Distribution, mineralogy, and geochemistry of selenium in felsic volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits of the Finlayson Lake district, Yukon Territory, Canada

Economic Geology

Volumn 103, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 61-88

  Layton Matthews, Daniel ^a,b   Peter, Jan M ^c   Scott, Steven D ^a   Leybourne, Matthew I ^d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS   (United States)

^e GNS SCIENCE   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOCHEMISTRY; MINERALOGY; SHALE; SULFUR DEPOSITS; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; VOLCANIC ROCKS;

HYDROTHERMAL ORE FLUID; SELENIDE; VOLCANIC-HOSTED MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS;

SULFIDE MINERALS;

CONFERENCE PROCEEDING; DEGASSING; GEOCHEMISTRY; HIGH TEMPERATURE; HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; MASS BALANCE; MASSIVE SULFIDE; MINERALOGY; ORE DEPOSIT; PETROGRAPHY; RESERVOIR; SELENIUM; SOLUBILITY; THERMODYNAMICS;

CANADA; FINLAYSON LAKE; NORTH AMERICA; YUKON TERRITORY;

GULO GULO;

EID: 44849088756     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.103.1.61     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (121)

1. Alirezaei, S., and Cameron, E.M., 2001, Variations of sulfur isotopes in metamorphic rocks from Bamble sector, southern Norway: A laser probe study: Chemical Geology, v. 181, p. 23-45.
2. Auclair, G., Fouquet, Y., and Bohn, M., 1987, Distribution of selenium in high-temperature hydrothermal sulfide deposits at 13° N, East Pacific Rise: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 25, p. 577-587.
3. Barrie, C.T., Cathles, L.M., Erendi, A., Schwaiger, H., Murray, C., Barrie, C.T., and Hannington, M.D., 1999, Heat and fluid flow in volcanic-associated massive sulfide-forming hydrothermal systems: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 8, p. 201-219.
4. Barton, P.B., Jr., and Skinner, B.J., 1979, Sulfide mineral stabilities, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits: New York, NY, Wiley, p. 278-403.
5. Bazylinski, D.A., Wirsen, C.O., and Jannasch, H.W., 1989, microbial utilization of naturally-occurring hydrocarbons at the Guaymas basin hydrothermal vent site: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 55, p. 2832-2836.
6. Bertsch, P.M., and Hunter, D.B., 2001, Applications of synchrotron-based X-ray microprobes: Chemical Reviews, v. 101, p. 1809-1842.
7. Bethke, C.M., 2001, The Geochemist's Workbench® Release 4.0, A Users Guide to Rxn, Act2, Tact, React, and Gtplot: Urbana, University of Illinois, 184 p.
8. Bischoff, J.L., and Seyfried, W.E., 1978, Hydrothermal chemistry of seawater from 25°C to 350°C: American Journal of Science, v. 278, p. 838-860.
9. Bleeker, W., 1990, Evolution of the Thompson nickel belt and its nickel deposits, Manitoba, Canada: Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Fredericton, NB, University of New Brunswick, 444 p.
10. 2O from 100° to 450°C and 1 to 1000 bars: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 33, p. 227-245.
11. Boulton, A., 2002, GP4F polymetallic volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposit, Finlayson Lake district, Yukon Territory: Unpublished B.Sc. thesis, Victoria, BC, University of Victoria, 56 p.
12. Bowers, T.S., and Taylor, H.P., 1985, An integrated chemical and stable-isotope model of the origin of midocean ridge hot-spring systems: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets, v. 90, p. 2583-2606.
13. Bowers, T.S., Von Damm, K.L., and Edmond, J.M., 1985, Chemical evolution of mid-ocean ridge hot springs: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, p. 2239-2252.
14. Bradshaw, G.D., 2003, Geology of the Wolverine polymetallic volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposit, Finlayson Lake district, Yukon Territory, Canada: Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Vancouver, BC, University of British Columbia, 173 p.
15. Bradshaw, G. D., Rowins, S. M., Peter, J. M., and Taylor, B. E., 2008, Genesis of the Wolverine volcanic sediment-hosted massive sulfide deposit, Finlayson Lake district, Yukon, Canada: Mineralogical, mineral chemical, fluid inclusion, and sulfur isotope evidence: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 103, p. 35-60.
16. Combs, G.F., 1993, Essentiality and toxicity of selenium with respect to recommended dietary-allowances and reference doses: Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, v. 19, p. 119-121.
