A critique of containment

Diplomatic History

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 473-499

  Logevall, Fredrik ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 4344642579     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00425.x     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy, 3d ed. (Oxford, 1963);
2. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society (London, 1977);
3. F. H. Hinsley, Power and the Pursuit of Peace (Cambridge, UK, 1963);
4. Adam Watson, Diplomacy: The Dialogue Between States (New York, 1983).
5. Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York, 1994), 471.
6. (George F. Kennan), "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," Foreign Affairs 25 (July 1947);
7. Barton Bernstein, "Containment," in Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, 2d ed., ed. Alexander DeConde, Richard Dean Burns, and Fredrik Logevall (New York, 2002), 1:346.
8. John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (New York, 1982), esp. 3-88;
9. Thomas G. Paterson, ed., Containment and the Cold War (Reading, MA, 1973).
10. Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, CA, 1992).
11. J. Samuel Walker, Henry A. Wallace and American Foreign Policy (Westport, CT, 1976);
12. John C. Culver and John Hyde, American Dreamer: A Life of Henry A. Wallace (New York, 2000), 402-455;
13. Thomas G. Paterson, Cold War Critics: Alternatives to American Foreign Policy in the Truman Years (Chicago, IL, 1971).
14. Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, NJ, 1976);
15. "Was the Cold War a Security Dilemma?" Journal of Cold War Studies 3 (Winter 2001): 36-54.
16. Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954 (New York, 1998).
17. C. Vann Woodward, "The Age of Reinterpretation," American Historical Review 66 (October 1960): 2-8;
18. Campbell Craig, "The Not-So-Strange Career of Charles Beard, Diplomatic History 25 (Spring 2001), esp. 253.
19. Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (Boston, MA, 1980).
20. Walter Lippmann, The Cold War: A Study in U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1947).
21. Anders Stephanson, "Fourteen Notes on the Very Concept of the Cold War," H-Net Diplomatic History List (H-Diplo), 24 June 1996 (Note # 13).
22. David Mayers, "Containment and the Primacy of Diplomacy: George Kennan's Views, 1947-1948," Iinternational Security 11 (Summer 1986 : 134-35.
23. George F. Kennan, Memoirs 1925-1950 (Boston, 1967), 359-61.
24. Anders Stephanson, Kennan and the Art of Foreign Policy (Cambridge, MA, 1989), 151-56;
25. Walter L. Hixson, George F. Kennan, Cold War Iconoclast (New York, 1989), 131-93;
26. John L. Harper, American Visions of Europe: Franklin D. Roosevelt, George F. Kennan, and Dean G. Acheson (New York, 1994), 183-232.
27. Wilson D. Miscamble, George F. Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, 1947-1950 (Princeton, NJ, 1992).
28. George F. Kennan, At A Century's Ending: Reflections, 1982-1995 (New York, 1996), 38.
29. Richard L. Russell, George F. Kennan's Strategic Thought: The Making of an American Political Realist (Westport, CT, 1999).
30. "The Sinews of Peace," is reprinted in Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897-1963, ed. Robert Rhodes James (New York, 1974), 7:7285ff.
31. Klaus Larres, Churchill's Cold War: The Politics of Personal Diplomacy (New Haven, CT, 2002), 124ff;
32. John W. Young, Churchill's Last Campaign: Britain and the Cold War, 1951-55 (Oxford, 1996), 19-40;
33. John Keegan, Winston Churchill (New York, 2002), 178.
34. Vojtech Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (New York, 1996), 164-70.
35. "Churchill and Fast-West Détente," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th Series, II (2001): 377.
36. John Lukacs, "The Poverty of Anti-Communism," National Interest (Spring 1999): 75-82.
37. Lloyd C. Gardner, A Covenant with Power: America and World Order from Wilson to Reagan (New York, 1984), 136;
38. Melvyn P. Leffler, "Negotiating from Strength: Acheson, the Russians, and American Power," in Dean Acheson: The Cold War Years, ed. Douglas Brinkley (New York, 1993) 176-77.
39. Adam Ulam, "Détente under Soviet Eyes," Foreign Policy 24 (Fall 1976):149-50;
40. Richard J. Barnet, The Alliance (New York, 1983), 138;
41. Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929-1969 (New York, 1973), 371.
42. The Churchill-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953-1955, ed. Peter G. Boyle (Chapel Hill, NC, 1990), 51.
