Revealing dimensions of thinking in open-ended self-descriptions: An automated meaning extraction method for natural language

Journal of Research in Personality

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 96-132

  Chung, Cindy K ^a   Pennebaker, James W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

LIWC; Meaning extraction method; Natural language; Self descriptions

Indexed keywords

EID: 44249118128     PISSN: 00926566     EISSN: 10957251     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.04.006     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Allport G.W. Personality: A psychological interpretation (1937), Holt, New York, NY
2. Allport G.W. Pattern and growth in personality (1961), Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York
3. Allport G.W., and Odbert H.S. Trait names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs 47 (1936) (1, Whole No. 211)
4. Arrindell W.A., and van der Ende J. An empirical test of the utility of the observations-to-variables ratio in factor and components analysis. Applied Psychological Measurement 9 (1985) 165-178
5. Bakan D. The duality of human existence: Isolation and communion in western man (1966), Beacon Press, Boston
6. Beck A.T., Rial W.Y., and Rickets K. Short form of depression inventory: Cross-validation. Psychological Reports 34 (1974) 1184-1186
7. Bem D.J., and Allen A. On predicting some of the people some of the time: The search for cross-situational consistencies in behavior. Psychological Review 81 (1974) 506-520
8. Blackman, M. C., & Funder, D. C. (2002). Effective interview practices for accurately assessing counterproductive traits. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, Special issue: Counterproductive behaviors at work, 109-116.
9. Block J. A contrarian view of the Five-Factor approach to personality description. Psychological Review 117 (1995) 187-215
10. Bromley D.B. Personality description in ordinary language (1977), John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY
11. Buchanan L., Westbury C., and Burgess C. Characterizing semantic space: Neighborhood effects in word recognition. Psychonomics Bulletin & Review 8 (2001) 531-544
12. Cantor N. From thought to behavior: 'Having' and 'doing' in the study of personality and cognition. American Psychologist 45 (1990) 735-750
13. Cantor N., Markus H., Niedenthal P., and Nurius P. On motivation and the self-concept. In: Sorrentino R.M., and Higgins E.T. (Eds). Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (1986), Guilford Press, New York, NY 96-121
14. Cattell R.B. The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1 (1966) 245-276
15. Chaplin, W. F., & John, O. P. (1989). Structured free-descriptions of the self-concept. Unpublished manuscript.
16. Claeys B., de Boeck P., van den Bosch W., Biesmans R., and Bohrer A. A comparison of one free-format and two fixed-format self-report personality assessment methods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49 (1985) 1028-1039
17. Costa Jr. P.T., and McCrae R.R. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual (1992), Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL
18. Csikszentmihalyi M., and Rochberg-Halton E. The meaning of things : Domestic symbols and the self (1981), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY
19. de Raad B., and Hofstee W.K. A circumplex approach to the Five Factor model: A facet structure of trait adjectives supplemented by trait verbs. Personality and Individual Differences 15 (1993) 493-505
20. de Raad B., and Hoskens M. Personality-descriptive nouns. European Journal of Personality 4 (1990) 131-146
21. de Raad B., Mulder E., Kloosterman K., and Hofstee W.K.B. Personality-descriptive verbs. European Journal of Personality 2 (1988) 81-96
22. Donahue, E. M. (1992). Bridging the gap between formal and informal assessments of personality. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
23. Duval S., and Wicklund R.A. A theory of objective self awareness (1972), Academic Press, Oxford, England
24. Epstein S. The self-concept revisited: Or a theory of a theory. American Psychologist 28 (1973) 404-416
25. Fiske S.T., and Cox M.G. Person concepts: The effect of target familiarity and descriptive purpose on the process of describing others. Journal of Personality 47 (1979) 136-161
26. Foltz P.W. Latent semantic analysis for text-based research. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers 28 (1996) 197-202
27. Fraley R.C. How to conduct behavioral research over the Internet (2004), The Guilford Press, New York, NY
28. Funder D.C., and Dobroth K.M. Differences between traits: Properties associated with interjudge agreement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 409-418
29. Gill, A. (2003). Personality and language: The projection and perception of personality in computer-mediated communication. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
30. Gill A.J., Oberlander J., and Austin E. The perception of e-mail personality at zero-acquaintace. Personality and Individual Differences 40 (2006) 497-507
