Churchill and East-West detente

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society

Volumn 11, Issue , 2001, Pages 373-392

  Young, John W ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 61949375654     PISSN: 00804401     EISSN: 14740648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0080440101000196     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (89)

1. I am grateful to the British Academy for providing financial support for the research that led to this article.
2. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, IV (1975), 227 and 257.
3. David Carlton, Churchill and the Soviet Union (Manchester, 2000), 200 and see 201-2 for the emphasis on 1919-20.
4. Ian S. Wood, Churchill (2000), chapter 4;
5. and, for the Fulton Speech, Randolph S. Churchill, The Sinews of Peace (1948), 93-105.
6. I first made the case that Churchill accepted 'the division of Europe in the short-term whilst hoping eventually to see a withering away of Soviet Communism' in Winston Churchill's Last Campaign (Oxford, 1996), quote from vi-vii;
7. but I was deeply indebted to two earlier works: Kenneth Thompson, Winston Churchill's World View (Baton Rouge, 1983);
8. and S.J. Lambakis, 'The Soviet Union and Churchillian Diplomacy' (Ph.D. thesis, CadioUc University of America, 1990).
9. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, V (1976), 999.
10. Robert Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897-1963 (8 vols., New York, 1974), 8143.
11. Roland Quinault, 'Churchill and Russia', War and Society, 9 (1991), 99.
12. For example, Richard G. Kaufman, 'Winston Churchill and the art of statecraft', Diplomacy and Statecraft, 3 (1992), 175.
13. The thesis is best argued in T. Ben-Moshe, Churchill: Strategy and Hbtory (1992)
14. or in John Charmley, Churchill's Grand Alliance (1995), chapters 3-14.
15. Martin Kitchen, British Policy towards the Soviet Union in the Second World War (1986);
16. Martin Folly, Churchill, Whitehall and the Soviet Union (2000), quote from 164.
17. Charmley, Grand Alliance, 102-3.
18. For other discussions of this episode see P.G.H. Holdich, 'A Policy of Percentages?' International History Review, 9 (1987), 28-47;
19. and John Kent, British Imperial Strategy and the Cold War (Leicester, 1993), 23-33.
20. Lord Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival (1966), diary entry of 24 February 1953.
21. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, VIII (1988), 166-7.
22. Churchill, Sinews of Peace, 93-105.
23. Young, Last Campaign, 23-28.
24. Caroline Moorehead, Bertrand Russell (1992), 469.
25. Randolph S. Churchill, Europe Unite (1950), 409-24.
26. Randolph S. Churchill, In the Balance (1951), 32-9.
27. Martin Gilbert, 'From Yalta to Bermuda and Beyond: In Search of Peace with the Soviet Union', in James W. Muller (ed.), Churchill as Peacemaker (Cambridge, 1997), 322.
28. James, Churchill Speeches, 7285-93.
29. Charmley, Churchill's Grand Alliance, 265.
30. On the effect of Churchill's ill health see J. M. Post and R. S. Robins, When Illness Strikes the Leader (New Haven, 1993), 18-20, 43-5 and 67-8.
31. Public Record Office [hereafter PRO], FO 371/94841/134, Churchill to Stalin, 4 Nov. 1951.
32. FO 371/125002/4, PUSC(51)16 (17 Jan. 1952).
33. Foreign Relations of the United States [hereafter FRUS], 1952-4, vol. VI (Washington, 1986), 530-42;
34. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation (1970), 597-9.
35. PRO, CAB 134/3058, minutes of fifth plenary meeting (18 Jan. 1952); FRUS, 1952-4, VI, 846-9.
36. See Rolf Steininger, The German Question: the Stalin Note of 1952 and the problem of reunification (New York, 1990).
37. J. Colville (edited by J. Charmley), The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street diaries (1985), 650 and see 654.
38. But Eisenhower did moderate his own line as the election approached: see Robert A. Divine, Foreign Policy and US Presidential Elections, 1952-60 (New York, 1974), 50-56.
39. PREM 11/422, record of meeting (8 January 1953); FRUS, 1952-4, Secretary of State's Memoranda of Conversations (microfilm, Washington, 1952);
40. and see Colville, Fringes, 662-3.
41. Public Papers of the President of the United States: Dwight D. Eseinhower, 1952 (Washington, 1960), 69-70;
42. Hansard, House of Commons Debates, Volume 512, cols. 17-19.
