Management of cutaneous melanoma

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 351, Issue 10, 2004, Pages

  Tsao, Hensin ^a   Atkins, Michael B ^b   Sober, Arthur J ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ALPHA2B INTERFERON; BCG VACCINE; CARMUSTINE; CISPLATIN; CYTOKINE; DACARBAZINE; GANGLIOSIDE GM2; HISTAMINE; HYDROXYUREA; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 2; MELACINE; PHOSPHORYL LIPID A; TAMOXIFEN; TEMOZOLOMIDE; TUMOR VACCINE; VINBLASTINE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CAPILLARY LEAK SYNDROME; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG MEGADOSE; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; KIDNEY FAILURE; LOW DRUG DOSE; LYMPHADENECTOMY; MELANOMA; MYOCARDITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SEPSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN BIOPSY; TUMOR VOLUME; ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; ALGORITHM; METASTASIS; RECURRENT DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; SKIN TUMOR; SURVIVAL;

ALGORITHMS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; HUMANS; INTERFERON ALFA-2B; MELANOMA; NEOPLASM STAGING; RECURRENCE; RISK FACTORS; SKIN NEOPLASMS; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 4344656396     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra041245     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. National Cancer Institute. 51-Year trends in U.S. cancer death rates. In: SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2000. (Accessed August 9, 2004, at http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/ 1975_2000/results_merged/topic_inc_ mor_trends.pdf.)
2. Jemal A, Tiwari KC, Murray T, et al. Cancer statistics, 2004. CA Cancer J Clin 2004;54:8-29.
3. Albert LS, Rhodes AR, Sober AJ. Dysplastic melanocytic nevi and cutaneous melanoma: markers of increased melanoma risk for affected persons and blood relatives. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:69-75.
4. Berwick M, Weinstock MA. Epidemiology: current trends. In: Balch C, Houghton A, Sober A, Soong S, eds. Cutaneous melanoma. 4th ed. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 2003:15-23.
5. National Cancer Institute. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2001. (Accessed August 9, 2004, at http://seer.cancer.gov/ cgi-bin/csr/1975_2001/ search.pl#results.)
6. Bliss JM, Ford D, Swerdlow AJ, et al. Risk of cutaneous melanoma associated with pigmentation characteristics and freckling: systematic overview of 10 case-control studies. Int J Cancer 1995;62:367-76.
7. Tsao H, Sober A. Acquired precursor lesions and markers of increased risk for cutaneous melanoma. In: Balch C, Houghton A, Sober A, Soong S, eds. Cutaneous melanoma. 4th ed. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 2003:121-34.
8. Tsao H, Bevona C, Goggins W, Quinn T. The transformation rate of moles (melanocytic nevi) into cutaneous melanoma: a population-based estimate. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:282-8.
9. Elwood JM, Jopson J. Melanoma and sun exposure: an overview of published studies. Int J Cancer 1997;73:198-203.
10. Tsao H, Sober AI. Ultraviolet radiation and malignant melanoma. Clin Dermatol 1998;16:67-73.
11. Kang S, Barnhill RL, Mihm MC Jr, Sober AJ. Multiple primary cutaneous melanomas. Cancer 1992;70:1911-6.
12. Goggins WB, Tsao H. A population-based analysis of risk factors for a second primary cutaneous melanoma among melanoma survivors. Cancer 2003;97:639-43.
13. Clark WH Jr, Reimer RR, Greene M, Ainsworth AM, Mastrangelo MJ. Origin of familial malignant melanomas from heritable melanocytic lesions: the 'B-K mole syndrome.' Arch Dermatol 1978;114:732-8.
14. Lynch HT, Frichot BC III, Lynch JE. Familial atypical multiple mole-melanoma syndrome. J Med Genet 1978;15:352-6.
15. NIH Consensus Conference: diagnosis and treatment of early melanoma. JAMA 1992;268:1314-9.
16. Kraemer KH, Tucker M, Tarone R, Elder DE, Clark WH Jr. Risk of cutaneous melanoma in dysplastic nevus syndrome types A and B. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1615-6.