31. Goldberg L.R. From Ace to Zombie: Some explorations in the language of personality. In: Spielberger C.D., and Butcher J.N. (Eds). Advances in personality assessment Vol. 1 (1982), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 203-234
32. Goldberg L.R. An alternative "Description of personality": The Big-Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59 (1990) 1216-1229
33. Gosling S.D., Rentfrow P.J., and Swann Jr. W.B. A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality 37 (2003) 504-528
34. Gough H.G. The California Personality Inventory. In: Watkins Jr. C.E., and Campbell V.L. (Eds). Testing in counseling practice (1990), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Hillsdale, NJ, England 37-62
35. Graesser A.C., Cai Z., Louwerse M., and Daniel F. Question Understanding Aid (QUAID): A web facility that helps survey methodologists improve the comprehensibility of questions. Public Opinion Quarterly 70 (2006) 1-20
36. Graesser A.C., Gernsbacher M.A., and Goldman S.R. Introduction to the handbook of discourse processes. In: Graesser A.C., Gernsbacher M.A., and Goldman S.R. (Eds). Handbook of discourse processes (2003), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ 1-23
37. Graesser A.C., Lu S., Jackson G.T., Mitchell H., Ventura M., Olney A., et al. AutoTutor: A tutor with dialogue in natural language. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments & Computers 36 (2004) 180-193
38. Graesser A.C., McNamara D.S., Louwerse M.M., and Cai Z. Coh-Metrix: Analysis of text on cohesion and language. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers 36 (2004) 193-202
39. Grice J.W. Bridging the idiographic-nomothetic divide in ratings of self and others on the Big Five. Journal of Personality 72 (2004) 203-241
40. Higgins E.T., Klein R., and Strauman T. Self-concept discrepancy theory: A psychological model for distinguishing among different aspects of depression and anxiety. Social Cognition 3 (1985) 51-76
41. Hill R.W., McIntire K., and Bacharach V.R. Perfectionism and the big five factors. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality 12 (1997) 257-270
42. Hofstee, W. K. B., & Van Heck, G. L. (Eds.). (1990). Personality language [Special Issue]. European Journal of Personality, 4(2).
43. Ickes W., Snyder M., and Garcia S. Personality influences on choice of situations. In: Hogan R., Johnson J.A., and Briggs S.R. (Eds). Handbook of personality psychology (1997), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 165-195
44. John O.P., and Srivastava S. The Big Five Trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In: Pervin L.A., and John O.P. (Eds). Handbook of personality: Theory and research. 2nd ed. (1999), Guilford Press, New York, NY 102-138
45. Kelly G.A. The psychology of personal constructs (1955), Norton, New York, NY
46. Kenny D.A., Mohr C.D., and Levesque M.J. A social relations variance partitioning of dyadic behavior. Psychological Bulletin 127 (2001) 128-141
47. Kenrick D.T., and Stringfield D.O. Personality traits and the eye of the beholder: Crossing some traditional philosophical boundaries in the search for consistency in all of the people. Psychological Review 87 (1980) 88-104
48. Kihlstrom J.F., Cantor N., Albright J.S., Chew B.R., Klein S.B., and Niedenthal P.M. Information processing and the study of the self. Advances in experimental social psychology. In: Berkowitz L. (Ed). Social psychological studies of the self: Perspectives and programs Vol. 21 (1988), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 145-178
49. Lamiell J.T. Toward an idiothetic psychology of personality. American Psychologist 36 (1981) 276-289
50. Landauer T.K., Foltz P.W., and Laham D. An introduction to latent semantic analysis. Discourse Processes 25 (1998) 259-284
51. Little B. Personality and science projects: Six impossible things before breakfast. Journal of Research in Personality 39 (2005) 4-21
52. MacCallum R.C., Widman K.F., Zhang S., and Hong S. Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods 4 (1999) 84-99
53. Markus H. Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 (1977) 63-78
54. Markus H., and Nurius P. Possible selves. American Psychologist 41 (1986) 954-969
55. McAdams D.P. What do we know when we know a person?. Journal of Personality 63 (1995) 365-396
56. McGuire W.J., and Padawer-Singer A. Trait salience in spontaneous self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 33 (1976) 743-754
57. Oberlander J., and Gill A.J. Language with character: A stratified corpus comparison of individual differences in e-mail communication. Discourse Processes 42 (2006) 239-270
58. Paunonen S.V., and Jackson D.N. What is beyond the Big Five? Plenty!. Journal of Personality 68 (2000) 821-835
59. Peabody D. Selecting representative trait adjectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 59-71
60. Peabody D., and Goldberg L.R. Some determinants of factor structures from personality-trait descriptors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989) 552-567
61. Peevers B.H., and Secord P.F. Developmental changes in attribution of descriptive concepts to persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1973) 552-567