43. Michael Howard, "Churchill: Prophet of Détente," in Winston Churchill: Resolution, Defiance, Magnanimity, Good Will, ed. R. Crosby Kemper III (Columbia, MO, 1996), 180-86;
44. John Lukacs, Churchill: Visionary, Statesman, Historian (New Haven, CT, 2002), 67-82.
45. Kenneth A. Osgood, "Total Cold War: U.S. Propaganda in the 'Free World', 1953-1960" (Ph.D diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2001), ch. 1;
46. H.W. Brands, The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War (New York, 1993), 43.
47. Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), 146-47;
48. Robert L. Ivie, "Eisenhower as Cold Warrior," in Eisenhower's War of Words: Rhetoric and Leadership, ed. Martin J. Medhurst (East Lansing, MI, 1994), 14.
49. Robert Bowie and Richard Immerman, Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy (New York, 1998), 118-20, 225.
50. Raymond L. Garthoff, Assessing the Adversary: Estimates by the Eisenhower Administration of Soviet Intentions and Capabilities (Washington, DC, 1991), 9.
51. Louis J. Halle, The Cold War as History (New York, 1991), 315.
52. Gunter Bischof and Saki Dockrill, eds., Cold War Respite: The Geneva Summit of 1955 (Baton Rouge, LA, 2000);
53. Deborah Welch Larson, Anatomy of Mistrust: U.S.-Soviet Relations During the Cold War (Ithaca, NY, 1997), 39-72;
54. James Richter, "Reexamining Soviet Policy Towards Germany during the Beria Interregnum," Working Paper No. 3, Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), Washington, June 1992;
55. Kenneth A. Osgood and Klaus Larres, eds., The Cold War After Stalin's Death: A New International History (Lanham, MD, forthcoming).
56. Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA, 1996), 275-76.
57. Anders Stephanson, "Cold War Origins," in Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, 1: 226-28;
58. Matthew Evangelista, "The 'Soviet Threat': Intentions, Capabilities, and Context," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 439-49.
59. John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford, 1997), esp. 21-25, 292;
60. Martin Malia, The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917-1991 (New York, 1994), esp. 297-98;
61. Georges-Henri Soutou, La guerre de Cinquante Ans: Les relations Est-Ouest, 1943-1990 (Paris, 2001).
62. Eduard Mark, "Revolution by Degrees: Stalin's National Front Strategy for Europe, 1941-1947," Working Paper No. 31, CWIHP, February 2001;
63. Vladimir Pechatnov, "The Allies Are Pressing on You to Break Your Will..." Working Paper No. 26, CWIHP, September 1999.
64. Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace: The Making of A European Settlement, 1945-1963 (Princeton, NJ, 1999), 19.
65. Melvyn P. Leffler, The Specter of Communism: The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1917-1953 (New York, 1994), 42;
66. Adam Ulam, The Rivals: America and Russia Since World War II (New York 1971), esp. 120-23;
67. Albert Resis, Stalin, the Politburo, and the Onset of the Cold War, 1945-1946 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1988).
68. David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-1954 (New Haven, CT, 1994), 168;
69. Robert J. McMahon, The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, UK, 2003), 14.
70. Gabriel Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia (New Haven, CT, 1999).
71. Vladimir O. Pechatnov and C. Earl Edmondson, "The Russian Perspective," in Debating The Origins of the Cold War: American and Russian Perspectives, eds. Ralph B. Levering et al. (Lanham, MD, 2002), 149-50.
72. J. Samuel Walker, "No More Cold War," Diplomatic History 5 (Winter 1981): 91.
73. Carolyn Eisenberg, Drawing the Line: The American Decision to Divide Germany, 1944-1949 (New York, 1996), 404-10.
74. "A National Psychological Strategy Program for Western Europe," 22 September 1953, White House Office, NSC Staff Papers, 1948-61,
75. Brian White, Britain, Détente, and Changing East-West Relations (London, 1992), 37-39.
76. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York, 1945).
77. Stanley Hoffmann, Gulliver's Troubles, Or the Setting of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), 195.
78. Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays (New York, 1965), 31.
79. Robert H. Johnson, Improbable Dangers: U.S. Conceptions of Threat in the Cold War and After (New York, 1994).
80. Melvyn P. Leffler, "9/11 and the Past and Future of American Foreign Policy," International Affairs 79 (2003): 1051-52.
81. Gregory Mitrovich, Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947-1956 (Ithaca, NY, 2000);
82. Scott Lucas, Freedom's War: The American Crusade Against the Soviet Union (New York, 1999);
83. Sarah-Jane Corke, "History, Historians, and the Naming of Foreign Policy: A Postmodern Approach to American Strategic Thinking in the Truman Administration," paper presented to the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, June 1999.
84. Ernest R. May, American Cold War Strategy: Interpreting NSC-68 (New York, 1993).
85. Eric A. Nordlinger, "America's, Strategic Immunity: The Basis of a National Security Strategy," in Soviet-American Relations after the Cold War, eds. Robert Jervis and Seweryn Bialer (Durham, NC, 1991), 252.
86. Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789-1994 (Baltimore, MD, 1996).
87. Robert A. Divine, Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections, 1940-1960 (New York, 1974);
88. Barry B. Hughes, The Domestic Context of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1978);
89. Ralph B. Levering, The Public and American Foreign Policy (New York, 1978);
90. Patrick M. Morgan and Keith L. Nelson, eds., Re-viewing the Cold War: Domestic Factors and Foreign Policy in the East-West Confrontation (Westport, CT), 2000;
91. John E. Mueller, War, Presidents, and Public Opinion (New York, 1973);
92. Jerel A. Rosati, The Politics of United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1993);
93. Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (Ithaca, NY, 1991);
94. Paula Stern, Water's Edge: Domestic Politics and the Making of American Foreign Policy (1987);
95. H. Bradford Westerfield, Foreign Policy and Party Politics: Pearl Harbor to Korea (New Haven, 1955).
96. Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston,MA, 1992);
97. Tony Smith, Foreign Attachments: The Power of Ethnic Groups in the Making of American Foreign Policy (Cambridge, MA, 2000).
98. Bernard C. Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (New York, 1963);
99. Louis Liebovich, The Press and the Origins of the Cold War, 1944-1947 (New York, 1988).
100. Ralph B. Levering, The Cold War: A Post-Cold War History (Arlington Heights, IL, 1994), 32.
101. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914-1991 (New York, 1994), 236-37.
102. William H. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II, 4th ed. (New York, 1999), 105-110.
103. Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam (Berkeley, CA, 1999).
104. I.M. Destler, Leslie H. Gelb, and Anthony Lake, Our Own Worst Enemy: The Unmaking of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1984), 45-46.
105. Rosemary Foot, The Wrong War: American Policy and the Dimensions of the Korean Conflict, 1950-1953 (Ithaca, NY, 1985);
106. A Substitute for Victory: The Politics of Peacemaking at the Korean Armistice Talks (Ithaca, NY, 1990).
107. The Origins of the Korean War, Volume 2: The Roaring of the Cataract (Princeton, NJ, 1990), ch. 3;
108. William Stueck, The Korean War: An International History (Princeton, NJ, 1995), 319-20.
109. Arnold A. Offner, Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945-1953 (Stanford, CA 2002).
110. SHAFR Presidential Address, "New Approaches, Old Interpretations, Prospective Reconfigurations," Diplomatic History 19 (Spring 1995 ):192.
111. Jussi Hanhimäki, "Global Visions and Parochial Politics: The Persistent Dilemma of the 'American Century,'" Diplomatic History 27 (September 2003): 423-47.
112. Richard M. Freeland, The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism: Foreign Policy, Domestic Politics, and Internal Security, 1946-1948 (New York, 1972);
113. Randall B. Woods and Howard Jones, Dawning of the Cold War: The United States' Quest for Order (Athens, GA, 1991), esp. 98-118;
114. Warren I. Cohen, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, IV: America in the Age of Soviet Power, 1945-1991 (New York, 1993), 21-101;
115. Athan Theoharis and Robert Griffith, eds., The Specter: Original Essays on the Cold War and the Origins of McCarthyism (New York, 1974).
116. Robert M. Ubriaco, Jr., "Harry S Truman, the Politics of Yalta, and the Domestic Origins of the Truman Doctrine" (PhD diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1992).
117. John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 2d ed. (New York, 2000), x.
118. Robert David Johnson, "Congress and the Cold War," Journal of Cold War Studies 3 (Spring 2001): 76-78;
119. Fredrik Logevall, "Party Politics," Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, vol. 3:99-101.
120. Odd Arne Westad, "Introduction: Reviewing the Cold War," in Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory, ed. Odd Arne Westad (London, 2000).
121. "From the Editors," Cold War History 1 (August 2000): iv.
122. Walter LaFeber, "Response to Charles S. Maier, 'Marking Time: The Historiography of International Relations,'" Diplomatic History 5 (Fall 1981): 362.
123. David Ryan, U.S. Foreign Policy in World History (London, 2000), 129.
124. Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston, MA, 1977).
125. Michael Kammen, "The Problem of American Exceptionalism: A Reconsideration," American Quarterly 45 (1993): 1-45;
126. Carl N. Degler, "AHA Presidential Address: In Pursuit of American History," American Historical Review 92 (1987),
127. Michael H. Hunt, "SHAFR Presidential Address: Internationalizing U.S. Diplomatic History," Diplomatic History 15 (Winter 1991): 11.