17. Greene MH, Clark WH Jr, Tucker MA, Kraemer KH, Elder DE, Fraser MC. High risk of malignant melanoma in melanoma-prone families with dysplastic nevi. Ann Intern Med 1985;102:458-65.
18. Bishop DT, Demenais F, Goldstein AM, et al. Geographical variation in the penetrance of CDKN2A mutations for melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:894-903.
19. Katris P, Crock JG, Gray BN. Research note: the Lions Cancer Institute and the Western Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons skin cancer screening programme. Aust N Z J Surg 1996;66:101-4.
20. Kampen FH, van Huystee BE, Kiemeney LA. Melanoma/skin cancer screening clinics: experiences in the Netherlands. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:776-7.
21. Koh HK, Norton LA, Geller AC, et al. Evaluation of the American Academy of Dermatology's national skin cancer early detection and screening program. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:971-8.
22. Epstein DS, Lange JR, Gruber SB, Mofid M, Koch SE. Is physician detection associated with thinner melanomas? JAMA 1999; 281:640-3.
23. Balch CM, Buzaid AC, Soong SJ, et al. Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3635-48.
24. Gershenwald JE, Thompson W, Mansfield PF, et al. Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience: the prognostic value of sentinel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:976-83.
25. Cascinelli N. Margin of resection in the management of primary melanoma. Semin Surg Oncol 1998;14:272-5.
26. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Adamus J, et al. Thin stage I primary cutaneous malignant melanoma: comparison of excision with margins of 1 or 3 cm. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1159-62. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 1991;325:292.]
27. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Adamus J, et al. Thin stage I primary cutaneous malignant melanoma: comparison of excision with margins of 1 or 3 cm. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1159-62. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 1991;325:292.]
28. Khayat D, Rixe O, Martin G, et al. Surgical margins in cutaneous melanoma (2 cm versus 5 cm for lesions measuring less than 2.1-mm thick). Cancer 2003;97:1941-6.
29. Cohn-Cedermark G, Rutqvist LE, Andersson R, et al. Long term results of a randomized study by the Swedish Melanoma Study Group on 2-cm versus 5-cm resection margins for patients with cutaneous melanoma with a tumor thickness of 0.8-2.0 mm. Cancer 2000;89:1495-501.
30. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Smith T, et al. Long-term results of a prospective surgical trial comparing 2 cm vs. 4 cm excision margins for 740 patients with 1-4 mm melanomas. Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:101-8.
31. Thomas JM, Newton-Bishop J, A'Hern R, et al. Excision margins in high-risk malignant melanomo. N Engl J Med 2004;350: 757-66.
32. Heaton KM, Sussman JJ, Gershenwald JE, et al. Surgical margins and prognostic factors in patients with thick (>4 mm) primary melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 1998;5: 322-8.
33. Ross MI, Balch C, Cascinelli N, Edwards MJ. Excision of primary melanoma. In: Balch C, Houghton A, Sober A, Soong S, eds. Cutaneous melanoma. 4th ed. St Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 2003:209-30.
34. Terhune MH, Swanson N, Johnson TM. Use of chest radiography in the initial evaluation of patients with localized melanoma. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:569-72.
35. Tsao H, Feldman M, Fullerton JE, Sober AJ, Rosenthal D, Goggins W. Early detection of asymptomatic pulmonary melanoma metastases by routine chest radiographs is not associated with improved survival. Arch Dermatol 2004;14067-70.
36. Veronesi U, Adamus J, Bandiera DC, et al. Inefficacy of immediate node dissection in stage I melanoma of the limbs. N Engl J Med 1977;297:627-30.
37. Cascinelli N, Morabito A, Santinami M, MacKie RM, Belli F. Immediate or delayed dissection of regional nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: a randomised trial: WHO Melanoma Programme. Lancet 1998; 351:793-6.
38. Sim FH, Taylor WF, Pritchard DJ, Soule EH. Lymphadenectomy in the management of stage I malignant melanoma: a prospective randomized study. Mayo Clin Proc 1986; 61:697-705.
