Is perceived emotional support beneficial? Well-being and health in independent and interdependent cultures

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 741-754

  Uchida, Yukiko ^a,f   Kitayama, Shinobu ^b   Mesquita, Batja ^c   Reyes, Jose Alberto S ^d   Morling, Beth ^e  

^a KYOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^d DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY   (Philippines)

^e UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^f KYOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Culture; Independence; Interdependence; Perceived emotional support; Self esteem; Well being

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ASIAN; BENEFICENCE; CAUCASIAN; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COOPERATION; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; CULTURAL FACTOR; EMOTION; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; FRIEND; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; JAPAN; MALE; PERCEPTION; PHILIPPINES; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SOCIOMETRIC STATUS; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; BENEFICENCE; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; CULTURE; EMOTIONS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; FRIENDS; HEALTH STATUS; HELPING BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; JAPAN; MALE; PHILIPPINES; QUESTIONNAIRES; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SOCIOMETRIC TECHNIQUES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 43849095625     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167208315157     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Aiken, L.S., & West, S.G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
3. Barrera, M., Jr. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 413-445.
4. Beck, A.T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and emotional disorders. New York: International University Press.
5. Berndt, T., & Bridgett, P.T. (1986). Children's perceptions of friendships as supportive relationships. Developmental Psychology, 22, 640-648.
6. Bolger, N., & Amarel, D. (2007). Effects of social support visibility on adjustment to stress: Experimental evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 458-475.
7. Bolger, N., Foster, M., Vinokur, A.D., & Ng, R. (1996). Close relationship and adjustments to a life crisis: The case of breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 283-294.
8. Bolger, N., Zuckerman, A., & Kessler, R.C. (2000). Invisible support and adjustment to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 953-961.
9. Brim, O. G., Ryff, C. D., & Kessler, R. C. (Eds.). (2004). The MIDUS national survey: An overview. In O. G. Brim, C. D. Ryff, & R. C. Kessler (Eds.), How healthy are we? A national study of well-being at midlife (pp. 1-34). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10. Brown, J.D., & Kobayashi, C. (2003). Culture and the self-enhancement bias. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 492-495.
11. Bulatao, J.C. (1964). Hiya. Philippines Studies, 12, 424-438.
12. Burwell, R.A., & Shirk, S.R. (2006). Self processes in adolescent depression: The role of self-worth contingencies. Journal of Research on Adolescence 16, 479-490.
13. Cacioppo, J.T., Hawkley, L.C., & Bernston, G.G. (2003). The anatomy of loneliness. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 71-74.
14. Charles, S.T., Reynolds, C.A., & Gatz, M. (2001). Age-related differences and change in positive and negative affect over 23 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 136-151.
15. Church, A.T. (1986). Filipino personality (Monograph Series No. 6). Manila, Philippines: De La Salle University Press.
16. Church, A.T. (1987). Personality research in a non-Western culture: The Philippines. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 272-292.
17. Cohen, S., & Wills, T.A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357.
18. Cutrona, C.E. (1986). Behavioral manifestations of social support: A microanalytic investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 201-208.
19. Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653-663.
20. Diener, E., Emmons, R.A., Larsen, R.J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
21. Diener, E., & Suh, E.M. (1997). Measuring quality of life: Economic, social, and subjective indicators. Social Indicators Research, 40, 189-216.
22. Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. New York: Stuart.
23. Enriquez, V.G. (1994). From colonial to liberation psychology: The Philippine experience. Manila, Philippines: De La Salle University Press.
24. Erikson, E.H. (1959). Psychological issues: Identity and the life cycle. New York: International University Press.
25. Fehr, B. (2004). Intimacy expectations in same-sex friendships: A prototype interaction-pattern model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 265-284.
26. Fisher, J.D., Nadler, A., & Whitcher-Alagna, S. (1982). Recipient reactions to aid. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 27-54.
