Emerging pattern of global change in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere

Annales Geophysicae

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 1255-1268

  Latoviaka J ^a   Akmaev, R A ^b   Beig, G ^c   Bremer, J ^d   Emmert, J T ^e   Jacobi, C ^f   Jarvis, M J ^g   Nedoluha, G ^e   Portnyagin, I Yu ^h   Ulich, T ⁱ  

^a INSTITUTE OF ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS   (Czech Republic)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL METEOROLOGY   (India)

^d LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE OF ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS   (Germany)

^e NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG   (Germany)

^g BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^h Institute of Experimental Meteorology Science and Production Association   (Russian Federation)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; EMISSION; GLOBAL CHANGE; GREENHOUSE GAS; IONOSPHERE; MESOSPHERE; THERMOSPHERE; UPPER ATMOSPHERE;

EID: 44649136348     PISSN: 09927689     EISSN: 14320576     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/angeo-26-1255-2008     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Akmaev, R. A.: Modeling the cooling due to CO2 increases in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, Phys. Chem. Earth, 27, 521–528, 2002.
2. Akmaev, R. A.: Thermospheric resistance to "greenhouse cooling": Effect of the collisional excitation rate by atomic oxygen on the thermal response to CO2 forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A7), 1292, doi:10.1029/2003JA009896, 2003.
3. Akmaev, R. A. and Fomichev, V. I.: A model estimate of cooling in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere due to the CO2 increase over the last 3–4 decades, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2113–2116, 2000.
4. Akmaev, R. A., Fomichev, V. I., and Zhu, X.: Impact of middle-atmospheric composition changes on greenhouse cooling in the upper atmosphere, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68, 1879–1889, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2006.03.008, 2006.
5. Baumgaertner, A. J. G., McDonald, A. J., Fraser, G. J., and Plank, G. E.: Long-term observations of mean winds and tides in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere above Scott Base, Antarctica, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 67, 1480–1496, 2005.
6. Beig, G.: The relative importance of solar activity and anthropogenic influences on the ion composition, temperature, and associated neutrals of the middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 19 841–19 856, 2000.
7. Beig, G.: Trends in the mesopause region temperature and our present understanding – an update, Phys. Chem. Earth, 31(1), 3–9, doi:10.1016/j.pce.2005.03.007, 2006.
8. Beig, G., Keckhut, P., Lowe, R. P., Roble, R. G., Mlynczak, M. G., Scheer, J., Fomichev, V. I., Offermann, D., French, W .J. R., Shepherd, M. G., Semenov, A. I., Remsberg, E. E., She, C. Y., Lübken, F.-J., Bremer, J., Clemesha, B. R., Stegman, J., Sigernes, F., and Fadnavis, S.: Review of mesospheric temperature trends. Rev. Geophys., 41(4), 1015, doi:10.1029/ 2002RG000121, 2003.
9. Bencze, P.: On the long-term change of ionospheric parameters, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 67, 1298–1306, 2005.
10. Bittner, M., Offermann, D., and Graef, H. H.: Mesopause temperature variability above a midlatitude station in Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 2045–2058, 2000.
11. Bougher, S .W. and Roble, R. G.: Comparative terrestrial planet thermospheres. 1. Solar cycle variations of global mean temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 11 045–11 055, 1991.
12. Bremer, J.: Trends in the ionospheric E- and F-regions over Europe, Ann. Geophys., 16, 986–996, 1998.
13. Bremer, J.: Trends in the thermosphere derived from global ionosonde observations, Adv. Space Res., 28(7), 997–1006, 2001.
14. Bremer, J.: Detection of long-term trends in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere from ground-based radio propagation measurements, Adv. Space Res., 35(8), 1398–1404, 2005.
15. Bremer, J.: Long-term trends in the ionospheric E and F1 region, 4th IAGA/ICMA/CAWSES Workshop "Long Term Changes and Trends in the Atmosphere", Sodankylä (Finland), 2006.