17. Converse, D.R., Holland, H.D., and Edmond, J.M., 1984, Flow-rates in the axial hot springs of the East Pacific Rise (21° N): Implications for the heat-budget and the formation of massive sulfide deposits: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 69, p. 159-175.
18. Crusius, J., and Thomson, J., 2003, Mobility of authigenic rhenium, silver, and selenium during postdepositional oxidation in marine sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 67, p. 265-273.
19. Cutter, G.A., 1982, Selenium in reducing waters: Science, v. 217, p. 829-831.
20. Cutter, G.A., 1989, The estuarine behavior of selenium in San-Francisco Bay: Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 28, p. 13-34.
21. Cutter, G.A., 1992, Kinetic controls on metalloid speciation in seawater: Marine Chemistry, v. 40, p. 65-80.
22. Cutter, G.A., and Church, T.M., 1986, Selenium in western Atlantic precipitation: Nature, v. 322, p. 720-722.
23. Cutter, G.A., and Cutter, L.S., 1995, Behavior of dissolved antimony, arsenic, and selenium in the Atlantic Ocean: Marine Chemistry, v. 49, p. 295-306.
24. Cutter, G.A., 2001, Sources and cycling of selenium in the western and equatorial Atlantic Ocean: Deep-Sea Research Part II. Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 48, p. 2917-2931.
25. 2 in 25°-300°C temperature range and their geochemical interpretations: Geochemistry International, v. 5, p. 1108-1125.
26. Doe, B.R., 1994, Zinc, copper, and lead in midocean ridge basalts and the source-rock control on Zn/Pb in ocean-ridge hydrothermal deposits: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 2215-2223.
27. Eckstrand, O.R., Hulbert, L.J., and Anonymous, 1987, Selenium and the source of sulphur in magmatic nickel and platinum deposits [abs.]: Geological Association of Canada-Mineralogical Association of Canada-Canadian Geophysical Union, Joint Annual Meeting, Program with Abstracts, v.12, p. 40.
28. Eckstrand, O.R., Cogula, E.H., and Scoates, R.F.J., 1989, Magnetic Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization in the Crystal Lake layered intrusion, Ontario, and the Fox River platinum-group-element models in Minnesota, in Morey, G.B., ed., Workshop on the Applicability of gold and platinum-group-element models in Minnesota: Minnesota Geological Survey Information Circular, p. 45-46.
29. Eldridge, C. S., Barton, P.B., Jr., and Ohmoto, H., 1983, Mineral textures and their bearing on formation of the Kuroko orebodies: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH, v. 5, p. 241-281.
30. Elrashidi, M.A., Adriano, D.C., Workman, S.M., and Lindsay, W.L., 1987, Chemical-equilibria of selenium in soils - a theoretical development: Soil Science, v. 144, p. 141-152.
31. Fouquet, Y., Auclair, G., Cambon, P., and Etoubleau, J., 1988, Geological setting and mineralogical and geochemical investigations on sulfide deposits near 13° N of the East Pacific Rise: Marine Geology, v. 84, p. 145-178.
32. Franklin, J.M., Gibson, H.L., Jonasson, I.R., and Galley, A.G., 2005, Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 100TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 523-560.
33. Gabrielse, H., 1991, Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic terrane interactions in north-central British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, p. 947-957.
34. Gao, S., Luo, T.C., Zhang, B.R., Zhang, H.F., Han, Y.W., Zhao, Z.D., and Hu, Y.K., 1998, Chemical composition of the continental crust as revealed by studies in East China: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 62, p. 1959-1975.
35. Gaspar, O.C., 2002, Mineralogy and sulfide mineral chemistry of the Neves-Corvo ores, Portugal: Insight into their genesis: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 40, p. 611-636.
36. Giggenbach, W.F., 1992, Magma degassing and mineral deposition in hydrothermal systems along convergent plate boundaries: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 1927-1944.
37. Gordey, S.P., and Makepeace, A.J., 2000, New digital compilation of Yukon geology [abs.]: Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section, Vancouver, BC, Canada, April 27-29, 2000, Abstracts with Programs, p. 14.
38. Greenland, L.P., and Aruscavage, P., 1986, Volcanic emission of Se, Te, and As from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 27, p. 195-201.
39. Greenland, L.P., and Campbell, E.Y., 1977, Variation of Se, Te, In, Tl, and Zn with differentiation of tholeiitic magma: Neues Jahrbuch fuer Mineralogie, v. 3, p. 112-118.
