Studies (JAI Press Inc., Greenwich, Connecticut), pp. 77-97.
61. Weber, J.: 1995, Influences Upon Organizational Ethical Subclimates: A Multi-Departmental Analysis of a Single Firm, Organization Science 6(5), 509-523.
62. Williams, B.: 1985, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts).
63. Wimbush, J. C., J. M. Shepard, and S. E. Markham: 1997, An empirical Examination of the Multi-dimensionality of Ethical Climate in Organizations, Journal of Business Ethics 16(1), 67-77.
64. Zammuto, R. F. and J. Y. Krakower: 1991, Quantitative and Qualitative Studies in Organizational Culture, Research in Organization Change and Development 5, 85-113.
65. Zey-Ferrell, M., K. M. Weaver, and O. C. Ferrell: 1979, Predicting Unethical Behavior Among Marketing Practitioners, Human Relations 32(7), 557-569.
66. Zohar: 1980, Safety Climate in Industrial Organizations: Theoretical and Applied Implications, Journal of Applied Psychology 65(1), 96-102.