16. Bremer, J., Alfonsi, L., Bencze, P., Lastovicka, J., Mikhailov, A. V., and Rogers, N.: Long-term trends in the ionosphere and upper atmosphere parameters, Ann. Geophys., Suppl. to vol. 47(2/3), 1009–1029, 2004.
17. Bremer, J. and Berger, U.: Mesospheric temperature trends derived from ground-based LF phase-height observations at mid-latitudes: comparison with model simulations, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 64, 805–816, 2002.
18. Bremer, J., Schminder, R., Greisiger, K. M., Hoffmann, P., Kürschner, D., and Singer, W.: Solar cycle dependence and long-term trends in the wind field of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 59, 497–509, 1997.
19. Castle K. J., Kleissas, K. M., Rhinehart, J. M., Hwang, E. S., and Dodd, J. A.: Vibrational relaxation of CO$_2(\nu _2)$ by atomic oxygen, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A09303, doi:10.1029/2006JA011736, 2006.
20. Chshyolkova, T., Manson, A. H., and Meek, C. E.: Climatology of the quasi two-day wave over Saskatoon (52° N, 107° W): 14 years of MF radar observations, Adv. Space Res., 35(11), 2011–2016, 2005.
21. Cicerone, R. J.: Greenhouse cooling up high. Nature, 344, 104–105, 1990.
22. Clilverd, M. A., Ulich, T., and Jarvis, M. J.: Residual solar cycle influence on trends in ionospheric F2-layer peak height. J. Geophys. Res., 108(A12), 1450, doi:1029/2003JA009838, 2003.
23. Danilov, A. D.: Long-term changes of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere temperature and composition, Adv. Space Res., 20(11), 2137–2147, 1997.
24. Danilov, A. D.: Overview of trends in the ionospheric E- and F2-regions, Phys. Chem. Earth, 27(6–8), 579–588, 2002.
25. Danilov, A. D.: Long-term trends in F2-layer parameters and their relation to other trends, Adv. Space Res., 35(8), 1405–1410, 2005.
26. DeLand, M. T., Shettle, E. P., Thomas, G. E., and Olivero, J. J.: A quarter-century of satellite polar mesospheric cloud observations, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68, 9–29, 2006.
27. Dlugokencky, E. J., Houweling, S., Bruhwiler, L., Masarie, K. A., Lang, P. M., Miller, J. B., and Tans, P. P.: Atmospheric methane levels off: Temporary pause or a new steady-state?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(19), 1992, doi:10.1029/2003GL018126, 2003.
28. Emmert, J. T., Picone, J. M., Lean, J. L., and Knowles, S. H.: Global change in the thermosphere: Compelling evidence of a secular decrease in density, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A02301, doi:10.1029/2003JA010176, 2004.
29. Fomichev, V. I., Blanchet, J.-P., and Turner, D. S.: Matrix parameterization of the 15-$\mu $m CO2 band cooling in the middle and upper atmosphere for variable CO$_2 $ concentration, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 11 505–11 528, 1998.
30. Fomichev, V. I., Jonsson, A. I., de Grandpré J., Beagley, S. R., McLandress, C., Semeniuk, K., and Shepherd, T. G.: Response of the middle atmosphere to CO2 doubling: Results from the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model, J. Climate, 20(7), 1121–1144, 2007.
31. French., W. J. R. and Burns, G. B.: The influence of large-scale oscillations on long-term trend assessment in hydroxyl temperatures over Davis, Antarctica, J. Atmos. Solar. Terr. Phys., 66, 493–506, 2004.
32. Gavrilov, N. M., Fukao, S., Nakamura, T., Jacobi, Ch., Kürschner, D., Manson, A. H., and Meek, C. E.: Comparative study of interannual changes of the mean winds and gravity wave activity in the middle atmosphere over Japan, Central Europe and Canada, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 64, 1003–1010, 2002.
33. Grossmann, K. U., Gusev, O., Kaufmann, M., Kutepov, A., and Knieling, P.: A review of the scientific results from the CRISTA missions, Adv. Space Res., 34(8), 1715–1721, 2004.