40. Hannington, M.D., Herzig, P.M., Scott, S.D., and Foster, R.P., 1991, Auriferous hydrothermal precipitates on the modern seafloor, in Foster, R.P., ed., Gold metallogeny and exploration: Glasgow, Blackie and Son, p. 249-282.
41. Hannington, M.D., Jonasson, I.R., Herzig, P.M., and Petersen, S., 1995, Physical and chemical processes of seafloor mineralization at mid-oceanic ridges: Geophysical Monograph 91, p. 115-157.
42. Hannington, M.D., Bleeker, W., and Kjarsgaard, I., 1999a, Sulfide mineralogy, geochemistry, and ore genesis of the Kidd Creek deposit; Part I. North, Central and South orebodies: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 10, p. 163-224.
43. Hannington, M.D., 1999b, Sulfide mineralogy, geochemistry, and ore genesis of the Kidd Creek deposit; Part II. The bornite zone: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 10, p. 225-266.
44. Hannington, M.D., Peterson, S., Herzig, P.M., and Jonasson, I.R., 2004, A global database of seafloor hydrothermal systems, including a digital database of geochemical analyses of seafloor polymetallic sulfides: Geological Survey of Canada Open File Report 4598, CD-ROM.
45. Hannington, M.D., de Ronde, C.E.J., and Peterson, S., 2005, Sea-floor tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 100TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 111-141.
46. Helgeson, H.C., 1969, Thermodynamics of hydrothermal systems at elevated temperatures and pressures: American Journal of Science, v. 267, p. 729-804.
47. Humphris, S.E., and Tivey, M.K., 2000, A synthesis of geological and geochemical investigations of the TAG hydrothermal field: Insights into fluidflow and mixing processes in a hydrothermal system: Geological Society of America Special Paper 349, p. 213-235.
48. Humphris, S.E., Herzig, P.M., Miller, D.J., Alt, J.C., Becker, K., Brown, D., Brugmann, G., Chiba, H., Fouquet, Y., Gemmell, J.B., Guerin, G., Hannington, M.D., Holm, N.G., Honnorez, J.J., Iturrino, G.J., Knott, R., Ludwig, R., Nakamura, K., Petersen, S., Reysenbach, A.L., Rona, P.A., Smith, S., Sturz, A.A., Tivey, M.K., and Zhao, X., 1995, The internal structure of an active sea-floor massive sulfide deposit: Nature, v. 377, p. 713-716.
49. Hunt, J.A., 2002, Volcanic-associated massive sulphide (VMS) mineralization in the Yukon-Tanana terrane and coeval strata of the North American miogeocline, in the Yukon and adjacent areas: Whitehorse, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Exploration and Geological Services Division Bulletin 12, 107 p.
50. Huston, D.L., Sie, S.H., and Suter, G.F., 1995a, Selenium and its importance to the study of ore genesis - the theoretical basis and its application to volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits using pixeprobe analysis: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, v. 104, p. 476-480.
51. 34S values and implications for the source of sulfur in volcanogenic hydrothermal systems: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 90, p. 1167-1196.
52. Kerrich, R., and Wyman, D.A., 1996, The trace element systematics of igneous rocks in mineral exploration: An overview: Geological Association of Canada Short Course Notes 12, p. 1-50.
53. Kluckhohn, R.S., Cutter, G.A., and Radford-Knoery, J., 1990, Selenium and sulfur in Black Sea sediments, Eos, v. 71, p. 151.
54. Koski, R.A., Lonsdale, P.F., Shanks, W.C., Berndt, M.E., and Howe, S.S., 1985, Mineralogy and geochemistry of a sediment-hosted hydrothermal sulfide deposit from the southern trough of Guaymas basin, Gulf of California: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets, v. 90, p. 6695-6707.
55. Koski, R.A., Shanks, W.C., Bohrson, W.A., and Oscarson, R.L., 1988, The composition of massive sulfide deposits from the sediment-covered floor of Escanaba trough, Gorda Ridge - implications for depositional processes: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 26, p. 655-673.
56. Lalou, C., Reyss, J.L., and Brichet, E., 1993, Actinide-series disequilibrium as a tool to establish the chronology of deep-sea hydrothermal activity: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, p. 1221-1231.
57. Lange, I.M,, Nokleberg, W.J., Newkirk, S.R., Aleinikoff, J.N., Church, S.E., and Krouse, H.R., 1993, Devonian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and occurrences, southern Yukon-Tanana terrane, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 88, p. 344-376.
58. Large, R.R., 1992, Australian volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits: Features, styles, and genetic models: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 471-510.