27. Hashimoto, T., Imada, T., & Kitayama, S. (2007, September). Support seeking in Japan and the US. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Japanese Psychological Association, Tokyo, Japan.
28. Heine, S.J., Kitayama, S., & Hamamura, T. (2007). Which studies test whether self-enhancement is pancultural? Reply to Sedikides, Gaertner, and Vevea, 2007. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 197-200.
29. Heine, S.J., Lehman, D.R., Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard ? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794.
30. Hisada, M., Senda, S., & Minoguchi, M. (1989, September). Development of social support scale (1). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Japanese Psychological Association, Tokyo, Japan.
31. Hoshino-Browne, E., Zanna, A.S., Spencer, S.J., Zanna, M.P., Kitayama, S., & Lackenbauer, S. (2005). On the cultural guises of cognitive dissonance: The case of Easterners and Westerners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 294-310.
32. Imada, T., & Kitayama, S. (2007). Watching eyes of others and self-justification: A dual-process model of dissonance. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan.
33. Ishii, K., Rayes, J.A., & Kitayama, S., (2003). Spontaneous attention to word content versus emotional tone: Differences among three cultures. Psychological Science, 14, 39-46.
34. Ishiyama, F.I. (1986). Morita therapy: Its basic features and cognitive intervention for anxiety treatment. Psychotherapy, 23 (3). 375-381.
35. Iyengar, S.S., & Lepper, M.R. (1999). Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 349-366.
36. Ji, L., Peng, K., & Nisbett, R.E. (2000). Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 943-955.
37. Kang, S., Shaver, P.R., Suh, S., Min, K., & Jing, H. (2003). Culture-specific patterns in the prediction of life satisfaction: Roles of emotion, relationship quality, and self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1596-1608.
38. Kashima, Y., Kokubo, T., Kashima, E., Boxall, D., Yamaguchi, S., & Macrae, K. (2004). Culture and self: Are there within-culture differences in self between metropolitan areas and regional cities ? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 816-823.
39. Kim, H.S., Sherman, D.K., Ko, D., & Taylor, S.E. (2006). Pursuit of comfort and pursuit of harmony: Culture, relationships, and social support seeking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1595-1607.
40. Kitayama, S., Duffy, S., & Uchida, Y. (2007). Self as cultural mode of being. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 136-174). New York: Guilford.
41. Kitayama, S., & Ishii, K. (2002). Word and voice: Spontaneous attention to emotional speech in two cultures. Cognition & Emotion, 16, 29-59.
42. Kitayama, S., Ishii, K., Imada, T., Takemura, K., & Ramaswamy, J. (2006). Voluntary settlement and the spirit of independence: Evidence from Japan's "Northern frontier." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 369-384.
43. Kitayama, S., & Markus, H.R. (2000). The pursuit of happiness and the realization of sympathy: Cultural patterns of self, social relations, and well-being. In E. Diener, & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Cultural and subjective well-being (pp. 113-161). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
44. Kitayama, S., Markus, H.R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 93-124.
45. Kitayama, S., Markus, H.R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997). Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1245-1267.
46. Kitayama, S., Mesquita, B., & Karasawa, M. (2006). Cultural affordances and emotional experience: Socially engaging and disengaging emotions in Japan and the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 890-903.
47. Kitayama, S., Park, H., Sevincer, A.T., & Karasawa, M. (2007). The frontier on my mind: Evidence from a United States-Germany-Japan triangulation. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan.
48. Kitayama, S., Snibbe, A.C., Markus, H.R., & Suzuki, T. (2004). Is there any "free" choice? Self and dissonance in two cultures. Psychological Science, 14, 527-533.
49. Kitayama, S., Takagi, H., & Matsumoto, H. (1995). Causal attribution of success and failure: Cultural psychology of the Japanese self. Japanese Psychological Review, 38, 247-280.
50. Kitayama, S., & Uchida, Y. (2005). Interdependent Agency: An Alternative System for Action. In R. M. Sorrentino, D. Cohen, J. M. Olson, & M. P. Zanna, (Eds.), Cultural and social behavior: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 10, pp. 137-164). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
51. Kitayama, S., Uchida, Y., Nakama, D., Mesquita, B., Saitoh, T., & Morling, B. (2007). Esteem support and reciprocity monitoring: Self and social relations in two cultures. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan.
52. Kwan, V.S.Y., Bond, M.H., & Singelis, T.M. (1997). Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction: Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1038-1051.
53. Lachman, M.E., & Weaver, S.L., (1998). The sense of control as a moderator of social class differences in health and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 763-773.