43. Denise Folliot (ed.), Document on International Affairs, 1953 (1956), 1-2, 8-9 and 11-13.
44. Peter Boyle, The Churchill-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953-5 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1990), 31-2.
45. Folliot (ed.), Documents, 45-51;
46. and on the debates that preceded the speech see especially Walter W. Rostow, Europe after Stalin (Austin, Texas, 1982).
47. Boyle, Correspondence, 41-2.
48. Boyle, Conespondence, 46-55.
49. House of Commons Debates, Volume 515, cols. 883-98;
50. Anthony Nutting, Europe Will Not Wait, 50.
51. Carlton, Soviet Union, 203.
52. PREM 11/645, record of conversation with Radford, 26 April 1954.
53. Konrad Adenauer, Errinerungen, 1953-5 (Stuttgart, 1966), 204-9.
54. Klaus Larres, Politik da Illusionen: Churchill, Eisenhower und die deutsche Frage (Gottingen, 1995), 127-33;
55. also Klaus Larres, 'Integrating Europe or ending the Cold War? Churchill's Post-War Foreign Policy', Journal of European Integration History, 2 (1996), 34-9.
56. Other discussions of the 'New Locarno' proposal include Anthony Glees, 'Churchill's Last Gambit', Encounter, 64 (April 1985), 27-35;
57. and Jurgen Foschepoth, 'Churchill, Adenauer und die Neutralisierung Deutschlands', Deutschland Archiv, 12 (1984), 1286-1301.
58. Uri Bar-Noi, 'The Soviet Union and Churchill's Appeals for High-Level Talks, 1953-4,' Diplomacy and Statecraft, 9 (1998), 112-18.
59. See Amy Knight, Beria (Princeton, 1994), 191-4.
60. PRO, FO 800/822, Churchill to Coleman, 22 June.
61. M. Steven Fish, 'After Stalin's Death: the Anglo-American Debate over a New Cold War', Diplomatic History, 10 (1986), 352.
62. PREM 11/618, Churchill to Eden, 6 Dec.
63. PREM 11/418, Churchill to Eden, 7 Dec.
64. PREM 11/664, Churchill to Eden, 15 Feb.
65. Bar-Noi, 'Soviet Union', 122-4.
66. See especially Moran, Struggle for Survival, diary entry of 8 April 1954.
67. On the background to this issue see especially: A. Dobson, The Politics of the Anglo-American Economic Special Relationship (Brighton, 1988), 125-34;
68. V. Sorenson, 'Economic Recovery Versus Containment: the Anglo-American Controversy over East-West trade, 1947-51', Co-operation and Conflict, 24 (1989), 69-97;
69. and F. M. Cain, 'Exporting the Cold War: British Responses to the USA's Establishment of COCOM, 1947-51', Journal of Contemporary History, 29 (1994), 501-22.
70. For praise of Eisenhower on trade see: P. Funigiello, American-Soviet Trade in the Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1988), 77;
71. and R. M. Spaulding, 'A Gradual and Moderate Relaxation of Tension: Eisenhower and the Revision of American Export Control Policy', Diplomatic History, 17 (1993), 224.
72. But for a critical view: T. E. Forland, '"Selling Firearms to the Indians": Eisenhower's Export Control Policy', Diplomatic History, 15 (1991), 226-33.
73. CAB 128/27, CC(54)3rd (18 Jan.).
74. FO371/111207/29, Berlin to FO, reporting Dulles-Eden conversation, 18 February.
75. G. Adler-Karlsson, Western Economic Warfare (Stockholm, 1968), 91;
76. Forland, 'Selling Firearms', 223;
77. Spaulding, 'Moderate Relaxation', 241-2.
78. Ian Jackson, 'The Eisenhower Administration, East-West Trade and the Cold War', Diplomacy and Statecraft, 11 (2000), 135; and see 129-35 on the 1954 talks.
79. In general see also John W. Young, 'Winston Churchill's Peacetime Administration and the Relaxation of East-West Trade Controls', Diplomacy and Statecraft, 7 (1996), 125-40.
80. FO371/125143/59, record of meeting, 25 June; FRUS, 1952-4, VI, 1079-80.
81. PREM 11/670, Churchill to Molotov, 26 July.
82. CAB 129/70, C(54)263 (3 Aug.) and 271 (18 Aug.).
83. Harold Macmillan, Tides of Fortune (1969), 587.
84. See Gunter Bischof and Saki Dockrill (eds.), Cold War Respite: the Geneva Summit of 1955 (Baton Rouge, 2000).
85. John W. Young, 'The Geneva Conference of Foreign Ministers, October-November 1955: Acid Test of Détente', in Bischof and Dockrill (eds.) Cold War Respite, 271-91.
86. Michael Howard, 'Churchill: Prophet of Détente', in R. Crosby Kemper III (ed.), Winston Churchill (Columbia, 1996), 177-88, quote from 188.
87. Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (1994), 506-14.
88. See the definition in Kenneth Dyson (ed.), European Détente (1986), 2-5.
89. Colville, Fringes of Power, 657-8.