62. Pennebaker J.W., Francis M.E., and Booth R.J. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC): LIWC2001 (2001), Erlbaum Publishers, Mahwah, NJ
63. Pennebaker J.W., and King L.A. Linguistic styles: Language use as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (1999) 1296-1312
64. Pennebaker J.W., Mehl M.R., and Niederhoffer K. Psychological aspects of natural language use: Our words, our selves. Annual Review of Psychology 54 (2003) 547-577
65. Pew Internet & American Life Project. (2003). Internet activities. Retrieved October 22, 2003, from http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/chart.asp?img=Internet_Activities_10.22.03.htm.
66. Prentice D.A. Familiarity and differences in self- and other-representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59 (1990) 369-383
67. Robinson M.D. Personality as performance: Categorization tendences and their correlates. Current Directions in Psychological Science 13 (2004) 127-129
68. Robinson M.D., and Oishi S. Trait self-report as a "fill-in" belief system: Categorization speed moderates the extraversion/life satisfaction relation. Self and Identity 5 (2006) 15-34
69. Ross M., and Buehler R. Identity through time: Constructing personal pasts and futures. In: Brewer M.B., and Hewstone M. (Eds). Self and social identity (2004), Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA, US 25-51
70. Saucier G. Effects of variable selection on the factor structure of person descriptors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (1997) 1296-1312
71. Saucier G. Factor structure of English-language personality type-nouns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2003) 695-708
72. Saucier G., and Goldberg L.R. The language of personality: lexical perspectives on the five-factor model. In: Wiggins J.S. (Ed). The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Theoretical perspectives (1996), Guilford, New York, NY 21-50
73. Saucier G., and Goldberg L.R. Evidence for the Big Five in analyses of familiar English personality adjectives. European Journal of Personality 10 (1997) 61-77
74. Saucier G., and Goldberg L.R. Lexical studies of indigenous personality factors: premises, products, and prospects. Journal of Personality 69 (2001) 847-879
75. Schiller R., Tellegen A., and Evens J. An idiogrpahic and nomothetic study of personality description. In: Butcher J.N., and Spielberger C.D. (Eds). Advances in personality assessment Vol. 10 (1995), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Hillsdale, NJ 1-23
76. Scott M. WordSmith (1996), Oxford University Press, New York, NY
77. Semin G.R., and Marsman J.G. 'Multiple-inference-inviting properties' of interpersonal verbs: Event instigation, dispositional inference and implicit causality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (1994) 836-849
78. Slobin D. From "thought" and "language" to "thinking" for "speaking". In: Gumperz J.J., and Levinson S.J. (Eds). Rethinking linguistic relativity (1996), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY 70-96
79. Stevens J.P. Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. 2nd ed. (1992), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
80. Tellegen A. Folk concepts and psychological concepts of personality and personality disorder. Psychological Inquiry 4 (1993) 122-130
81. Väyrynen J.J., and Honkela T. Comparison of independent component analysis and singular value decomposition in word context analysis. In: Honkela T., Könönen V., Pöllä M., and Simula O. (Eds). Proceedings of AKRR'05, International and interdisciplinary conference on adaptive knowledge representation and reasoning (2005), Espoo, Finland 135-140
82. Vazire S., and Gosling S.D. e-Perceptions: Personality impressions based on personal websites. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87 (2004) 123-132
83. Vrij A. Why professionals fail to catch liars and how they can improve. Legal and Criminological Psychology 9 (2004) 159-181
84. Vrij A., Mann S., and Fisher R.P. Information-gathering vs accusatory interview style: Individual differences in respondents' experiences. Personality and Individual Differences 41 (2006) 589-599
85. Westen D. A model and a method for uncovering the nomothetic from the idiographic: An alternative to the Five-Factor Model?. Journal of Research in Personality, Special Issue: The Future of Personality 30 (1996) 400-413
86. Westen D., and Muderrisoglu S. Reliability and validity of personality disorder assessment using a systematic clinical interview: Evaluating an alternative to structured interviews. Journal of Personality Disorders 17 (2003) 350-368
87. Westen D., and Weinberger J. When clinical description becomes statistical prediction. American Psychologist 59 (2004) 595-613
88. Westen, D., & Weinberger, J. (2005). In praise of clinical judgment: Meehl's forgotten legacy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, Special issue: A Great Pioneer of Clinical Science Remembered: Special Issues in Honor of Paul E. Meehl., 1257-1276.