Health assessment of phosgene: Approaches for derivation of reference concentration

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 98-107

  Gift, Jeffrey S ^a   McGaughy, Robert ^a   Singh, Dharm V ^a   Sonawane, Babasaheb ^a  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

Benchmark concentration; Benchmark dose; Categorical regression; Phosgene; Reference concentration; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

PHOSGENE;

ACUTE TOXICITY; ARTICLE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; GAS EXCHANGE; HEALTH HAZARD; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; LUNG INJURY; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ANIMALS; CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS; HUMANS; INHALATION EXPOSURE; LUNG; NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL; PHOSGENE; REFERENCE VALUES; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOXICITY TESTS;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); RATTUS;

EID: 43449136960     PISSN: 02732300     EISSN: 10960295     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.03.004     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. AEGL, 2004. AEGL (Acute Exposure Guideline Levels) for Selected Airborne Chemicals, volume 2. Phosgene. Prepared by the National Research Council of the National Academies. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
2. Brown R.F.R., Jugg B.J.A., Harban F.M.J., Ashley Z., Kenward C.E., Platt K.J., Hill A., Rice P., and Watkins P.E. Pathophysiological responses following phosgene exposure in the anaesthetized pig. J. Appl. Toxicol. 22 (2002) 263-269
3. Burleson G.R., and Keyes L.L. Natural killer activity in Fischer-344 rat lungs as a method to assess pulmonary immunocompetence: immunosuppression by phosgene inhalation. Immunopharm. Immunother. 11 2-3 (1989) 421-443
4. Cameron G.R., and Courtice F.C. The production and removal of oedema fluid in the lung after exposure to carbonyl chloride (phosgene). J. Physiol. 105 (1946) 175-185
5. Clay J.R., and Rossing R.G. Histopathology of exposure to phosgene: an attempt to produce pulmonary emphysema experimentally. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 78 (1964) 544-551
6. Diller W.F. Pathogenesis of phosgene poisoning. Toxicol. Ind. Health 1 2 (1985) 7-15
7. Dourson M.L., and Stara J.F. Regulatory history and experimental support of uncertainty (safety) factors. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 3 3 (1983) 224-238
8. Ehrlich J.P., and Burleson G.R. Enhanced and prolonged pulmonary influenza virus infection following phosgene inhalation. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 34 (1991) 259-273
9. Ehrlich J.P., Gunnison A.F., and Burleson G.R. Influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in Fischer 344 rat lungs as a method to assess pulmonary immunocompetence: effect of phosgene inhalation. Inhal. Toxicol. 1 (1989) 129-138
10. Franch S., and Hatch G.E. Pulmonary biochemical effects of inhaled phosgene in rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 19 (1986) 413-423
11. Hatch G.E., Slade R., Stead A.G., et al. Species comparison of acute inhalation toxicity of ozone and phosgene. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 19 (1986) 43-53
12. Hatch G.E., Kodavanti U., Crissman K., et al. An "injury-time integral" model for extrapolating from acute to chronic effects of phosgene. Toxicol. Ind. Health 17 (2001) 285-293
13. Jugg B., Jenner J., and Rice P. The effects of perfluoroisobutene and phosgene on rat lavage fluid surfactant phospholipids. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 18 11 (1999) 659-668
14. Keeler J.R., Hurt H.H., Nold J.B., et al. Phosgene-induced lung injury in sheep. Inhal. Toxicol. 2 (1990) 391-406
15. Kelly T.J., Mukund R., Spicer C., et al. Concentrations and transformations of hazardous air pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28 8 (1994) 379-387
16. Kodavanti U.P., Costa D.L., Giri S.N., et al. Pulmonary structural and extracellular matrix alterations in Fischer 344 rats following subchronic phosgene exposure. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 37 (1997) 54-63
