Convergent body flattening in a clade of tropical rock-using lizards (Scincidae: Lygosominae)

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 94, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 399-411

  Goodman, Brett A ^a   Isaac, Joanne L ^a  

^a JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Comparative method; Ecomorphology; Habitat type; Performance; Skinks

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; CLADISTICS; CONVERGENT EVOLUTION; ECOMORPHOLOGY; HABITAT TYPE; LIZARD; PHYLOGENY; SELECTION;

SCINCIDAE; SQUAMATA;

EID: 44649164371     PISSN: 00244066     EISSN: 10958312     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00988.x     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Aerts P, Van Damme R, D'Aout K, Vanhooydonck B. 2003. Bipedalism in lizards: whole-body modelling reveals a possible spandrel. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences 358 : 1525 1533.
2. Autumn K, Jindrich D, DeNardo D, Mueller R. 1999. Locomotor performance at low temperatures and the evolution of nocturnality in geckos. Evolution 53 : 580 599.
3. Avila-Pires TCS. 1995. Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen 299 : 1 706.
4. Beuttell K, Losos JB. 1999. Ecological morphology of Caribbean Anoles. Herpetological Monographs 13 : 1 28.
5. Cartmill M. 1985. Climbing. In : Hildebrand M, Bramble DM, Liem KF, Wake DB, eds. Functional vertebrate morphology. Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press, 73 88.
6. Chapple DG. 2003. Ecology, life history, and behavior in the Australian Scincid genus Egernia, with comments on the evolution of complex sociality in lizards. Herpetological Monographs 17 : 145 180.
7. Cogger HG. 2000. Reptiles and amphibians of Australia. Sydney : Reed Books.
8. Couper PJ, Worthington Wilmer J, Roberts L, Amey AP, Zug GR. 2005. Skinks currently assigned to Carlia aerata (Scincidae: Lygosominae) of north-eastern Queensland: a preliminary study of cryptic diversity and two new species. Australian Journal of Zoology 53 : 35 49.
9. Covacevich J. 1984. A biogeographically significant new species of Leiolopisma (Scincidae) from north eastern Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 21 : 401 411.
10. Díaz-Uriarte R, Garland T Jr. 1998. Effects of branch length errors on the performance of phylogenetically independent contrasts. Systematic Biology 47 : 654 672.
11. Dolman G, Moritz C. 2006. A multilocus perspective on refugial isolation and divergence in rainforest skinks (Carlia). Evolution 60 : 573 583.
12. Emerson SB, Arnold SJ. 1989. Intraspecific and inter-specific relationships between morphology, performance, and fitness. In : Wake DB, Roth G, eds. Complex organismal functions: integration and evolution in vertebrates. New York, NY : Wiley & Sons, 295 314.
13. Farley CT, Emshwiller M. 1996. Efficiency of uphill locomotion in nocturnal and diurnal lizards. Journal of Experimental Biology 199 : 587 592.
14. Felsenstein J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. American Naturalist 126 : 1 25.
15. Garland T Jr, Adolph SC. 1994. Why not to do two-species comparative studies: limitations on inferring adaptation. Physiological Zoology 67 : 797 828.
16. Garland T Jr, Dickerman AW, Janis CM, Jones JA. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of covariance by computer simulation. Systematic Biology 42 : 265 292.
17. Goodman BA. 2007a. Microhabitat separation and niche overlap among five assemblages of tropical skinks. Australian Journal of Zoology 55 : 15 27.
18. Goodman BA. 2007b. Divergent morphologies, performance and escape behaviour in two tropical rock-using lizards. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 91 : 85 98.
19. Goodman BA, Krockenberger AA, Schwarzkopf L. 2007. Master of them all: performance specialization does not result in trade-offs in tropical lizards. Evolutionary Ecology Research 9 : 527 546.
20. Goodman BA, Peterson GNL. 2005. A technique for sampling lizards in rocky habitats. Herpetological Review 36 : 41 43.
