Children's Narratives about Hypothetical Moral Dilemmas and Objective Measures of Their Conscience: Mutual Relations and Socialization Antecedents

Child Development

Volumn 67, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 1420-1436

  Kochanska, Grazyna ^a,b   Padavich, Darcie L ^a   Koenig, Amy L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b E11 SSH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE; ARTICLE; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CONSCIENCE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MORALITY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIALIZATION; TEMPERAMENT;

AGE FACTORS; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CONSCIENCE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MORALS; SEX FACTORS; SOCIALIZATION; TEMPERAMENT;

EID: 0030208507     PISSN: 00093920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01805.x     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
2. Allinsmith, W., & Greening, T. C. (1955). Guilt over anger as predicted from parental discipline: A study of superego development. American Psychologist, 10, 320.
3. Bakeman, R., & Gottman, J. M. (1989). Observing interaction: An introduction to sequential analyses. New York: Cambridge University Press.
4. Bell, R. Q. (1968). A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review, 75, 81-95.
5. Blasi, A. (1980). Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 1-45.
6. Bretherton, I., Oppenheim, D., & Prentiss, C. (1990). MacArthur Story-Stem Battery. Unpublished manuscript, 1990.
7. Bretherton, I., Winn, L., Page, T., MacFie, J., & Walsh, R. (1993, March). Concordance of preschoolers' family stories with parental reports of family climate, family stress, and child temperament. Paper presented at meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans.
8. Brody, G. H., & Shaffer, D. R. (1982). Contributions of parents and peers to children's moral socialization. Developmental Review, 2, 31-75.
9. Buchsbaum, H. K., & Emde, R. N. (1990). Play narratives in 36-month-old children: Early moral development and family relationships. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 45, 129-155.
10. Buchsbaum, H. K., Toth, S. L., Clyman, R. B., Cicchetti, D., & Emde, R. N. (1992). The use of a narrative story stem technique with maltreated children: Implications for theory and practice. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 603-625.
11. Cassidy, J. (1988). Child-mother attachment and the self in six-year-olds. Child Development, 59, 121-134.
12. Crittenden, P. M. (1992). Treatment of anxious attachment in infancy and early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 575-602.
13. Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678-1683.
14. Dunn, J., Brown, J. R., & Maguire, M. (1995). The development of children's moral sensibility: Individual differences and emotion understanding. Developmental Psychology, 31, 649-659.
15. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R., Minore, D., Mathy, R., Hanish, L., & Brown, T. (1994). Children's enacted interpersonal strategies: Their relations to social behavior and negative emotionality. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 212-232.
16. Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91-119.
17. Emde, R. N., Biringen, Z., Clyman, R. B., & Oppenheim, D. (1991). The moral self of infancy: Affective and procedural knowledge. Developmental Review, 11, 251-270.
18. Epstein, S. (1986). Does aggregation produce spuriously high estimates of behavioral stability? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1199-1210.
19. Goldsmith, H. H., Lemery, K. S., Harman, C., & Unfried, P. (1993, March). Infant temperament as a predictor of children's representation of emotional themes in narrative. Paper presented at the meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans.
20. Grusec, J. E., & Goodnow, J. J. (1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental Psychology, 30, 4-19.
21. Hoffman, M. L. (1970a). Moral development. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 261-360). New York: Wiley.
22. Hoffman, M. L. (1970b). Conscience, personality, and socialization techniques. Human Development, 13, 90-126.
23. Hoffman, M. L. (1983). Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalization. In E. T. Higgins, D. Ruble, & W. Hartup (Eds.), Social cognition and social development: A sociocultural perspective (pp. 236-274). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Hoffman, M. L., & Saltzstein, H. D. (1967). Parent discipline and the child's moral development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 45-57.
25. Kochanska, G. (1991). Socialization and temperament in the development of guilt and conscience. Child Development, 62, 1379-1392.
26. Kochanska, G. (1993). Toward a synthesis of parental socialization and child temperament in early development of conscience. Child Development, 64, 325-347.
27. Kochanska, G. (1995). Children's temperament, mothers' discipline, and security of attachment: Multiple pathways to emerging internalization. Child Development, 66, 597-615.