39. Balch CM, Soong S, Ross MI, et al. Long-term results of a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0 to 4.0 mm): Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2000;7:87-97.
40. Morton DL, Wen D-R, Foshag LJ, Essner R, Cochran A. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and selective cervical lymphadenectomy for early-stage melanomas of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1751-6.
41. Thompson JF, Uren RF, Coventry BJ, Chatterton BE. Lymphoscintigraphy. In: Balch C, Houghton A, Sober A, Soong S, eds. Cutaneous melanoma. 4th ed. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 2003:329-52.
42. Reintgen D, Thompson JF, Gershenwald JE. Intraoperative mapping and sentinel node technology. In: Balch C, Houghton A, Sober A, Soong S, eds. Cutaneous melanoma. 4th ed. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 2003:353-77.
43. Yu LL, Flotte TJ, Tanabe KK, et al. Detection of microscopic melanoma metastases in sentinel lymph nodes. Cancer 1999;86: 617-27.
44. Carson KF, Wen DR, Li PX, et al. Nodal nevi and cutaneous melanomas. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:834-40.
45. Shivers SC, Wang X, Li W, et al. Molecular staging of malignant melanoma: correlation with clinical outcome. JAMA 1998;280: 1410-5.
46. Carlson GW, Murray DR, Lyles RH, Staley CA, Hestley A, Cohen C. The amount of metastatic melanoma in a sentinel lymph node: does it have prognostic significance? Ann Surg Oncol 2003;10:575-81.
47. Cochran AJ, Morton DL, Stern S, Lana AM, Essner R, Wen DR. Sentinel lymph nodes show profound downregulation of antigen-presenting cells of the paracortex: implications for tumor biology and treatment. Mod Pathol 2001;14:604-8.
48. Lens MB, Dawes M, Goodacre T, Bishop JA. Excision margins in the treatment of primary cutaneous melanoma: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials comparing narrow vs wide excision. Arch Surg 2002;137:1101-5.
49. Bleicher RJ, Essner R, Foshag LJ, Wanek LA, Morton DL. Role of sentinel lymphadenectomy in thin invasive cutaneous melanomas. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:1326-31.
50. Jansen L, Nieweg OE, Peterse JL, Hoefnagel CA, Olmos RA, Kroon BB. Reliability of sentinel lymph node biopsy for staging melanoma. Br J Surg 2000;87:484-9.
51. Essner R, Chung MH, Bleicher R, Hsueh E, Wanek L, Morton DL. Prognostic implications of thick (>or=4-mm) melanoma in the era of intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 2002;9:754-61.
52. Carlson GW, Murray DP, Hestley A, Staley CA, Lyles RH, Cohen C. Sentinel lymph node mapping for thick (>or=4-mm) melanoma: should we be doing it? Ann Surg Oncol 2003;10:408-15.
53. Vuylsteke RJ, van Leeuwen PA, Statius Muller MG, Gietema HA, Kragt DR, Meijer S. Clinical outcome of stage I/II melanoma patients after selective sentinel lymph node dissection: long-term follow-up results. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:1057-65.
54. Perrott RE, Glass LF, Reintgen DS, Fenske NA. Reassessing the role of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy in the management of cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49: 567-92.
55. Wrightson WR, Wong SL, Edwards MJ, et al. Complications associated with sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2003;10:676-80.
56. Santinami M, Maurichi A, Patuzzo R, Pennacchioli E, Cascinelli N. Impact of clinical trials on the treatment of melanoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2001;10:935-47.
57. Kirkwood JM, Strawderman MH, Ernstoff MC, Smith TJ, Borden EC, Blum RH. Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial EST 1684. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:7-17.
58. Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sondak VK, et al. High and low-dose interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma: first analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2444-58.
59. Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sosman JA, et al. High-dose interferon alfa-2b significantly prolongs relapse-free and overall survival compared with the GM2-KLH/QS-21 vaccine in patients with resected stage IIB-III melanoma: results of intergroup trial E1694/S9512/C509801. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:2370-80.