21. Greer AE. 1974. The generic relationships of the scincid lizard genus Leiolopisma and its relatives. Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplement Series 31 : 1 67.
22. Greer AE. 1989. The biology and evolution of Australian lizards. Sydney : Surrey Beatty and Sons.
23. Harvey PH, Pagel MD. 1991. The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
24. Herrel A, Meyers JJ, Vanhooydonck B. 2001. Correlations between habitat use and body shape in a Phrynosomatid lizard (Urosaurus ornatus): a population-level analysis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 74 : 305 314.
25. Herrel A, Meyers JJ, Vanhooydonck B. 2002. Relations between microhabitat use and limb shape in Phrynosomatid lizards. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 77 : 149 163.
26. Hoefer AM, Goodman BA, Downes SJ. 2003. Two effective and inexpensive methods for restraining small lizards. Herpetological Review 43 : 223 224.
27. Huey RB, Hertz PE. 1982. Effects of body size and slope on sprint speed of a lizard (Stellio (Agama) stellio). Journal of Experimental Biology 97 : 401 409.
28. Huey RB, Hertz PE, Sinervo B. 2003. Behavioral drive versus behavioral inertia in evolution: a null model approach. American Naturalist 161 : 357 366.
29. Hutchinson MN, Donnellan SC, Baverstock PR, Krieg M, Simms S, Burgin S. 1990. Immunological relationships and generic revision of the Australian lizards assigned to the genus Leiolopisma (Scincidae: Lygosominae). Australian Journal of Zoology 38 : 535 554.
30. Ingram G, Covacevich J. 1989. Revision of the genus Carlia (Reptilia, Scincidae) in Australia with comments on Carlia bicarinata of New Guinea. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 27 : 443 490.
31. Ingram G, Rawlinson PA. 1981. Five new species of skinks (Genus Lampropholis) from Queensland and New South Wales. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 20 : 311 317.
32. Irschick DJ, Carlisle E, Elstrott J, Ramos M, Buckley C, Vanhooydonck B, Meyers J, Herrel A. 2005. A comparison of habitat use, morphology, clinging performance, and escape behavior among two divergent green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis) populations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85 : 223 234.
33. Irschick DJ, Losos JB. 1999. Do lizards avoid habitats in which performance is submaximal? The relationship between sprinting capabilities and structural habitat use in Caribbean Anoles. American Naturalist 154 : 293 305.
34. Irschick DJ, Vitt LJ, Zani PA, Losos JB. 1997. A comparison of evolutionary radiations in mainland and Caribbean Anolis lizards. Ecology 78 : 2191 2203.
35. Kohlsdorf TT, Garland T Jr, Navas CA. 2001. Limb morphology in relation to substrate usage in Tropidurus lizards. Journal of Morphology 248 : 151 164.
36. Lauder GV. 1996. The argument from design. In : Rose MR, Lauder GV, eds. Adaptation. London : Academic Press, 187 220.
37. Lewontin RC. 1978. Adaptation. Scientific American 239 : 156 169.
38. Losos JB. 1990. Ecomorphology, performance capability and scaling in West Indian Anolis: an evolutionary analysis. Ecological Monographs 60 : 369 388.
39. Losos JB, Miles DB. 2002. Testing the hypothesis that a clade has adaptively radiated: iguanid lizard clades as a case study. American Naturalist 160 : 147 157.
40. Losos JB, Mouton PLFN, Bickel R, Cornelius I, Ruddock L. 2002. The effect of body armature on escape behaviour in cordylid lizards. Animal Behaviour 64 : 313 321.
41. Losos JB, Sinervo B. 1989. The effects of morphology and perch diameter on sprint performance of Anolis lizards. Journal of Experimental Biology 245 : 23 30.
42. Macrini TE, Irschick DJ. 1998. An intraspecific analysis of trade-offs in sprinting performance in a west indian lizard species (Anolis lineatopus). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 63 : 579 591.
43. Metzger KA, Herrel A. 2005. Correlations between lizard cranial shape an diet: a quantitative, phylogenetically informed analysis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 86 : 433 466.
