Effects of canopy morphology and thermal stability on mean flow and turbulence statistics observed inside a mixed hardwood forest

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

Volumn 148, Issue 6-7, 2008, Pages 862-882

  Su, H B ^a   Schmid, H P ^b,c   Vogel, C S ^d   Curtis, P S ^e  

^a EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^e OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Drag coefficients; Forest morphology; Horizontal mean wind directional shear; Mixing length; Secondary wind speed maximum; Thermal stability; Zero plane displacement height

Indexed keywords

CANOPY; FOREST CANOPY; MIXING; MORPHOLOGY; SEASONAL VARIATION; TURBULENCE; WIND VELOCITY;

POPULUS;

EID: 43749109413     PISSN: 01681923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.12.002     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Albini F.A. A phenomenological model for wind speed and shear stress profiles in vegetation cover layers. J. Appl. Meteorol. 20 (1981) 1325-1335
2. Allen L.H. Turbulence and wind speed spectra within a Japanese larch plantation. J. Appl. Meteorol. 7 (1968) 73-78
3. Amiro B.D. Comparison of turbulence statistics within three Boreal forest canopies. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 51 (1990) 99-121
4. Amiro B.D. Drag coefficients and turbulence spectra within three Boreal forest canopies. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 52 (1990) 227-246
5. Ayotte K.W., Finnigan J.J., and Raupach M.R. A second-order closure for neutrally stratified vegetation canopy flows. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 90 (1999) 189-216
6. Baldocchi D.D., and Hutchison B.A. Turbulence structure in a deciduous forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 43 (1987) 345-364
7. Baldocchi D.D., and Meyers T.P. Turbulence in an almond orchard: vertical variation in turbulence statistics. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 40 (1988) 127-146
8. Baldocchi D.D., Finnigan J.J., Wilson K.B., Paw U K.T., and Falge E. On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 96 (2000) 257-291
9. Bosveld F.C. Derivation of fluxes from profiles over a moderately homogeneous forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 84 (1997) 289-327
10. Bovard B.D. Environmental controls on sap flow in a northern hardwood forest. Tree Physiol. 25 (2005) 31-38
11. Cionco R.M. A mathematical model for air flow in a vegetative canopy. J. Appl. Meteorol. 4 (1965) 517-522
12. Dyer A.J. A review of flux-profile relationships. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 7 (1974) 363-372
13. Finnigan J.J. Turbulence in plant canopies. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 32 (2000) 519-571
14. Finnigan J.J., Clements R., Malhi Y., Leuning R., and Cleugh H.A. A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques. Part I. Averaging and coordinate rotation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 107 (2003) 1-48
15. Finnigan J.J. A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques. Part II. Coordinate systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 113 (2004) 1-41
16. Fons W.L. Influence of forest cover on wind velocity. J. Forestry 38 (1940) 481-486
17. Garratt J.R. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer. (1992), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 316 pp
18. Goudriaan J. Crop Micrometeorology: A Simulation Study (1977), Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands 249 pp
19. Inoue E. On the turbulent structure of airflow within crop canopies. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 41 (1963) 317-326
20. Jackson P.S. On the displacement height in the logarithmic velocity profile. J. Fluid Mech. 111 (1981) 15-25
21. Kaimal J.C., and Finnigan J.J. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows: Their Structure and Measurement (1994), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK 289 pp
22. Katul G.G., and Albertson J.D. An investigation of higher-order closure models for a forested canopy. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 89 (1998) 47-74
23. Katul G.G., Mahrt L., Poggi D., and Sanz C. One- and two-equation models for canopy turbulence. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 113 (2004) 81-109
24. Kondo J., and Akashi S. Numerical studies on the two-dimensional flow in horizontal homogeneous canopy layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 10 (1976) 255-272
25. Landsberg J.J., and James G.B. Wind profiles in plant canopies: studies on an analytical model. J. Appl. Ecol. 8 (1971) 729-741
26. Leclerc M.Y., Beissner K.C., Shaw R.H., den Hartog G., and Neumann H.H. The influence of atmospheric stability on the budgets of the Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy within and above a deciduous forest. J. Appl. Meteorol. 29 (1990) 916-933
27. Leclerc M.Y., Beissner K.C., Shaw R.H., den Hartog G., and Neumann H.H. The influence of foliage buoyancy on third-order turbulent velocity statistics within a deciduous forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 55 (1991) 109-123
28. Lee X., and Black A. Atmospheric turbulence within and above a Douglas-fir stand. Part I. Statistical properties of the velocity field. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 64 (1993) 149-174
29. Lee X., Shaw R.H., and Black A. Modelling the effect of mean pressure gradient on mean flow within forests. Agric. For. Meteorol. 68 (1994) 201-212
30. Lee X.-H. On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 91 (1998) 39-49
31. Lee X., Finnigan J., and Paw U K.T. Coordiate systems and flux bias error. In: Lee X., Massman W.J., and Law B. (Eds). Handbook of Micrometeorology - A Guide for Surface Flux Measurement and Analysis (2004), Kluwer Academic Publishers pp. 33-66 (250 pp.)
32. Lee Y.-H., and Mahrt L. Effect of stability on mixing in open canopies. Agric. For. Meteorol. 135 (2005) 169-179
33. Li Z., Miller D.R., and Lin J.D. A first-order closure scheme to describe counter-gradient momentum transport in plant canopies. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 33 (1985) 77-83