28. Kochanska, G., & Aksan, N. (1995). Mother-child mutually positive affect, the quality of child compliance to request and prohibitions, and maternal control as correlates of early internalization. Child Development, 66, 236-254.
29. Kochanska, G., Aksan, N., & Koenig, A. L. (1995). A longitudinal study of the roots of preschoolers' conscience: Committed compliance and emerging internalization. Child Development, 66, 1752-1770.
30. Kochanska, G., DeVet, K., Goldman, M., Murray, K., & Putnam, S. P. (1994). Maternal reports of conscience development and temperament in young children. Child Development, 65, 852-868.
31. Kochanska, G., Kuczynski, L., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1989). Correspondence between mothers' self-reported and observed child-rearing practices. Child Development, 60, 56-63.
32. Kochanska, G., Murray, K., Jacques, T. Y., Koenig, A. L., & Vandegeest, K. A. (1996). Inhibitory control in young children and its role in emerging internalization. Child Development, 67, 490-507.
33. Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347-480). Chicago: Rand McNally.
34. Kuczynski, L., Kochanska, G., Radke-Yarrow, M., & Girnius Brown, O. (1987). A developmental interpretation of young children's noncompliance. Developmental Psychology, 23, 799-806.
35. Lepper, M. R. (1981). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in children: Detrimental effects of superfluous social control. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (Vol. 14, pp. 155-213). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
36. Maccoby, E. E. (1983). Let's not over-attribute to the attribution process: Comments on social cognition and behavior. In E. T. Higgins, D. Ruble, & W. Hartup (Eds.), Social cognition and social development: A sociocultural perspective (pp. 356-370). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37. Maccoby, E. E. (1990). Gender and relationships: A Developmental account. American Psychologist, 4, 513-520.
38. McCrone, E. R., Egeland, B., Kalkoske, M., & Carlson, E. A. (1994). Relations between early maltreatment and mental representations of relationships assessed with projective story-telling in middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 99-120.
39. Minton, C., Kagan, J., & Levine, J. A. (1971). Maternal control and obedience in the two-year-old. Child Development, 42, 1873-1894.
40. Mize, J., & Ladd, G. W. (1988). Predicting preschoolers' peer behavior and status from their interpersonal strategies: A comparison of verbal and enactive responses to hypothetical social dilemmas. Developmental Psychology, 24, 782-788.
41. Oppenheim, D., Emde, R. N., & Winfrey, N. L. (1993, March). Aggression and coherence in children's narratives: Links with family relationships and adaptation. Paper presented at the meeting of Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans.
42. Parke, R. D. (1974). Rules, roles, and resistance to deviation: Recent advances in punishment, discipline, and self-control. In A. D. Pick (Ed.), Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (Vol. 8, pp. 111-143). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
43. Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., & Ramsey, E. (1989). A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 44, 329-335.
44. Perry, D. G., & Perry, L. C. (1983). Social learning, causal attribution, and moral internalization. In J. Bisanz, G. L. Bisanz, & R. Kail (Eds.), Learning in children: Progress in cognitive development research (pp. 105-136). New York: Springer-Verlag.
45. Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Hershey, K. L. (1994). Temperament and social behavior in childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 21-39.
46. Rushton, J. P., Brainerd, C. J., & Pressley, M. (1983). Behavioral development and construct validity: The principle of aggregation. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 18-38.
47. Saltzstein, H. D., Weiner, A. S., Munk, J. J., Supraner, A., Blank, R., & Schwarz, R. P. (1987). Comparison between children's own moral judgments and those they attribute to adults. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33, 33-51.
48. Sears, R. R., Rau, L., & Alpert, R. (1965). Identification and child rearing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
49. Thompson, R. A., & Hoffman, M. L. (1980). Empathy and the development of guilt in children. Developmental Psychology, 16, 155-156.
50. Turiel, E., Smetana, J. G., & Killen, M. (1991). Social contexts in social cognitive development. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development: Vol. 2. Research (pp. 307-332). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
51. Zahn-Waxler, C., Cole, P. M., Richardson, D. T., Friedman, R. J., Michel, M. K., & Belouad, F. (1994). Social problem solving in disruptive preschool children: Reactions to hypothetical situations of conflict and distress. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 98-119.
52. Zahn-Waxler, C., Kochanska, G., Krupnick, J., & McKnew, D. (1990). Patterns of guilt in children of depressed and well mothers. Developmental Psychology, 26, 51-59.