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Guarantor of the article: Hideki Iijima, M.D., Ph.D. Specific author contributions: Conception and design: Hideki Iijima, Eiji Miyoshi, and Norio Hayashi; biochemical analysis: Shinichiro Shinzaki, Takatoshi Nakagawa, Sachiko Nakajima, Akihiro Kondo, and Eiji Miyoshi; sample collection and clinical data analysis: Satoshi Egawa, Shuji Ishii, Takanobu Irie, Yoshimi Kakiuchi, Tsutomu Nishida, Masakazu Yasumaru, Tsunekazu Mizushima, Harumasa Yoshihara, Tatsuya Kanto, Masahiko Tsujii, and Shingo Tsuji; and manuscript preparation: Shinichiro Shinzaki, Hideki Iijima, Takatoshi Nakagawa, Masahiko Tsujii, Akihiro Kondo, and Eiji Miyoshi. Financial support: This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (18590680 and 19590721) and a Grant-in-Aid for Smoking Research Foundation. Potential competing interests: None.
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