60. Dubois RW, Swetter SM, Atkins M, et al. Developing indications for the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy and adjuvant high-dose interferon alfa-2b in melanoma. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:1217-24.
61. Agarwala SS, Kirkwood JM. Interferons in melanoma. Curr Opin Oncol 1996;8:167-74.
62. Kirkwood JM, Bender C, Agarwala S, et al. Mechanisms and management of toxicities associated with high-dose interferon alfa-2b therapy. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:3703-18.
63. Musselman DL, Lawson DH, Gumnick JF, et al. Paroxetine for the prevention of depression induced by high-dose interferon alfa. N Engl J Med 2001;344:961-6.
64. Cole BF, Gelber RD, Kirkwood JM, Goldhirsch A, Barylak E, Borden E. Quality-of-life-adjusted survival analysis of interferon alfa-2b adjuvant treatment of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:2666-73.
65. Hillner BE, Kirkwood JM, Atkins MB, Johnson ER, Smith TJ. Economic analysis of adjuvant interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma based on projections from Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 1684. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2351-8.
66. Kilbridge KL, Weeks JC, Sober AJ, et al. Patient preferences for adjuvant interferon alfa-2b treatment. J Clin Oncol 2001;19: 812-23.
67. Eggermont AM. The role interferon-alpha in malignant melanoma remains to be defined. Eur J Cancer 2001;37:2147-53.
68. Kirkwood JM, Manola J, Ibrahim J, Sondak V, Ernstoff MS, Rao U. A pooled analysis of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group and intergroup trials of adjuvant high-dose interferon for melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:1670-7.
69. Lens MB, Dawes M. Interferon alfa therapy for malignant melanoma: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1818-25.
70. Cascinelli N, Belli F, MacKie RM, Santinami M, Bufalino R, Morabito A. Effect of long-term adjuvant therapy with interferon alpha-2a in patients with regional node metastases from cutaneous melanoma: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001;358:866-9.
71. Hancock BW, Wheatley K, Harris S, et al. Adjuvant interferon in high-risk melanoma: the AIM HIGH Study - United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research randomized study of adjuvant low-dose extended-duration interferon alfa-2a in high-risk resected malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:53-61.
72. Grob JJ, Dreno B, de la Salmoniere P, et al. Randomised trial of interferon alpha-2a as adjuvant therapy in resected primary melanoma thicker than 1.5 mm without clinically detectable node metastases. Lancet 1998;351:1905-10.
73. Pehamberger H, Soyer HP, Steiner A, et al. Adjuvant interferon alfa-2a treatment in resected primary stage II cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:1425-9.
74. McMasters KM. The Sunbelt Melanoma Trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:Suppl:41S-43S.
75. Mitchell MS. Perspective on allogeneic melanoma lysates in active specific immunotherapy. Semin Oncol 1998;25:623-35.
76. Mitchell MS, Abrams J, Kashani-Sabet M, Thompson J. Interim analysis of a phase III stratified randomized trial of Melacine + low-dose intron-A versus high-dose intron-A for resected stage III melanoma. Prog Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003;22:709. abstract.
77. Livingston PO, Wong GY, Adluri S, et al. Improved survival in stage III melanoma patients with GM2 antibodies: a randomized trial of adjuvant vaccination with GM2 ganglioside. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:1036-44.
78. Bystryn JC, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Oratz R, Shapiro RL, Harris MN, Roses DF. Double-blind trial of a polyvalent, shed-antigen, melanoma vaccine. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:1882-7.
79. Hsueh EC, Gupta RK, Qi K, Morton DL. Correlation of specific immune responses with survival in melanoma patients with distant metastases receiving polyvalent melanoma cell vaccine. J Clin Oncol 1998;16: 2913-20.
80. Berd D, Maguire HC Jr, Schuchter LM, et al. Autologous hapten-modified melanoma vaccine as postsurgical adjuvant treatment after resection of nodal metastases. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2359-70.