59. Layton-Matthews, D., 2005, Origin of selenium in the Wolverine, Kudz Ze Kayah and GP4F volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits, Finlayson Lake area, Yukon Territory, Canada: Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Toronto, ON, University of Toronto, 271 p.
60. Layton-Matthews, D., Leybourne, M.I., Peter, J.M., and Scott, S.D., 2006, Determination of selenium isotopic ratios by continuous-hydride-generation dynamic-reaction-cell inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, v. 21, p. 41-49.
61. Loftus-Hills, G., and Solomon, M., 1967, Cobalt, nickel and selenium in sulphides as indicators of ore genesis: Mineralium Deposita, v. 2, p. 228-242.
62. Lyons, T.W., Anbar, A.D., Gill, B., Meyers, S.R., Sageman, B.B., Cruse, A.M., and Wilde, P., 2003, Covarying molybdenum and organic carbon distributions in organic-rich sediments and sedimentary rocks: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 67, p. A264-A264.
63. Martens, D.A., and Suarez, D.L., 1997, Selenium speciation of soil/ sediment determined with sequential extractions and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 31, p. 133-139.
64. McMurtry, G.M., Sedwick, P.N., Fryer, P., Vonderhaar, D.L., and Yeh, H.W., 1993, Unusual geochemistry of hydrothermal vents on submarine arc volcanos - Kasuga Seamounts, northern Mariana arc: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 114, p. 517-528.
65. Measures, C.I., and Burton, J.D., 1978a, Behavior and speciation of dissolved selenium in estuarine waters: Nature, v. 273, p. 293-295.
66. Measures, C.I., and Burton, J.D., 1978b, Determination of selenium-Iv and total selenium in oceanic water [abs.]: American Geophysical Union Transactions, EOS, v. 59, p. 307.
67. Measures, C.I., and Burton, J.D., 1980, The vertical distribution and oxidation states of dissolved selenium in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and their relationship to biological processes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 46, p. 385-396.
68. Mercone, D., Thomson, J., Croudace, I.W., and Troelstra, S.R., 1999, A coupled natural immobilization mechanism for mercury and selenium in deep-sea sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, p. 1481-1488.
69. Milner, J.A., 2006, Diet and cancer: Facts and controversies: Nutrition and Cancer - an International Journal, v. 56, p. 216-224.
70. Moore, J.G., and Fabbi, B.P., 1971, Estimate of juvenile sulfur content of basalt: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 33, p. 118-127.
71. Mortensen, J.K., 1992, Pre-mid-Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Yukon and Alaska: Tectonics, v. 11, p. 836-853.
72. Mortensen, J.K., and Jilson, G.A., 1985, Evolution of the Yukon-Tanana terrane - evidence from southeastern Yukon Territory: Geology, v. 13, p. 806-810.
73. Murphy, D.C., Mortensen, J.K., Piercey, S.J., Orchard, M.J., and Gehrels, G.E., 2006, Mid-Paleozoic to early Mesozoic tectonostratigraphic evolution of Yukon-Tanana and Slide Mountain terranes and affiliated overlap assemblages, Finlayson Lake massive sulphide district, southeastern Yukon, in Colpron, M., and Nelson, J.L., eds., Paleozoic evolution and metallogeny of pericratonic terranes at the ancient Pacific margin of North America, Canadian and Alaskan Cordillera: St. John's, Nfld.,Geological Association of Canada, p. 75-105.
74. Ohlendorf, H.M., 1999, Selenium was a time bomb: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, v. 5, p. 1181-1185.
75. Ohmoto, H., 1996, Formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits: The Kuroko perspective: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 10, p. 135-177.
76. Olsen, K.B., Evans, J.C., Sklarew, D.S., Girvin, D.C., Nelson, C.L., Lepel, E.A., Robertson, D.E., Sanders, R.W., and Aho, G.D., 1985, Partitioning and chemical speciation of mercury, arsenic, and selenium during inert gas oil shale retorting: Eastern Oil Shale Symposium, Lexington, KY, 1985, Proceedings, p. 131-147.
77. Olsen, K.B., Evans, J.C., Sklarew, D.S., Fruchter, J.S., Girvin, D.C., and Nelson, C.L., 1990, Characterization of mercury, arsenic, and selenium in the product streams of a bench-scale, inert-gas, oil-shale retort: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 24, p. 258-263.
78. Perkins, R.B., Foster, A.L., and Hein, J.R., 2004, Mineral affinities and distribution of selenium and other trace elements in black shale and phosphorite of the Phosphoria Formation: Handbook of Exploration Mid Environmental Geochemistry 8, p. 251-295.