34. Gruzdev, A. N. and Brasseur, G. P.: Long-term changes in the mesosphere calculated by a two-dimensional model, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D03304, doi:10.1029/2003JD004410, 2005.
35. IPCC: 3rd assessment report. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Cambridge University Press, 99pp., Cambridge, 2001.
36. Jacobi, Ch., Lange, M., and. Kürschner, D.: Influence of anthropogenic climate gas changes on the summer mesospheric/lower thermospheric meridional wind, Meteorol. Z., N.F., 12, 37–42, 2003.
37. Jacobi, Ch., Lange, M., Kürschner, D., Manson A. H., and Meek, C. E.: A long-term comparison of Saskatoon MF radar and Collm LF D1 mesosphere-lower thermosphere wind measurements, Phys. Chem. Earth, 26, 419–424, 2001.
38. Jacobi Ch., Portnyagin, Yu. I., Merzlyakov, E. G., Solovjova, T. V., Makarov, N. A., and Kürschner, D.: A long-term comparison of mesopause region wind measurements over Eastern and Central Europe, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 67, 227–240, 2005.
39. Jacobi, Ch., Schminder, R., Kürschner, D., Bremer, J., Greisiger, K. M., Hoffmann, P., and Singer, W.: Long-term trends in the mesopause wind field obtained from D1 LF wind measurements at Collm, Germany, Adv. Space Res., 20, 2085–2088, 1997.
40. Jarvis, M. J.: Observed tidal variation in the lower thermosphere through the 20th century and the possible implication of ozone depletion, J. Geophys. Res., 110(A4), A04303, doi:10.1029/2004JA010921, 2005
41. Jarvis, M. J., Clilverd, M. A., and Ulich, Th.: Methodological influences on F-region peak height trend analysis, Phys. Chem. Earth, 27, 589–594, 2002.
42. Jarvis, M. J., Jenkins, B., and Rodgers, G. A.: Southern hemisphere observations of a long-term decrease in F-region altitude and thermospheric wind providing possible evidence for global thermospheric cooling, J. Geophys. Res., 103(A9), 20 774–20 787, 1998.
43. Kaufmann M., Gusev, O. A., Grossmann, K. U., Roble, R. G., Hagan, M. E., Hartsough, C., and Kutepov, A. A.: The vertical and horizontal distribution of CO$_s$ densities in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere as measured by CRISTA, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8182, doi:10.1029/2001JD000704, 2002.
44. Keating, G. M., Tolson, R. H., and Bradford, M. S.: Evidence of long term global decline in the Earth's thermospheric densities apparently related to anthropogenic effects, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1523–1526, 2000.
45. Kirkwood, S. and Dalin, P.: Trends and periodicities in NLC and related phenomena, 4th IAGA/ICMA/CAWSES Workshop "Long Term Changes and Trends in the Atmosphere", Sodankylä (Finland), 2006.
46. Kirkwood, S. and Stebel, K.: Influence of planetary waves on noctilucent cloud occurrence over NW Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D8), 8440, doi:10.1029/2002JD002356, 2003.
47. Križan, P. and Laštovi?ka, J.: Trends in positive and negative ozone laminae in the Northern Hemisphere, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10107, doi:10.1029/2004JD005477, 2005.
48. Laštovi?ka, J.: Long-term changes and trends in the lower ionosphere, Phys. Chem. Earth, 27, 497–507, 2002.
49. Laštovi?ka, J.: On the role of solar and geomagnetic activity in long-term trends in the atmosphere-ionosphere systém, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 67, 83–92, 2005.
50. Laštovi?ka, J. and Bremer, J.: An overview of long-term trends in the lower ionosphere below 120 km, Surv. Geophys., 25, 69–99, 2004.
51. Laštovi?ka, J., Fišer, V., and Pancheva, D.: Long-term trends in planetary wave activity (2–15 days) at 80–100 km inferred from radio wave absorption, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 56, 893–899, 1994.