17. Pauluhn J. Acute nose-only exposure of rats to phosgene. Part I: Concentration × time dependence of LC50s and non-lethal-threshold concentrations and analysis of breathing patterns. Inhal. Toxicol. 18 (2006) 423-435
18. Pauluhn J. Acute nose-only exposure of rats to phosgene. Part II: Concentration × time dependence of changes in bronchoalveolar lavage during a follow-up period of 3 months. Inhal. Toxicol. 18 (2006) 595-607
19. Pauluhn J. Acute head-only exposure of dogs to phosgene. Part III: Comparison of indicators of lung injury in dogs and rats. Inhal. Toxicol. 18 (2006) 609-621
20. Pauluhn J., Carson A., Costa D.L., et al. Workshop summary: Phosgene-induced pulmonary toxicity revisited: appraisal of early and late markers of pulmonary injury from animal models with emphasis on human significance. Inhal. Toxicol 19 10 (2007) 789-810
21. Polednak A.P. Mortality among men occupationally exposed to phosgene in 1943-1945. Environ. Res. 22 (1980) 357-367
22. Polednak A.P., and Hollis D.R. Mortality and causes of death among workers exposed to phosgene in 1943-1945. Toxicol. Ind. Health 1 2 (1985) 137-151
23. Rossing R.G. Physiologic effects of chronic exposure to phosgene in dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 207 (1964) 265-272
24. Schneider W., and Diller W. Phosgene. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. fifth ed. vol. A (1989), VCH Verlag, Weinheim, Germany 411-420
25. Sciuto A.M. Assessment of early acute lung injury in rodents exposed in Phosgene. Arch. Toxicol. 72 (1998) 283-288
26. Sciuto A.M., Strickland P.T., Kennedy T.P., et al. Intratracheal administration of DBcAMP attenuates edema formation in phosgene-induced acute pulmonary injury. J. Appl. Physiol. 80 (1996) 149-157
27. Selgrade M.K., Starnes D.M., Illing J.W., et al. Effects of phosgene exposure on bacterial, viral, and neoplastic lung disease susceptibility in mice. Inhal. Toxicol. 1 (1989) 243-259
28. Selgrade M.K., Gilmore M.I., Yang Y.G., et al. Pulmonary host defenses and resistance to infection following subchronic exposure to phosgene. Inhal. Toxicol. 7 (1995) 1257-1268
29. Singh H.B. Phosgene in the ambient air. Nature. 264 (1976) 428-429
30. 2O, and other atmospheric trace constituents. Atmos. Environ. 11 (1977) 819-828
31. Singh H.B., Sales L.J., Smith A.J., et al. Measurement of some potentially hazardous organic chemicals in the urban environment. Atmos. Environ. 15 (1981) 601-612
32. U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 1983. Volatile Organic Chemicals in the Atmosphere: An Assessment of Available Data. Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC; EPA/600/8-90/057F. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, PB83-195503.
33. U.S. EPA, 1986. Health Assessment Document for Phosgene (Draft). Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH, EPA/600/8-86/022A.
34. U.S. EPA. Interim policy for particle size and limit concentration issues in inhalation toxicity: notice of availability. Fed. Register 59 206 (1994) 53799
35. U.S. EPA, 1994b. Methods for Derivation of Inhalation Reference Concentrations and Application of Inhalation Dosimetry, EPA/600/8-90/066F.
36. U.S. EPA, 2000a. Benchmark Dose Technical Guidance Document (external review draft). Office of Research and Development, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC, EPA/630/R-00/001. Available online at: .
37. U.S. EPA, 2000b. CatReg Software Documentation. Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-98/053F. Available online at: .
38. U.S. EPA, 2002. A Review of the Reference Dose Concentration and Reference Concentration Processes (final report). Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC. Available online at: .
39. U.S. EPA, 2005. Toxicological Review of Phosgene: In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Available online at: .
40. WHO (World Health Organization), 1997. Environmental Health Criteria Monograph on Phosgene, Monograph 193. International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva, Switzerland.
41. WHO, 1998. Phosgene Health and Safety Guide. Health and Safety Guide No. 106. International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva, Switzerland.
42. Yang Y.G., Gilmore M.T., Lang R., et al. Effect of acute exposure to phosgene on pulmonary host defense and resistance infection. Inhal. Toxicol. 7 (1995) 393-404