79. Peter, J.M., and Scott, S.D., 1991, Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Windy Craggy copper-cobalt-gold massive sulphide deposit, northwestern British Columbia, Canada: Geological Survey of Canada Open-File Report 2169, p. 31-67.
80. Peter, J.M., Scott, S.D., Barrie, C.T., and Hannington, M.D., 1999, Windy Craggy, northwestern British Columbia: the world's largest besshi-type deposit: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 8, p. 261-295.
81. Peters, G.M., Maher, W.A., Jolley, D., Carroll, B.I., Gomes, V. G., Jenkinson, A.V., and McOrist, G.D., 1999, Selenium contamination, redistribution and remobilisation in sediments of Lake Macquarie, NSW: Organic Geochemistry, v. 30, p. 1287-1300.
82. Petruk, W, Vassiliou, A.H., and Hansen, D.M., 1991, Applied mineralogy in exploration: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 6, p. 83-290.
83. Piercey, S.J., Mortensen, J.K., Murphy, D.C., Paradis, S., and Creaser, R.A., 2002, Geochemistry and tectonic significance of alkalic mafic magmatism in the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Finlayson Lake region, Yukon: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 39, p. 1729-1744.
84. Piercey, S.J., Mortensen, J.K., and Creaser, R.A., 2003, Neodymium isotope geochemistry of felsic volcanic and intrusive rocks from the Yukon-Tanana terrane in the Finlayson Lake region, Yukon, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 40, p. 77-97.
85. Piercey, S.J., Nelson, J.L., Colpron, M., Dusel-Bacon, C., Simard, R.-L., and Roots, C.F., 2006, Paleozoic magmatism and crustal recycling along the ancient Pacific margin of North America, northern Cordillera: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 45, p. 281-322.
86. Pisutha-Arnond, V., and Ohmoto, H., 1983, Thermal history, and chemical and isotopic compositions of the ore-forming fluids responsible for the Kuroko massive sulfide deposits in the Hokuroku district of Japan: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 5, p. 523-558.
87. Presser, T.S., Sylvester, M.A., and Low, W.H., 1994, Bioaccumulation of selenium from natural geologic sources in western states and its potential consequences: Environmental Management, v. 18, p. 423-436.
88. Richardson, C.J., Cann, J.R., Richards, H.G., and Cowan, J.G., 1987, Metal-depleted root zones of the Troodos ore-forming hydrothermal systems, Cyprus: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 84, p. 243-253.
89. Roddick, J.A., 1967, Tintina trench: Journal of Geology, v. 75, p. 23-32.
90. Rouxel, O., Ludden, J., Carignan, J., Marin, L., and Fouquet, Y., 2002, Natural variations of Se isotopic composition determined by hydride generation multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, p. 3191-3199.
91. Rouxel, O., Fouquet, Y., and Ludden, J.N., 2004, Subsurface processes at the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Evidence from sulfur, selenium, and iron isotopes: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, p. 2295-2311.
92. Ruks, T.W., Piercey, S.J., Ryan, J.J., Villeneuve, M.E., and Creaser, R.A., 2006, Mid- to late Paleozoic K-feldspar augen granitoids of the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Yukon, Canada: Implications for crustal growth and tectonic evolution of the northern Cordillera: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, p. 1212-1231.
93. Sakai, H., Desmarais, D.J., Ueda, A., and Moore, J.G., 1984, Concentrations and isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in ocean-floor basalts: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, p. 2433-2441.
94. Schultze, H.C., 1996, Summary of the Kudz Ze Kayah project, volcanic hosted massive sulphide deposit, Yukon Territory: Yukon Exploration and Geology, 1995, p. 29-31.
95. Scott, S.D., 1973, Experimental calibration of sphalerite geobarometer: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 68, p. 466-474.
96. Scott, S.D., and Barnes, H.L., 1971, Sphalerite geothermometry and geobarometry: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 66, p. 653-669.
97. Scott, S.D., Chase, R.L., Hannington, M.D., McComachy, T.F., and Shea, G.T., 1990, Sulphide deposits, tectonics and petrogenesis of southern Explorer Ridge, Northeast Pacific Ocean: Ophiolites: oceanic crustal analogues: "Troodos 1987" Symposium, Nicosia, Cyprus, 1990, Proceedings, p. 567-576.