52. Laštovi?ka, J., Mikhailov, A. V., Ulich, T., Bremer, J., Elias, A. G., Ortiz de Adler, N., Jara, V., Abarca del Rio, R., Foppiano, A. J., Ovalle, E., and Danilov, A. D.: Long-term trends in \textitfoF2: a comparison of various methods, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68, 1854–1870, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2006.02.009, 2006.
53. Lübken, F.-J.: Nearly zero temperature trend in the polar summer mesosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(21), 3603–3606, 2000.
54. Marcos, F. A., Wise, J. O., Kendra, M. J., Grossbard, N. J., and Bowman, B. R.: Detection of a long-term decrease in thermospheric neutral density, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L04103, doi:10.1029/2004GL021269, 2005.
55. Marsh, D., Smith, A., and Woble, E.: Mesospheric ozone response to changes in water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D3), 4109, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD002705, 2003.
56. Matthes, K., Langematz, U., Gray, L. L., Kodera, K., and Labitzke, K.: Improved 11-year solar signal in the Freie Universität Berlin Climate Middle Atmosphere Model (FUB-CMAM), J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06101, doi:101029/2003JD004012, 2004.
57. Mikhailov, A. V. and de la Morena, B. A.: Long-term trends of \textitfoE and geomagnetic activity variations, Ann. Geophys., 21, 751–760, 2003.
58. Merzlyakov, E. G. and Portnyagin, Yu. I.: Long-term changes in the parameters of winds in the midlatitude lower thermosphere (90–100 km), Izv. AN USSR, Atmos. Ocean Phys., 35, 428–493, 1999.
59. Nedoluha, G. E., Bevilacqua, R. M., Gomez, R. M., Siskind, D. E., Hicks, B. C., Russell III, J. M., and Connor, B. J.: Increases in middle atmospheric water vapor as observed by the Halogen Occultation Experiment and the ground-based Water Vapor Millimeter-wave Spectrometer from 1991 to 1997, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 3531–3543, 1998.
60. Nedoluha, G. E., Bevilacqua, R. M., Gomez, R. M., Hicks, B. C., Russell III, J. M., and Connor, B. J.: An evaluation of trends in middle atmospheric water vapor as measured by HALOE, WVMS, and POAM, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 4391, doi:10.1029/2002JD003332, 2003.
61. Offermann, D., Donner, M., Knieling, P., and Naujokat, B.: Middle atmosphere temperature changes and the duration of summer, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 66, 437–450, 2004.
62. Oltmans, S. J., Vömel, H., Hofmann, D. J., Rosenlof, K. H., and Kley, D.: The increase in stratospheric water vapor from balloonborne, frostpoint hygrometer measurements at Washington, D.C., and Boulder, Colorado, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(21), 3453–3456, 2000.
63. Portnyagin, Yu. I., Merzlyakov, E. G., Solovjova, T. V., Jacobi, Ch., Kürschner, D., Manson, A., and Meek, C.: Long-term trends and year-to-year variability of mid-latitude mesosphere/lower thermosphere winds, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68, 1890–1901, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2006.04.004, 2006.
64. Qian, L., Roble, R. G., Solomon, S. C., and Kane, T. J.: Calculated and observed climate change in the thermosphere, and a prediction for Solar Cycle 24, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L23705, doi:10.1029/2006GL027185, 2006.
65. Randel, W. J., Wu, F., Vömel, H., Nedoluha, G. E., and Forster, P.: Decreases in stratospheric water vapour after 2001: Links to change in tropical tropopause and the Brewer-Dobson circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12312, doi:10.1029/2005JD,006744, 2006.
66. Reinsel, G. C., Miller, A. J., WEatherhead, E. C., Flynn, L. E., Nagatani, R. M., Tiao, G. C., and Wuebbles, D. J.: Trend analysis of total ozone data for turnaround and dynamical contributions, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D16306, doi:10.1029/2004JD004662, 2005.
67. Remsberg, E. E. and Deaver, L. E.: Interannual, solar cycle, and trend terms in middle atmospheric temperature time series from HALOE, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D06106, doi:10.1029/2004JD004905, 2005.
68. Rishbeth, H.: A greenhouse effect in the ionosphere?, Planet. Space Sci., 38, 945–948, 1990.
69. Rishbeth, H. and Roble, R. G.: Cooling of the upper atmosphere by enhanced greenhouse gases – modelling of thermospheric and ionospheric effects, Planet. Space Sci., 40, 1011–1026, 1992.
70. Roble, R. G. and Dickinson, R. E.: How will changes in carbon dioxide and methane modify the mean structure of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1441–1444, 1989.
71. Rosenlof, K. H., Oltmans, S. J., Kley, D., Russell III, J. M., Chiou, E.-W., Chu, W. P., Johnson, D. G., Kelly, K. K., Michelsen, H. A., Nedoluha, G. E., Remsberg, E. E., Toon, G. C., and McCormick, M. P.: Stratospheric water vapor increases over the past half-century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(7), 1195–1198, 2001.
72. Ross, M. N. and Walterscheid, R. L.: Changes in the solar forced tides caused by stratospheric ozone depletion, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 420–423, 1991.
73. Schmidt H. and Brasseur, G. P.: Simulation of the mesospheric ozone response to natural and anthropogenic climate variability, Proc. XX Quadr. Ozone Symp., 163–164, edited by: Zerefos, C. S., Kos (Greece), 2004.
74. Schmidt, H., Brasseur, G. P., Charron, M., Manzini, E., Giorgetta, M. A., Diehl, T., Fomichev, V. I., Kinnison, D., Marsh, D., and Walters, S.: The HAMMONIA chemistry climate model: Sensitivity of the mesopause region to the 11-year solar cycle and CO2 doubling, J. Climate, 19, 3903–3931, 2006.
75. Seidel, D. J. and Randel, W. J.: Variability and trends in the global tropopause estimated from radiosonde data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21101, doi:10.1029/2006JD007363, 2006.
76. Staehelin, J., Harris, N. R. P., Appenzeller, C., and Eberhard, J.: Ozone trends: A review, Rev. Geophys., 39, 231–290, 2001.
77. Stamper, R., Lockwood, M., Wild, M. N., and Clark, T. D. G.: Solar causes of the long-term increase in geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 28 325–28 342, 1999.
78. Stevens, M. H., Englert, C. R., DeLand, M. T., and Hervig, M.: The polar mesospheric cloud mass in the Arctic summer, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A02306, doi:10.1029/2004JA010566, 2005.
79. Ulich, Th., Clilverd, M. A., and Rishbeth, H.: On determining long-term change in the ionosphere, EOS Trans., 84(52), 581–585, 2003.
80. Ulich, T., and Turunen, E.: Evidence for long-term cooling of the upper atmosphere in ionosonde data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1103-1106, 1997.
81. Upadhyay, H. O. and Mahajan, E. E.: Atmospheric greenhouse effect and ionospheric trends, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3375–3378, 1998.
82. Xu, Z. W., Wu, J., Igarashi, K., Kato, H., and Wu, Z. S.: Long-term ionospheric trends based on ground-based ionosonde observations at Kokubunji, Japan, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A09307, doi:10.1029/2004JA010572, 2004.
83. Weatherhead, E. C., Reinsel, G. C., Tiao, G. C., et al.: Detecting the recovery of total column ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22 201–22 210, 2000.
84. Weatherhead, E. C., Stevermer, A. J., and Schwartz, B. E.: Detecting environmental changes and trends, Phys. Chem. Earth, 27, 399–403, 2002.
85. Zhang, S., Holt, J. M., van Eyken, T., McCready, M., Amory-Mazaudier, C., Fukao, S., and Sulzer, M.: Ionospheric climatology and model from long-term databases of worldwide incoherent scatter radars, Paper SA52A-03, Spring AGU Meeting, New Orleans, 2005.