81. Sosman JA, Unger JM, Liu PY, et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy of resected, intermediate-thickness, node-negative melanoma with an allogeneic tumor vaccine: impact of HLA class I antigen expression on outcome. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:2067-75.
82. Kawakami Y, Eliyahu S, Jennings C, et al. Recognition of multiple epitopes in the human melanoma antigen gp100 by tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes associated with in vivo tumor regression. J Immunol 1995; 154:3961-8.
83. Nestle FO, Alijagic S, Gilliet M, et al. Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat Med 1998;4:328-32.
84. Weber JS, Snively J, Sian S, et al. Phase I trial of antibody to CTLA-4 (MDX-010) with melanoma peptides/Ifa for resected stages III/IV melanoma. Prog Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003;22:710. abstract
85. Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ, et al. Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Nat Med 1998;4:321-7.
86. Kirkwood JM, Lee S, Land S, et al. E1696: phase II trial of multi-epitope peptide vaccination for melanoma with MGT (MART-1 (27-35), gp100 (209-217, 210M) and tyrosinase (368-376, 370D)) +/- IFN alfa-2b and GM-CSF - immunological and clinical results. Prog Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003;22:709. abstract.
87. Atkins MB, Buzaid AC, Houghton AN Jr. Chemotherapy and biochemotherapy. In: Balch C, Houghton A, Sober A, Soong S, eds. Cutaneous melanoma. 4th ed. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 2003:589-604.
88. Morton DL, Essner R, Balch C. Surgical excision of distant metastases. In: Balch C, Houghton A, Sober A, Soong S, eds. Cutaneous melanoma. 4th ed. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 2003:547-72.
89. Manola J, Atkins M, Ibrahim J, Kirkwood J. Prognostic factors in metastatic melanoma: a pooled analysis of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trials. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:3782-93.
90. Atkins MB, Lotze MT, Dutcher JP, et al. High-dose recombinant interleukin 2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients treated between 1985 and 1993. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:2105-16.
91. Margolin K, Atkins M, Sparano J, et al. Prospective randomized trial of lisofylline for the prevention of toxicities of high-dose interleukin 2 therapy in advanced renal cancer and malignant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 1997;3:565-72.
92. Atkins MB, Shet A, Sosman JA. Interleukin-2: clinical applications: melanoma. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Principles and practice of the biologic therapy of cancer. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000:50-73.
93. Agarwala SS, Glaspy J, O'Day SJ, et al. Results from a randomized phase III study comparing combined treatment with histamine dihydrochloride plus interleukin-2 versus interleukin-2 alone in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2002;20: 125-33.
94. Gollob JA, Veenstra KG, Parker RA, et al. Phase I trial of concurrent twice-weekly recombinant human interleukin-12 plus low-dose IL-2 in patients with melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2003;21: 2564-73.
95. Gollob J, Flaherty L, Smith J, et al. A Cytokine Working Group (CWG) phase II trial of a modified gp100 melanoma peptide (gp100 (209M)) and high dose interleukin-2 (HD IL-2) administered q3 weeks in patients with stage IV melanoma: limited antitumor activity. Prog Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2001; 20:357a. abstract.
96. Anderson CM, Buzaid AC, Legha SS. Systemic treatments for advanced cutaneous melanoma. Oncology (Huntingt) 1995; 9:1149-58.
97. Crosby T, Fish R, Coles B, Mason MD. Systemic treatments for metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD001215.
98. Middleton MR, Grob JJ, Aaronson N, et al. Randomized phase III study of temozolomide versus dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:158-66. [Erratum, J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2351.]
99. Middleton MR, Grob JJ, Aaronson N, et al. Randomized phase III study of temozolomide versus dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:158-66. [Erratum, J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2351.]
100. Summers Y, Middleton MR, Calvert H, et al. Effect of temozolomide (TMZ) on central nervous system (CNS) relapse in patients with advanced melanoma. Prog Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1999;18:531a. abstract.
101. Atkins MB, Gollob JA, Sosman JA, et al. A phase II pilot trial of concurrent biochemotherapy with cisplatin, vinblastine, temozolomide, interleukin 2, and IFN-alpha 2B in patients with metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2002;8:3075-81.