98. Sedwick, P.N., Mcmurtry, G.M., and Macdougall, J.D., 1992, Chemistry of hydrothermal solutions from Pele vents, Loihi Seamount, Hawaii: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 3643-3667.
99. Simon, G., and Essene, E.J., 1996, Phase relations among selenides, sulfides, tellurides, and oxides. 1.Thermodynamic properties and calculated equilibria: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 91, p. 1183-1208.
100. Simon, G., Kesler, S.E., and Essene, E.J., 1997, Phase relations among selenides, sulfides, tellurides, and oxides 2. Applications to selenide-bearing ore deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 92, p. 468-484.
101. Simoneit, B.R.T, 1985, Hydrothermal petroleum - genesis, migration, and deposition in Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 22, p. 1919-1929.
102. Slack, J.F., Foose, M.P., Flohr, M.J.K., Scully, M.V., and Belkin, H.E., 2003, Exhalative subsea-floor replacement processes in the formation of the Bald Mountain massive sulfide deposit, northern Maine: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 11, p. 513-547.
103. Smith, J.V., 1995, Synchrotron X-ray sources-instrumental characteristics: New applications in microanalysis, tomography, absorption-spectroscopy and diffraction: Analyst, v. 120, p. 1231-1245.
104. Smith, R.N., and Huston, D.L., 1992, Distribution and association of selected trace-elements at the Rosebery deposit, Tasmania: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 706-719.
105. Solomon, M., Eastoe, C.J., Walshe, J.L., and Green, G.R., 1988, Mineral deposits and sulfur isotope abundances in the Mount Read Volcanics between Que River and Mount Darwin, Tasmania: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 83, p. 1307-1328.
106. Stanton, R.L., 1991, Understanding volcanic massive sulfides: Past, present, and future: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 8, p. 82-95.
107. Stanton, R.L., 1994, Ore elements in arc lavas: New York, NY, Oxford University Press, 391 p.
108. Strawn, D., Doner, H., Zavarin, M., and McHugo, S., 2002, Microscale investigation into the geochemistry of arsenic, selenium, and iron in soil developed in pyritic shale materials: Geoderma, v. 108, p. 237-257.
109. Takayanagi, K., and Wong, G.T.F., 1985, Dissolved inorganic and organic selenium in the Orca basin: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, p. 539-546.
110. Tempelman-Kluit, D.J., 1976, The Yukon crystalline terrane: Enigma in the Canadian Cordillera: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 87, p. 1343-1357.
111. Tempelman-Kluit, D.J., 1979, Five occurrences of transported synorogenic clastic rocks in Yukon Territory: Geological Survey of Canada Current Research; Part A, v. 79-1A, p. 1-12.
112. Tischendorf, G., 1969, Sources of elements in selenide mineralization near Tilkerode; Harz: International Geology Review, v. 11, p. 1298-1301.
113. Urabe, T., and Marumo, K., 1991, A new model for Kuroko-type deposits of Japan: Episodes, v. 14, p. 246-251.
114. Urabe, T., and Sato, T., 1978, Kuroko deposits of Kosaka mine, northeast Honshu, Japan - products of submarine hot springs on Miocene seafloor: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 73, p. 161-179.
115. Von Damm, K.L., Edmond, J.M., Grant, B., and Measures, C.I., 1985a, Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at 21°N, East Pacific Rise: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, p. 2197-2220.
116. Von Damm, K.L., Edmond, J.M., Measures, C.I., and Grant, B., 1985b, Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at Guaymas basin, Gulf of California: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, p. 2221-2237.
117. Wallace, P., and Carmichael, I.S.E., 1992, Sulfur in basaltic magmas: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 1863-1874.
118. Xiong, Y.L., 2003, Predicted equilibrium constants for solid and aqueous selenium species to 300°C: Applications to selenium-rich mineral deposits: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 23, p. 259-276.
119. Yamamoto, M., 1976, Relationship between Se-S and sulfur isotope ratios of hydrothermal sulfide minerals: Mineralium Deposita, v. 11, p. 197-209.
120. Yudovich, Y.E., and Ketris, M.P., 1984, Selenium in Pai-Khoi black shales: Geochemistry International,v. 22, p. 109-116.
121. Zierenberg, R.A., Koski, R.A., Morton, J.L., Bouse, R.M., and Shanks, W.C., 1993, Genesis of massive sulfide deposits on a sediment-covered spreading center, Escanaba trough, southern Gorda Ridge: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 88, p. 2069-2098.