54. Langer, E.J., & Rodin, J. (1976). The effects of choice and enhanced personal responsibility for the aged: A field experiment in an institutional setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 191-198.
55. Leary, M.R., Tambor, E.S., Terdal, S.K., & Downs, D.L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 518-530.
56. Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (1991 a). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
57. Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (1991 b). Cultural variation of the self. In G. R. Goethals & J. Strauss (Eds.), Multidiscriplinary perspectives on the self (pp. 18-48). New York: Springer-Verlag.
58. Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (2003). Models of agency: Sociocultural diversity in the construction of action. In V. Murphy-Berman & J. Berman, (Eds.), Cross-cultural differences in perspectives on the self (pp. 18-74). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
59. Mesquita, B., & Karasawa, M. (2002). Different emotional lives. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 127-141.
60. Morling, B., Kitayama, S., & Miyamoto, Y. (2002). Cultural practices emphasize influence in the United States and adjustment in Japan. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 311-323.
61. Mroczek, D.K., & Kolarz, C.M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1333-1349.
62. Na, J., & Kitayama, S. (2007). Unconscious influences of social eyes: Public scrutiny and choice-induced enhancement of motivation. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan.
63. Preacher, K., J., & Hayes, A.F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36, 717-731.
64. Reis, H.T. (1984). Social interaction and well-being. In S. Duck (Ed.), Personal relationships: Vol. 5. Repairing personal relationships (pp. 21-45). New York: Academic Press.
65. Reynolds, D.K. (1976). Morita psychotherapy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
66. Reynolds, D.K. (1983). Naikan psychotherapy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
67. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
68. Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
69. Ryan, R.M., Sheldon, K.M., Kasser, T., & Deci, E.L. (1996). All goals are not created equal: An organismic perspective on the nature of goals and their regulation. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh, (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 7-26). New York: Guilford.
70. Ryff, C.D., & Keyes, C.L.M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719-727.
71. Sarason, B.R., Shearin, E.N., Peirce, G.R., & Sarason, I.G. (1987). Interrelations of social support measures: Theoretical and practical implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 813-832.
72. Schimmack, U., Radhakrishnan, P., Oishi, S., Dzokoto, V., & Ahadi, S., (2002). Culture, personality, and subjective well-being: Integrating process models of life satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 582-593.
73. Seidman, G., Shrout, P.E., & Bolger, N. (2006). Why is enacted social support associated with increased distress? Using simulation to test two possible sources of spuriousness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 52-65.
74. Sherman, D.K., & Cohen, G.L. (2007). The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 38, pp. 183-242). New York: Academic Press.
75. Shmotkin, D. (1990). Subjective well-being as a function of age and gender: A multivariate look for differentiated trends. Social Indicators Research, 23, 201-230.
76. Shweder, R.A., & Bourne, E.J. (1982). Does the concept of person vary cross-culturally? In A. J. Marsella & G. M. White (Eds.), Cultural conceptions of mental health and therapy (pp.1 30-204). London: Reidel.
77. Shweder, R.A., Jensen, L.A., & Goldstein, W.M. (1995). Who sleeps by whom revisited: A method for extracting the moral goods implicit in practice. In J. J. Goodnow, P. J. Miller, & F. Kessel (Eds.), New directions for child and adolescent development: Cultural practices as contexts for development (pp. 21-39). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
78. Sobel, M.E. (1982). Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290-312). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
79. Taylor, S.E., & Brown, J.D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
80. Taylor, S.E., Sherman, D.K., Kim, H.S., Jarcho, J., Takagi. K., & Dunagan, M.S. (2002). Culture and social support: Who seeks it and why ? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 354-362.
81. Tesser, A. (1986). Some effect of self-evaluation maintenance on cognition and action. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 435-464). New York: Guilford.
82. Triandis, H.C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
83. Uchida, Y., Norasakkunkit, V., & Kitayama, S. (2004). Cultural constructions of happiness: Theory and empirical evidence. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 223-239.
84. Uchino, B.N., Cacioppo, J.T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 488-531.
85. Vandello, J.A., & Cohen, D. (1999). Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 279-292.