Conscience in childhood: Past, present, and future

Merrill-Palmer Quarterly

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 299-310

  Kochanska, Grazyna ^a,b,c   Aksan, Nazan ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b Department of Psychology ^*  (United States)

^c E11 SSH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 4344562981     PISSN: 0272930X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/mpq.2004.0020     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. ANDERSON, S. W., BECHARA, A., DAMASIO, H., TRANEL, D., & DAMASIO, A. R. (1999). Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 1032-1037.
2. ANDERSON, S. W., DAMASIO, H., TRANEL, D., & DAMASIO, A. R. (2000). Long-term sequelae of prefrontal cortex damage acquired in early childhood. Developmental Neuropsychology, 18, 281-296.
3. AKSAN, N., & KOCHANSKA, G. (2003). Conscience in childhood: Old questions, new answers. Manuscript submitted for publication.
4. BATES, J. E., PETTIT, G. S., DODGE, K. A., & RIDGE, B. (1998). Interaction of temperamental resistance to control and restrictive parenting in the development of externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 34, 982-995.
5. BELSKY, J., HSIEH, K.-H., & CRNIC, K. (1998). Mothering, fathering, and infant negativity as antecedents of boys' externalizing problems and inhibition at age 3 years: Differential susceptibility to rearing experience? Development and Psychopathology, 10, 301-319.
6. BLAIR, R. J. R., MONSON, J., & FREDERICKSON, N. (2001). Moral reasoning and conduct problems in children with emotional and behavioural difficulties. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 799-811.
7. BOLLEN, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
8. BURTON, R. V. (1963). The generality of honesty reconsidered. Psychological Review, 70, 481-499.
9. BURTON, R. V. (1984). A paradox in theories and research in moral development. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.). Morality, moral behavior, and moral development (pp. 193-207). New York: Wiley.
10. COLLINS, W. A., & LAURSEN, B. (Eds.). (1999). Relationships as developmental contexts. Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (Vol. 30). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. COLLINS, W. A., MACCOBY, E. E., STEINBERG, L., HETHERINGTON, E. M., & BORNSTEIN, M. H. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55, 218-232.
12. DAMASIO, A. R. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: Grosset/Putnam.
13. DIENSTBIER, R. A., HILLMAN, D., LEHNHOFF, J., HILLMAN, J., & VALKENAAR, M. C. (1975). An emotion-attribution approach to moral behavior: Interfacing cognitive and avoidance theories of moral development. Psychological Review, 82, 299-315.
14. EISENBERG, N., & FABES, R. A. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 701-778). New York: Wiley.
15. EMDE, R. N., BIRINGEN, Z., CLYMAN, R. B., & OPPENHEIM, D. (1991). The moral self of infancy: Affective core and procedural knowledge. Developmental Review, 11, 251-270.
16. EMDE, R. N., JOHNSON, W. F., & EASTERBROOKS, A. (1987). The do's and don'ts of early moral development: Psychoanalytic tradition and current research. In J. Kagan & S. Lamb (Eds.), The emergence of morality in young children (pp. 245-276). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. FOWLES, D. C. (1993). Electrodermal activity and antisocial behavior: Empirical findings and theoretical issues. In J. C. Roy, W. Boucsein, D. Fowles, & J. Gruzelier (Eds.), Progress in electrodermal research (pp. 223-238). London: Plenum.
18. FOWLES, D. C. (1994). A motivational theory of psychopathology. In W. Spaulding (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 41. Integrated views of motivation and emotion (pp. 181-228). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
19. FOWLES, D. C. (1998). Psychophysiology and psychopathology: A motivational approach. Psychophysiology, 25, 373-391.
20. FRICK, P. J., CORNELL, A. H., BODIN, S. D., DANE, H. E., BARRY, C. T., & LONEY, B. R. (2003). Callous-unemotional traits and developmental pathways to severe conduct problems. Developmental Psychology, 39, 246-260.
21. FRICK, P. J., & ELLIS, M. L. (1999). Callous-unemotional traits and subtypes of conduct disorder. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2, 149-168.
22. GRUSEC, J. E. (1997). A history of research on parenting strategies and children's internalization of values. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and children's internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory (pp. 3-22). New York: Wiley.
23. GRUSEC, J. E., & GOODNOW, I J. (1994). The impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values: A reconceptualization of the current points of view. Developmental Psychology, 30, 4-19.
24. GRUSEC, J. E., & KUCZYNSKI, L. (Eds.). (1997). Parenting and children's internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory (pp. 259-282). New York: Wiley.
25. GRUSEC, J. E., & LYTTON, H. (1988). Social development: History, theory, and research. New York: Springer-Verlag.
26. HARTSHORNE, H., & MAY, M. S. (1928-1930). Studies in the nature of character. New York: Macmillan.
27. HOFFMAN, M. L. (1983). Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalization. In E. T. Higgins, D. Ruble, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), Social cognition and social development (pp. 236-274). New York: Cambridge University Press.
28. KAGAN, J. (1981). The second year: The emergence of self-awareness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29. KAGAN, J. (1998). Biology and the child. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 177-235). New York: Wiley.
30. KAGAN, J. (2003). Human morality and temperament. In G. Carlo & C. Pope-Edwards (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 51. Moral motivation through the life span. Lincoln: Nebraska University Press.