102. Hwu WJ, Krown SE, Menell JH, et al. Phase II study of temozolomide plus thalidomide for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:3351-6.
103. Keilholz U, Conradt C, Legha SS, et al. Results of interleukin-2-based treatment in advanced melanoma: a case record-based analysis of 631 patients. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16:2921-9.
104. Allen IE, Kupelnick B, Kumashiro M, Luo D, Ross SD, Wolin MJ. Efficacy of interleukin-2 in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Cancer Ther 1998;1:168-73.
105. Eton O, Legha SS, Bedikian AY, et al. Sequential biochemotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: results from a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:2045-52.
106. Atkins MB, Lee S, Flaherty LE, Sosman JA, Sondak VK, Kirkwood JM. A prospective randomized phase III trial of concurrent biochemotherapy (BCT) with cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine (CVD), IL-2 and interferon alpha-2b (IFN) versus CVD alone in patients with metastatic melanoma (E3695): an ECOG-coordinated intergroup trial. Prog Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003;22; 708. abstract.
107. Keilholz U, Punt CJ, Gore M, et al. Dacarbazine, cisplatin and IFN-α2b with or without IL-2 in advanced melanoma: final analysis of EORTC randomized phase III trial 18951. Prog Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003;22:708. abstract.
108. Keilholz U, Goey SH, Punt CJ, et al. Interferon alfa-2a and interleukin-2 with or without cisplatin in metastatic melanoma: a randomized trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Melanoma Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2579-88.
109. Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ, et al. Prospective randomized trial of the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma using chemotherapy with cisplatin, dacarbazine, and tamoxifen alone or in combination with interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2b. J Clin Oncol 1999;17: 968-75.
110. Keilholz U, Weber J, Finke JH, et al. Immunologic monitoring of cancer vaccine therapy: results of a workshop sponsored by the Society for Biological Therapy. J Immunother 2002;25:97-138.
111. Parmiani G, Rivoltini L, Belli F, et al. Vaccination of metastatic melanoma patients with the autologous heat-shock protein peptide complex-96 (HSPPC-96: Oncophage) which contains melanoma peptides, results in a specific T-cell response and clinical response. Prog Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2002;21:13a. abstract.
112. Bergen M, Chen R, Gonzalez R. Efficacy and safety of HLA-B7/beta-2 microglobulin plasmid DNA/lipid complex (Allovectin-7) in patients with metastatic melanoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2003;3:377-84.
113. Soiffer R, Hodi FS, Haluska F, et al. Vaccination with irradiated, autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer augments antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:3343-50.
114. Dudley ME, Wunderlich JP, Robbins PF, et al. Cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients after clonal repopulation with antitumor lymphocytes. Science 2002; 298:850-4.
115. Tsao H, Millman P, Linette GP, et al. Hypopigmentation associated with an adenovirus-mediated gp100/MART-1-transduced dendritic cell vaccine for metastatic melanoma. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:799-802.
116. Soengas MS, Capodieci P, Polsky D, et al. Inactivation of the apoptosis effector Apaf-1 in malignant melanoma. Nature 2001;409:207-11.
117. Davies H, Bignell GP, Cox C, et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 2002;417:949-54.
118. Millward MJ, Bedikian AY, Conry RM, et al. Randomized multinational phase 3 trial of dacarbazine (DTIC) with or without Bcl-2 antisense (oblimersen sodium) in patients (pts) with advanced malignant melanoma (MM): analysis of long-term survival. abstract. (Available at http://www.asco.org/ ac/1,1003,_1-2-002636-00-18-0026-00_19-003620,00.asp.)
119. Flaherty KT, Brose M, Schuchter L, et al. Phase I/II trial of BAY 43-9006, carboplatin (C) and paclitaxel (P) demonstrates preliminary antitumor activity in the expansion cohort of patients with metatastic melanoma. abstract. (Available at http://www.asco.org/ ac/1,1003,_12-002636-00_18-0026-00_19- 004164,00. asp.)