34. Mahrt L., Lee X., Black A., Neumann H., and Staebler R.M. Nocturnal mixing in a forest subcanopy. Agric. For. Meteorol. 101 (2000) 67-78
35. Massman W.J. An analytical one-dimensional model of momentum transfer by vegetation of arbitrary structure. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 83 (1997) 407-421
36. Massman W.J., and Weil J.C. An analytical one-dimensional second-order closure model of turbulence statistics and the Lagrangian time scale within and above plant canopies of arbitrary structure. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 91 (1999) 81-107
37. Meyers T.P., and Paw U K.T. Testing of a higher-order closure model for modeling airflow within and above plant canopies. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 37 (1986) 297-311
38. Meyers T.P., and Paw U K.T. Modeling the plant canopy micrometeorology with higher-order closure principles. Agric. For. Meteorol. 41 (1987) 143-163
39. Monteith J.L., and Unsworth M. Principles of Environmental Physics. 2nd ed. (1990), Butterworth-Heinemann, Eastbourne, Great Britain 291 pp
40. Oliver H.R. Wind profiles in and above a forest canopy. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 97 (1971) 548-553
41. Paw U K.T., Baldocchi D.D., Meyers T.P., and Wilson K.B. Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 97 (2000) 487-511
42. Pinker R.T., and Holland Z.J. Turbulence structure of a tropical forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 43 (1988) 43-63
43. Pyles R.D., Paw U K.T., and Falk M. Directional wind shear within an old-growth temperate rainforest: observations and model results. Agric. For. Meteorol. 125 (2004) 19-31
44. Raupach M.R., and Thom A.S. Turbulence in and above plant canopies. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 13 (1981) 97-129
45. Raupach M.R., Coppin P.A., and Legg B.J. Experiments on scalar dispersion within a model plant canopy. Part I. The turbulence structure. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 35 (1986) 21-52
46. Raupach M.R., Finnigan J.J., and Brunet Y. Coherent eddies and turbulence in vegetation canopies: the mixing-layer analogy. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 78 (1996) 351-382
47. Reifsnyder W.E. Wind profiles in a small isolated forest stand. Forest Sci. 1 (1955) 289-297
48. Schmid H.P. Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies: a review and perspective. Agric. For. Meteorol. 113 (2002) 159-184
49. Schmid H.P., Su H.-B., Vogel C.S., and Curtis P.S. Ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide over a mixed deciduous forest in northern lower Michigan. J. Geophys. Res. 108 D14 (2003) 4417 doi:10.1029/2002JD003011
50. Shaw R.H. Secondary wind speed maxima inside plant canopies. J. Appl. Meteorol. 16 (1977) 514-521
51. Shaw R.H., and Pereira A.R. Aerodynamic roughness of a plant canopy: a numerical experiment. Agric. Meteorol. 26 (1982) 51-65
52. Shaw R.H., den Hartog G., and Neumann H.H. Influence of foliage density and thermal stability on profiles of Reynolds stress and turbulence intensity in a deciduous forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 45 (1988) 391-409
53. Shaw R.H., Paw U K.T., Zhang X.J., Gao W., den Hartog G., and Neumann H.H. Retrieval of turbulent pressure fluctuations at the ground surface beneath a forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 50 (1990) 319-338
54. Shaw R.H., and Zhang X.J. Evidence of pressure-forced turbulent flow in a forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 58 (1992) 273-288
55. Shaw R.H., and Schumann U. Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow above and within a forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 61 (1992) 47-64
56. Smith F.B., Carson D.J., and Oliver H.R. Mean wind-direction shear through a forest canopy. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 3 (1972) 178-190
57. Su H.-B., Paw U K.T., Shaw R.H., and Moeng C.-H. Large-eddy simulation of pressure-gradient-velocity covariance and its parameterization within and above a forest. Proceedings of the 23rd Conference of Agricultural For Meteorology (1998), American Meteorological Society, Albuquerque, NM 229-232
58. Su H.-B., Shaw R.H., Paw U K.T., Moeng C.-H., and Sullivan P.P. Turbulent statistics of neutrally stratified flow within and above a sparse forest from large-eddy simulation and field observations. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 88 (1998) 363-397
59. Su H.-B., Shaw R.H., and Paw U K.T. Two-point correlation analysis of neutrally stratified flow within and above a forest from large-eddy simulation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 94 (2000) 423-460
60. Su H.-B., Schmid H.P., Grimmond C.S.B., Vogel C.S., and Oliphant A.J. Spectral characteristics and correction of long-term eddy-covariance measurements over two mixed hardwood forests in non-flat terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 110 (2004) 213-253
61. Su, H.-B., Schmid, H.P., Vogel, C.S., Curtis, P.S., 2008. An assessment of observed vertical flux divergence in long-term eddy-covariance measurements over two Midwestern forest ecosystems. Agric. For. Meteorol., doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.009.
62. Thom A.S. Momentum absorption by vegetation. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 97 (1971) 414-428
63. Vickers D., and Mahrt L. Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data. J. Atmos. Ocean Technol. 14 (1997) 512-526
64. Villani M.G., Schmid H.P., Su H.-B., Hutton J.L., and Vogel C.S. Turbulence statistics measurement in a northern hardwood forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 108 (2003) 343-364
65. Wilczak J.M., Oncley S.P., and Stage S.A. Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 99 (2001) 127-150
66. Wilson J.D. A second-order closure model for flow through vegetation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 42 (1988) 371-392
67. Wilson N.R., and Shaw R.H. A higher order closure model for canopy flow. J. Appl. Meteorol. 11 (1977) 1197-1205
68. Yamada T. A numerical model study of turbulent airflow in and above a forest canopy. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 60 (1982) 439-454