31. KAGAN, J., & LAMB, S. (Eds.). (1987). The emergence of morality in young children. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
32. KOCHANSKA, G. (1994). Beyond cognition: Expanding the search for the early roots of internalization and conscience. Developmental Psychology, 30, 20-22.
33. KOCHANSKA, G. (2002a). Committed compliance, moral self, and internalization: A mediational model. Developmental Psychology, 38, 339-351.
34. KOCHANSKA, G. (2002b). Mutually responsive orientation between mothers and their young children: A context for the early development of conscience. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 191-195.
35. KOCHANSKA, G., AKSAN, N., & NICHOLS, K. E. (2003). Maternal power assertion in discipline and moral discourse contexts: Commonalities, differences, and implications for children's moral conduct and cognition. Developmental Psychology, 39, 949-963.
36. KOCHANSKA, G., GROSS, J. N., LIN, M.-H., & NICHOLS, K. E. (2002). Guilt in young children: Development, determinants, and relations with a broader system of standards. Child Development, 73, 461-482.
37. KOCHANSKA, G., & KNAACK, A. (2003). Effortful control as a personality characteristic of young children: Antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Personality, 71, 1087-1112.
38. KOCHANSKA, G., PADAVICH, D. L., & KOENIG, A. L. (1996). Children's narratives about hypothetical moral dilemmas and objective measures of their conscience: Mutual relations and socialization antecedents. Child Development, 67, 1420-1436.
39. KOCHANSKA, G., & THOMPSON, R. A. (1997). The emergence and development of conscience in toddlerhood and early childhood. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and children's internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory (pp. 53-77). New York: Wiley.
40. KOHLBERG, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347-480). Chicago: Rand McNally.
41. LAIBLE, D. J., & THOMPSON, R. A. (2000). Mother-child discourse, attachment security, shared positive affect, and early conscience development. Child Development, 71, 1424-1440.
42. LEWIS, M., SULLIVAN, M. W., STANGER, C., & WEISS, M. (1989). Self-development and self-conscious emotions. Child Development, 60, 146-156.
43. LONDERVILLE, S., & MAIN, M. (1981). Security of attachment, compliance, and maternal training methods in the second year of life. Developmental Psychology, 17, 289-299.
44. LYKKEN, D. T. (1957). A study of anxiety in the sociopathic personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 6-10.
45. LYKKEN, D. T. (1995). The antisocial personalities. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
46. MACCOBY, E. E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1006-1017.
47. PARKE, R. D. (1974). Rules, roles, and resistance to deviation: Recent advances in punishment, discipline, and self-control. In A. D. Pick (Ed.)., Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology (Vol. 8, pp. 111-143). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
48. PATTERSON, G. R., DEBARYSHE, B. D., & RAMSEY, E. (1989). A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 44, 329-335.
49. PIAGET, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. London: Kegan Paul.
50. QUAY, H. C. (1993). The psychobiology of undersocialized aggressive conduct disorder: A theoretical perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 165-180.
51. RADKE-YARROW, M., ZAHN-WAXLER, C., & CHAPMAN, M. (1983). Children's prosocial dispositions and behavior. In P. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 469-545). New York: Wiley.
52. REIS, H. T., COLLINS, W. A., & BERSCHEID, E. (2000). Relationships in human behavior and development. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 844-872.
53. ROTHBART, M. K. & AHADI, S. A. (1994). Temperament and the development of personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 55-66.
54. ROTHBART, M. K., AHADI, S. S., & HERSHEY, K. L. (1994). Temperament and social behavior in childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 21-39.
55. ROTHBART, M. K. & BATES, J. (1998). Temperament. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 105-176). New York: Wiley.
56. RUSHTON, J. P., BRAINERD, C. J., & PRESSLEY, M. (1983). Behavioral development and construct validity: The principle of aggregation. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 18-38.
57. SEARS, R. R., RAU, L., & ALPERT, R. (1965). Identification and child rearing. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
58. SMETANA, J. G. (1997). Parenting and the development of social knowledge reconceptualized: A social domain analysis. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and children's internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory (pp.162-192). New York: Wiley.
59. STIPEK, D. J., GRALINSKI, J. H. & KOPP, C. B. (1990). Self-concept development in the toddler years. Developmental Psychology, 26, 972-977.
60. THOMPSON, R. A. (1998). Early sociopersonality development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 25-104). New York: Wiley.
61. THOMPSON, R. A., LAIBLE, D. J., & ONTAI, L. L. (2003). Early understanding of emotion, morality, and self: Developing a working model. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 31, 137-171.
62. TURIEL, E. (1998). The development of morality. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 863-932). New York: Wiley.
63. TURIEL, E., KILLEN, M., & HELWIG, C. C. (1997). Morality: Its structure, functions, and vagaries. In J. Kagan & S. Lamb (Eds.), The emergence of morality in young children (pp. 155-244). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
64. WALKER, L. J., & TAYLOR, J. H. (1991). Family interactions and the development of moral reasoning. Child Development, 62, 264-283.
65. ZAHN-WAXLER, C., & KOCHANSKA, G. (1990). The origins of guilt. In R. A. Thompson (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 6. Socioemotional development (pp. 183-258). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.