44. Miles DB. 1994. Covariation between morphology and locomotory performance in Sceloporine lizards. In : Vitt LJ, Pianka ER, eds. Lizard ecology: historical and experimental perspectives. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 207 235.
45. Pagel MD. 1993. Seeking the evolutionary regression coefficient: an analysis of what comparative methods assume. Journal of Theoretical Biology 164 : 191 205.
46. Pianka ER, Vitt LJ. 2003. Lizards: windows to the evolution of diversity. Berkeley, CA : University of California Press.
47. Reeder TW. 2003. A phylogeny of the Australian Sphenomorphus group (Scincidae: Squamata) and the phylogenetic placement of the crocodile skinks (Tribolonotus): Bayesian approaches to assessing congruence and obtaining confidence in maximum likelihood inferred relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27 : 384 397.
48. Schluter D. 2000. The ecology of adaptive radiation. New York, NY : Oxford University Press.
49. Schulte JA, Losos JB, Cruz FB, Nunez H. 2004. The relationship between morphology, escape behaviour and microhabitat occupation in the lizard clade Liolaemus (Iguanidae: Tropidurinae: Liolaemini). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17 : 408 420.
50. Shine R. 1992. Relative clutch mass and body shape in lizards and snakes: is reproductive investment constrained or optimised? Evolution 46 : 828 833.
51. Sinervo B, Losos JB. 1991. Walking the tight rope: a comparison of arboreal sprint performance among populations of Sceloporus occidentalis. Ecology 72 : 1225 1237.
52. Sokal RS, Rohlf FJ. 1995. Biometry, 3rd edn. New York, NY : Freeman.
53. Stayton CT. 2006. Testing hypotheses of convergence with multivariate data: morphological and functional convergence among herbivorous lizards. Evolution 60 : 824 841.
54. Stuart-Fox DM, Hugall AF, Moritz C. 2002. A molecular phylogeny of rainbow skinks (Scincidae: Carlia): taxonomic and biogeographic implications. Australian Journal of Zoology 50 : 39 51.
55. Vanhooydonck B, Van Damme R. 1999. Evolutionary relationships between body shape and habitat use in lacertid lizards. Evolutionary Ecology Research 1 : 785 805.
56. Vanhooydonck B, Van Damme R. 2001. Evolutionary trade-offs in locomotor capacities in lacertid lizards: are splendid sprinters clumsy climbers? Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14 : 46 54.
57. Vitt LJ. 1981. Lizard reproduction: habitat specificity and constraints on relative clutch mass. American Naturalist 117 : 506 514.
58. Vitt LJ. 1991. Ecology and life history of the scansorial arboreal lizard Plica plica (Iguanidae) in Amazonian Brazil. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 : 504 511.
59. Vitt LJ, Caldwell PA, Zani P, Titus TA. 1997. The role of habitat shift in the evolution of lizards morphology: evidence from tropical Tropidurines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 94 : 3828 3832.
60. Vitt LJ, Congdon JD. 1978. Body shape, reproductive effort and relative clutch mass in lizards: resolution of a paradox. American Naturalist 112 : 595 608.
61. Wainwright PC, Reilly SM. 1994. Introduction. In : Wainwright PC, Reilly SM, eds. Ecological morphology: integrative organismal biology. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press, 1 9.
62. Warheit KI, Forman JD, Losos JB, Miles DB. 1999. Morphological diversification and adaptive radiation: a comparison of two diverse lizard clades. Evolution 53 : 1226 1234.
63. Wiens JJ, Slingluff JL. 2001. How lizards turn into snakes: a phylogenetic analysis of body-form evolution in Anguid lizards. Evolution 55 : 2303 2318.
64. Zaaf A, Herrel A, Aerts P, De Vree F. 1999. Morphology and morphometrics of the appendicular musculature in geckos with different locomotor habits (Lepidosauria). Zoomorphology 119 : 9 22.
65. Zaaf A, Van Damme R. 2001. Limb proportions in climbing and ground dwelling geckos (Lepidosauria, Gekkonidae): a phylogenetically informed analysis. Zoomorphology 121 : 45 53.
66. Zar JH. 2000. Biostatistical analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall.