Historical ecology of the North Sea Basin: An Archaeological perspective and some problems of methodology

Human Impacts on Ancient Marine Ecosystems: A Global Perspective

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 215-242

  Bailey, Geoff ^a   Barrett, James ^b   Craig, Oliver ^a   Milner, Nicky ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 44449106345     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (123)

1. Andersen, S. H. 1989 Norsminde: A "Køkkenmødding" with Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic Occupation. Journal of Danish Archaeology 8:13-40.
2. Andersen, S. H. 2000 Kjøkkenmøddinger (Shell Middens) in Denmark: A Survey. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66:361-384.
3. Andersen, S. H. 2007 Shell Middens ("Køkkenmøddinger") in Danish Prehistory as a Reflection of the Marine Environment. In Shell Middens in Atlantic Europe, edited by N. Milner, G. Bailey and O. Craig, pp. 31-45. Oxbow, Oxford.
4. Anderton, M. 1999 Anglo-Saxon Trading Centres: Beyond the Emporia. Cruithne Press, Glasgow.
5. Bailey, G. N. 1975 The Role of Mollusks in Coastal Economies: The Results of Midden Analysis in Australia. Journal of Archaeological Science 2:45-62.
6. Bailey, G. N. 1977 Shell Mounds, Shell Middens, and Raised Beaches in the Cape York Peninsula. Mankind 11:132-143.
7. Bailey, G. N. 1978 Shell Middens as Indicators of Postglacial Economies: A Territorial Perspective. In The Early Postglacial Settlement of Northern Europe, edited by P. A. Mellars, pp. 37-63. Duckworth, London.
8. Bailey, G. N. 2004a The Wider Significance of Submerged Archaeological Sites and Their Relevance to World Prehistory. In Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea: Research Priorities and Collaboration with Industry, edited by N. C. Flemming, pp. 3-10. CBA Research Report 141. Council for British Archaeology, London.
9. Bailey, G. N. 2004b World Prehistory from the Margins: The Role of Coastlines in Human Evolution. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in History and Archaeology 1(1):39-50.
10. Bailey, G. N. 2007 Palaeogeography of the North Sea Basin. In Mesolithic Studies in the North Sea Basin and Beyond, edited by C. Waddington and K. Pedersen. Oxbow, Oxford, in press.
11. Bailey, G. N., and A. Craighead 2003 Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Coastal Palaeoeconomies: A Reconsideration of the Molluskan Evidence from Northern Spain. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 18(2):175-204.
12. Bailey, G. N., and N. J. Milner 2002 Coastal Hunters and Gatherers and Social Evolution: Marginal or Central? Before Farming: the Archaeology of Old World Hunter-Gatherers 3-4(1):1-15.
13. Bailey, G. N., and N. J. Milner 2007 The Marine Mollusks from the Mesolithic and Neolithic Deposits of the Norsminde Shell Midden. In Stone Age Settlement in the Coastal Fjord of Norsminde, Jutland, Denmark, edited by S. Andersen, in press.
14. Bailey, G., and P. Spikins (editors) 2008 Mesolithic Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
15. Bailey, G. N., J. Chappell, and R. Cribb 1994 The Origin of Anadara Shell Mounds at Weipa, North Queensland, Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 29:69-80.
16. Barrett, J. H. 1997 Fish trade in Norse Orkney and Caithness: A Zooarchaeological Approach. Antiquity 71:616-638.
17. Barrett, J. H., and M. P. Richards 2004 Identity, Gender, Religion and Economy: New Isotope and Radiocarbon Evidence for Marine Resource Intensification in Early Historic Orkney, Scotland. European Journal of Archaeology 7:249-271.
18. Barrett, J. H., R. A. Nicholson, and R. Cerón-Carrasco 1999 Archaeo-ichthyological Evidence for Longterm Socioeconomic Trends in Northern Scotland: 3500 BC to AD 1500. Journal of Archaeological Science 26:353-388.
19. Barrett, J. H., R. P. Beukens, and R. A. Nicholson 2001 Diet and Ethnicity during the Viking Colonisation of Northern Scotland: Evidence from Fish Bones and Stable Carbon Isotopes. Antiquity 75:145-154.
20. Barrett, J. H., A. M. Locker, and C. M. Roberts 2004a "Dark Age Economics" Revisited: The English Fish Bone Evidence AD 600-1600. Antiquity 78(301):618-136.
21. Barrett, J. H., A. M. Locker, and C. M. Roberts 2004b The Origin of Intensive Marine Fishing in Medieval Europe: The English Evidence. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 271:2417-2421.
22. Barrett, J., A. Hall, C. Johnstone, H. Kenward, T. O'Connor, and S. Ashby 2007 Interpreting the Plant and Animal Remains from Viking Age Kaupang. In Kaupang in Skiringssal, Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series, vol.1, Norske Oldfunn, vol. 22, edited by D. Skre, pp. 283-319. Aarhus University Press, Aarhus, in press.
23. Barton, C. M., S. Schmich, and S. R. James 2004 The Ecology of Human Colonization in Pristine Landscapes. In The Settlement of the American Continents: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Human Biogeography, edited by C. M. Barton, G. A. Clark, D. R. Yesner, and G. A. Pearson, pp. 138-161. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
24. Benecke, N. 1982 Zur frühmittelalterlichen Heringsfischerei im südlichen Ostseeraum: Ein archäozoologischer Beitrag. Zeitschrift für Archäologie 16: 283-290.
25. Bjerck, H. 1995 The North Sea Continent and the Pioneer Settlement of Norway. In Man and Sea in the Mesolithic: Coastal Settlement above and below Present Sea Level, edited by A. Fischer, pp. 131-144. Oxbow, Oxford.
26. Bjerck, H. 2007 Mesolithic Coastal Settlements and Shell Middens in Norway. In Shell Middens in Atlantic Europe, edited by N. Milner, G. Bailey and O. Craig, pp. 5-30. Oxbow, Oxford.
27. Bjerck, H. 2008 Norwegian Mesolithic Trends: A Review. In Mesolithic Europe, edited by G. Bailey and P. Spikins, pp. 60-106. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
28. Bolle, L. J., A. D. Rijnsdorp, W. van Neer, R. S. Millner, P. I. van Leeuwen, A. Ervynck, R. Ayers, and E. Ongenac 2004 Growth Changes in Plaice, Cod, Haddock, and Saithe in The North Sea: A Comparison of (Post-)Medieval and Present-Day Growth Rates based on Otolith Measurements. Journal of Sea Research 51:313-328.
29. Burton, R. K., J. J. Snodgrass, D. Gifford-Gonzalez, T. Guilderson, T. Brown, and P. L. Koch 2001 Holocene Changes in the Ecology of Northern Fur Seals: Insights from Stable Isotopes and Archaeofauna. Oecologia 28:107-115.
30. Cerón-Carrasco, R. 2005 Of Fish and Men ("De iasg agus dhaoine"): A Study of the Utilization of Marine Resources as Recovered from Selected Hebridean Archaeological Sites. BAR British Series 400. Hadrian Books, Oxford.
31. Clark, J. G. D. 1975 The Earlier Stone Age Settlement of Scandinavia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
32. Clark, J. G. D. 1977 The Economic Context of Dolmens and Passage Graves in Sweden. In Ancient Europe: Studies Presented in Honour of Hugh Hencken, edited by V. Markovic, pp. 35-49. Aris and Phillips, Warminster, UK.
33. Clark, J. G. D. 1983 Coastal Settlement in European Prehistory with Special Reference to Fennoscandia. In Prehistoric Settlement Patterns: Essays in Honor of Gordon R. Willey, edited by E. von Z. Vogt and R. M. Leventhal, pp. 295-317. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
34. Coles, B. J. 1998 Doggerland: A Speculative Survey. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 64:45-81.
35. Coles, J. M. 1971 The Early Settlement of Scotland: Excavations at Morton, Fife. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 37:284-366.
36. Colley, S. M. 1983 Interpreting Prehistoric Fishing Strategies: An Orkney Case Study. In Animals and Archaeology 2: Shell Middens, Fishes, and Birds, edited by C. Grigson and J. Clutton-Brock, pp. 157-171. BAR International Series 183. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
37. Craig, O. E., R. Ross, N. Milner, and G. N. Bailey 2006 Sulphur Isotope Variation in Archaeological Marine Fauna from Northern Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:1642-1646.
38. Cunliffe, B. 2001 Facing the Ocean. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
39. 13C and δ15N measurements. Marine Ecology Progress Series 263:287-298.
40. Deith, M. R. 1988 A Molluskan Perspective on the Role of Foraging in Neolithic Farming Economies. In The Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines, edited by G. N. Bailey and J. E. Parkington, pp. 116-124. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
41. Enghoff, I. B. 1986 Freshwater Fishing fromm a Sea-Coast Settlement: The Ertebølle locus classicus Revisited. Journal of Danish Archaeology 5:62-76.
42. Enghoff, I. B. 1999 Fishing in the Baltic Region from the Fifth Century BC to the Sixteenth Century AD: Evidence from Fish Bones. Archaeofauna 8:41-85.
43. Enghoff, I. B. 2000 Fishing in the Southern North Sea Region from the First to the Sixteenth Century AD: Evidence from Fish Bones. Archaeofauna 9:59-132.
44. Ervynck, A., and W. Van Neer 1994 A Preliminary Survey of Fish Remains in Medieval Castles, Abbeys and Towns of Flanders (Belgium). Offa 51:303-307.
45. Fenton, A. 1978 The Northern Isles: Orkney and Shetland. John Donald, Edinburgh.
46. Fischer, A. 1995b An Entrance to the Mesolithic World below the Ocean: Status of Ten Years' Work on the Danish Sea Floor. In Man and Sea in the Mesolithic: Coastal Settlement above and below Present Sea Level, edited by A. Fischer, pp. 371-384. Oxbow, Oxford.
47. Fischer, A. 1996 At the Border of Human Habitat: The Late Palaeolithic and Early Mesolithic in Scandinavia. In The Earliest Settlement of Scandinavia and Its Relationship with Neighbouring Areas, edited by L. Larsson, pp. 157-176. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, Series 8:24. Almquist and Wiksell International, Stockholm.
48. Fischer, A. 2004 Submerged Stone Age-Danish Examples and North Sea Potential. In Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea: Research Priorities and Collaboration with Industry, edited by N. C. Flemming, pp. 23-36. CBA Research Report 141. Council for British Archaeology, London.
49. Fischer, A. 2007 Coastal Fishing in Stone Age Denmark- Evidence from below and above the Present Sea Level and from Human Bones. In Shell Middens in Atlantic Europe, edited by N. Milner, G. Bailey and O. Craig, pp. 54-69. Oxbow, Oxford.
50. Fischer, A. (editor) 1995a Man and Sea in the Mesolithic: Coastal Settlement above and below Present Sea Level. Oxbow, Oxford.
51. Fitch, S., K. Thomson, and V. Gaffney 2005 Late Pleistocene and Holocene Depositional Systems and the Palaeogeography of the Dogger Bank, North Sea. Quaternary Research 64:185-196.
52. Glimerveen, J., D. Mol, K. Post, J.W. F. Reumer, H. Van der Plicht, J. De Vos, B. Van Geel, G. Van Reene,and J. P. Pals 2004 The North Sea Project: the First Palaeontological, Palynological, and Archaeological Results. In Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea: Research Priorities and Collaboration with Industry, edited by N. C. Flemming, pp. 43-52. CBA Research Report 141. Council for British Archaeology, London.
53. Griffiths, D. 2003 Exchange, Trade, and Urbanization. In From the Vikings to the Normans, edited by W. Davies, pp. 73-106. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
54. Hardy, K., and C. Wickham-Jones 2002 Scotland's First Settlers: The Mesolithic Seascape of the Inner Sound, Skye and Its Contribution to the Early Prehistory of Scotland. Antiquity 76:825-833.
55. Harland, J. 2006 Zooarchaeology in the Viking Age to Medieval Northern Isles, Scotland: An Investigation of Spatial and Temporal Patterning. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK.
56. Hedges, R. E. M. 2004 Isotopes and Red Herrings: Comments on Milner et al. and Lidén et al. Antiquity 78:34-37.
57. Heinrich, D. 1983 Temporal Changes in Fishery and Fish Consumption between Early Medieval Haithabu and Its Successor, Schleswig. In Animals and Archaeology 2: Shell Middens, Fishes and Birds, edited by C. Grigson and J. Clutton-Brock, pp. 151-156. BAR International Series 183. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
58. Hill, D., and R. Cowie 2001 Wics: The Early Medieval Trading Centres of Northern Europe. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK.
59. Hinton, D. A. 1998 Archaeology, Economy, and Society: England from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Century. Routledge, London.
60. 13C and δ15N in North Pacific Pinnipeds: Inferences Regarding Environmental Change and Diet. Oecologia 129(4): 591-601.
61. Hodges, R. 1982 Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade AD 600-1000. Duckworth, London.
62. Hoffmann, R. C. 1996 Economic Development and Aquatic Ecosystems in Medieval Europe. The American Historical Review 101:631-669.
63. Hufthammer, A. K. 2003 Med kjøtt og fisk på menyen. In Middelalder- Gården i Trøndelag, edited by O. Skevik, pp. 182-196. Stiklestad Nasjonale Kultursenter, Stiklestad.
64. Jackson, J. B. C., M. X. Kirby, W. H. Berger, K. A. Bjorndal, L.W. Botsford, B. J. Bourque, R. H. Bradbury, R. Cooke, J. Erlandson, J. A. Estes, T. P. Hughes, S. Kidwell, C. B. Lange, H. S. Lenihan, J. M. Pandolfi, C. H. Peterson, R. S. Steneck, M. J.Tegner, and R. R. Warner 2001 Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems. Science 293:629-638.
65. Jones, A. K. G. 1981 Reconstruction of Fishing Techniques from Assemblages of Fish Bones. In Fish Osteoarchaeology Meeting: Copenhagen 28th-29th August 1981, edited by I. G. Enghoff, J. Richter and K. Rosenlund, pp. 4-5. Danish Zoological Museum, Copenhagen.
66. Jones, A. K. G. 1988 Provisional Remarks on Fish Remains from Archaeological Deposits at York. In The Exploitation of Wetlands, edited by P. Murphy and C. French, pp. 113-127. BAR British Series 186. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford. Larsson, L. (editor)
67. Jones, A. K. G. 1996 The Earliest Settlement of Scandinavia and Its Relationship with Neighbouring Areas. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, Series 8:24. Almquist and Wiksell International, Stockholm.
68. Lidén, K., G. Eriksson, B. Nordqvist, A. Götherstörm, and E. Bendixen 2004 "The Wet and the Wild followed by the Dry and the Tame"or Did They Occur at the Same Time? Diet in Mesolithic-Neolithic Southern Sweden. Antiquity 78:23-33.
69. Locker, A. 1988 The Fish Bones. In Two Middle Saxon Occupation Sites: Excavations at Jubilee Hall and 21-22 Maiden Lane, edited by R. Cowie, R. L. Whytehead and L. Blackmore, pp. 149-150. Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 39:47-163.
70. Long, D., C. R. Wickham-Jones, and N. A. Ruckley 1986 A Flint Artefact from the Northern North Sea. In Studies in the Upper Palaeolithic of Britain and Northwest Europe, edited by D. A. Roe, pp. 55-62. BAR International Series 296. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
71. Louwe Kooijmans, L. P. 2003 The Hardinxveld Sites in the Rhine/Meuse Delta, the Netherlands, 5500-4500 cal BC. In Mesolithic on the Move: Papers Presented at the Sixth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000, edited by L. Larsson, H. Kindgren, K. Knutsson, D. Loeffler and A. Åkerlund, pp. 608-624. Oxbow, Oxford.
72. Lubell, D., M. Jackes, H. Schwarcz, M. Knyf, and C. Meiklejohn 1994 The Mesolithic Neolithic Transition in Portugal: Isotopic and Dental Evidence of Diet. Journal of Archaeological Science 21:201-216.
73. Mannino, M. A., and K. D. Thomas 2002 Depletion of a Resource? The Impact of Prehistoric Human Foraging on Intertidal Mollusk Communities and Its Significance for Human Settlement, Mobility and Dispersal. World Archaeology 33:452-474.
74. Meehan, B. 1982 Shell Bed to Shell Midden. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra. Mellars, P. A.
75. Meehan, B. 1987 Excavations on Oronsay: Prehistoric Human Ecology on a Small Island. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
76. Meehan, B. 2004 Mesolithic Scotland, Coastal Occupation, and the Role of the Oronsay Middens. In Mesolithic Scotland and Its Neighbours, edited by A. Saville, pp. 167-183. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Edinburgh.
77. Mellars, P. A., and T. Wilkinson 1980 Fish Otoliths as Indicators of Seasonality in Prehistoric Shell Middens: The Evidence from Oronsay (Inner Hebrides). Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 46:19-44.
78. Melton, N. D., and R. A.,Nicholson 2004 The Mesolithic in the Northern Isles: The Preliminary Evaluation of an Oyster Midden at West Voe, Sumburgh, Shetland, U.K. Antiquity 78(299). Electronic document, http://antiquity.ac.uk/Proj Gall/nicholson/index.html, accessed July 2007.
79. Milner, N. 2001 At the Cutting Edge: Using Thin Sectioning to Determine Season of Death of the European Oyster, Ostrea edulis. Journal of Archaeological Science 28:861-873.
80. Milner, N. 2002 Incremental Growth of the European Oyster, Ostrea edulis: Seasonality Information from Danish Kitchenmiddens. BAR International Series 1057. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
81. Milner, N., and E. Laurie 2007 Coastal perspectives on the Mesolithic- Neolithic transition. In Meso2005, edited by S. McCartan. Oxford, Oxbow, in press.
82. Milner, N., O. E. Craig, G. N. Bailey, K. Pedersen, and S. H. Andersen 2004 Something Fishy in the Neolithic? A Re-evaluation of Stable Isotope Analysis of Mesolithic and Neolithic Coastal Populations. Antiquity 78:9-22.
83. Milner, N., O. E. Craig, G. N. Bailey, and S. H. Andersen 2006 A Response to Richards and Schulting. Antiquity 80(308):456-468.
84. Milner, N., G. Bailey, and O. Craig (editors) 2007a Shell Middens in Atlantic Europe. Oxbow, Oxford.
85. Milner, N., J. Barrett, and J. Welsh 2007b Marine Resource Intensification in Viking Age Europe: The Molluskan Evidence from Quoygrew, Orkney. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(9):1461-1472.
86. Mithen, S. (editor) 2000 Hunter-Gatherer Landscape Archaeology: The Southern Hebrides Mesolithic Project (1988-98), Vols. 1 and 2. MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge.
87. Morales, A., and E. Roselló 2004 Fishing down the Food Web in Iberian Prehistory? A New Look at the Fishes from Cueva de Nerja (Málaga, Spain). In Petits Animaux et Sociétés Humaines. Du Complément Alimentaire aux Resources Utilitaires. XXIVe Rencontres Internationales d'Archéologie et d'Histoire d'Antibes, edited by J.-P. Brugal and J. Desse, pp. 111-123. Éditions APDCA, Antibes.
88. Morales, A., E. Roselló, and F. Hernández 1998 Late Upper Palaeolithic Subsistence Strategies in Southern Iberia: Tardiglacial Faunas from Cueva de Nerja (Málaga, Spain). European Journal of Archaeology 1(1):9-50.
89. Mulville, J. 2002 The Role of Cetacea in Prehistoric and Historic Atlantic Scotland. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 12:34-48.
90. Myhre, B. 1993 The Beginning of the Viking Age-Some Current Archaeological Problems. In Viking Revaluations, edited by A. Faulkes and R. Perkins, pp. 182-204. Viking Society for Northern Research, London.
91. Nicholson, R. A. 1998 Fishing in the Northern Isles: A Case Study Based on Fish Bone Assemblages from Two Multi-period Sites on Sanday, Orkney. Environmental Archaeology: The Journal of Human Palaeoecology 2:15-28.
92. Nicholson, R. A. 2004 Iron-Age Fishing in the Northern Isles: The Evolution of a Stored Product. In Atlantic Connections and Adaptations: Economies, Environments and Subsistence in Lands Bordering the North Atlantic, edited by R. A. Housley and G. Coles, pp. 155-162. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
93. Pauly, D. 2004 Much Rowing for Fish. Nature 432:913-914.
94. Pauly, D., V. Christensen, J. Dalsgaard, R. Froese, and F. Torres, Jr. 1998 Fishing down Marine Food Webs. Science 279:860-863.
95. Perdikaris, S. 1999 From Chiefly Provisioning to Commercial Fishery: Long-Term Economic Change in Arctic Norway. World Archaeology 30:388-402.
96. Pickard, C., and C. Bonsall 2004 Deep-sea Fishing in the European Mesolithic: Fact or Fantasy? European Journal of Archaeology 7:273-290.
97. Prestell, T., and K. Ulmschneider 2003 Markets in Early Medieval Europe: Trading and "Productive" Sites, 650-850. Windgather, Macclesfield, UK.
98. Polunin, N.V. C., and J. K. Pinnegar 2002 In Handbook of Fish and Fisheries, Vol. 1, pp 301-320. Blackwell, Oxford.
99. Richards, M. P., and R. E. M. Hedges 1999a Stable Isotope Evidence for Similarities in the Types of Marine Foods Used by Late Mesolithic Humans on the Atlantic Coast of Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 26:717-722.
100. Richards, M. P. 1999b A Neolithic Revolution? New evidence of Diet in the British Neolithic. Antiquity 73:891-897.
101. Richards, M. P., and R. J. Schulting 2006 Against the Grain? A Response to Milner et al. Antiquity 80(308):444-456.
102. Richards, M. P., R. J. Schulting, and R. E. M. Hedges 2003 Sharp Shift in Diet at Onset of Neolithic. Nature 425:366.
103. Rowley-Conwy, P. 1983 Sedentary Hunters: The Ertebølle Example. In Hunter-Gatherer Economy in Prehistory, edited by G. Bailey, pp. 111-126. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
104. Sawyer, P. H. 1971 The Age of the Vikings. Arnold, London.
105. Schaller Åhrberg, E. 2007 Fishing for Storage: Mesolithic Short Term Fishing for Long Term consumption. In Shell Middens in Atlantic Europe, edited by N. Milner, G. Bailey and O. Craig, pp. 46-53. Oxbow, Oxford.
106. Schulting, R. J., and M. P. Richards 2002 The Wet, the Wild and the Domesticated: the Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition on the West Coast of Scotland. Journal of European Archaeology 5:147-158.
107. Shennan, I., and J. Andrews (editors) 2000 Holocene Land-Ocean Interaction and Environmental Change around the North Sea. Special Publications 166. Geological Society, London.
108. Skaarup, J., and O. Grøn 2004 Møllegebaet: A Submerged Mesolithic Settlement in Southern Denmark. BAR International Series 1328. Archaeological Press, Oxford.
109. Straus, L. G. 2008 The Mesolithic of Atlantic Iberia. In Mesolithic Europe, edited by G. Bailey and P. Spikins, pp. 303-327. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
110. Straus, L. G., and G. A. Clark (editors) 1986 La Riera Cave. Stone Age Hunter-gatherer Adaptations in Northern Spain. Arizona State University, Tempe.
111. Stringer, C. B., R. N. E. Barton, and J. C. Finlayson (editors) 2000 Neanderthals on the Edge: Papers from a Conference Marking the 150th Anniversary of the Forbes' Quarry Discovery, Gibraltar. Oxbow, Oxford.
112. 13C Evidence for Dietary Habits of Prehistoric Man in Denmark. Nature 292:332-333. Thomas, J.
113. Thomas, J. 2003 Thoughts on the "Repacked" Neolithic Revolution. Antiquity 77(295):67-75.
114. Thomson, W. P. L. 2001 The New History of Orkney. Mercat, Edinburgh.
115. 14C et Archéologie. Actes du 3ème Congrès International (Lyon, 6-10 avril 1998), edited by J. Evin, C. Oberlin, J-P. Daugas and J-F. Salles, pp. 249-257. Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique Française 26, 1999 et Supplément 1999 de la Revue d'Archéometrie. Société Préhistorique Française, Paris.
116. Van Kolfschoten, T., and H. Van Essen 2004 Palaeozoological Heritage from the Bottom of the North Sea. In Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea: Research Priorities and Collaboration with Industry, edited by N. C. Flemming, pp. 70-80. CBA Research Report 141. Council for British Archaeology, London.
117. Verhart, L. B. M. 2004 The Implications of Prehistoric Finds on and off the Dutch Coast. In Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea: Research Priorities and Collaboration with Industry, edited by N. C. Flemming, pp. 57-61. CBA Research Report 141. Council for British Archaeology, London.
118. Waddington, C., G. Bailey, A. Bayliss, I. Boomer, N. Milner, R. Shiel, and T. Stevenson 2003 A Mesolithic Settlement Site at Howick, Northumberland: A Preliminary Report. Archaeologia Aeliana 32:1-12.
119. Wainwright, S. C., M. J. Fogarty,R. C. Greenfield, and B. Fry 1993 Long-Term Changes in the Georges Bank Food Web: Trends in Stable Isotopic Compositions of Fish Scales. Marine Biology 115:481-493.
120. Watson, R., and D. Pauly 2002 Systematic Distortions in World Fisheries Catch Trends. Nature 414:534-536.
121. Wickham-Jones, C. R. 2007 Middens in Scottish Prehistory: Time, Space and Relativity. In Shell Middens in Atlantic Europe, edited by N. Milner, G. Bailey and O. Craig, pp. 89-93. Oxbow, Oxford.
122. Wigfors, J. 1995 West Swedish Mesolithic Settlements Containing Faunal Remains: Aspects of the Topography and Economy. In Man and Sea in the Mesolithic: Coastal Settlement above and below Present Sea Level, edited by A. Fischer, pp. 197-206. Oxbow, Oxford.
123. Woodman, P. C. 1978 The Mesolithic in Ireland: Hunter-Gatherers in an Insular Environment. Oxford, BAR British Series 58. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.