On Territory as Relationship and Law as Territory

Canadian Journal of Law and Society

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 65-86

  Brighenti, Andrea ^a  

^a NONE   (Italy)

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EID: 43249154232     PISSN: 08293201     EISSN: 19110227     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0829320100008954     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. The first group is represented for instance by Robert Ardrey and Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfledt. See R. Ardrey, The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Inquiry into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations (New York: Atheneum, 1966)
2. I. Eibl-Eibesfledt, Ethology: The Biology of Behaviour (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970).
3. The second group is represented especially by Robert D. Sack. See R. D. Sack, “Human Territoriality: A Theory” (1983) 73:1 Annals of the Association of American Geographers 55
4. R.D. Sack, Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986)
5. R.D. Sack., “Human Territoriality” in N.J. Smelser & P.B. Baltes, eds., International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2003).
6. Probably the best attempts to overcome intuitive conceptions of territory have been provided by radical geography since the 1970s, which however, as we will see, is more focused on space than territory. See Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991/1974)
7. R.D. Sack, “Human Territoriality: A Theory”, The Production of Space 1
8. Edward W. Soja, Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (London: Verso, 1989)
9. Gillian Rose, Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993)
10. Nicholas Blomley, Law, Space and the Geographies of Power (New York: The Guildford Press, 1994)
11. Doreen Massey, Space, Place and Gender (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994)
12. David Harvey, Justice, Nature, and the Geography of Difference (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1996)
13. David Delaney, Race, Place, and the Law: 1836–1948 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998)
14. David Delaney, Territory: A Short Introduction (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
15. Something akin to this has been attempted for instance by Pierre Bourdieu, who advanced the idea that social places are structured like (and upon) physical places. See e.g. P. Bourdieu, “Effets de lieu” in P. Bourdieu., ed., La misère du monde (Paris: Seuil, 1993).
16. See Jakob von Uexküll, “A stroll through the worlds of animals and men. A picture book of invisibile worlds” in C.H. Schiller, ed., Instinctive Behavior: The Development of a modern concept (New York: International Universities Press, 1957/1934) at 54. For an outlook on contemporary debates around von Uexküll's ideas, see the 2001 special issue of 134:l/4 Semiotica “Jakob von Uexküll: A paradigm for biology and semiotics”.
17. A pervasive critique of the nefariousness of social constructist theories can be found in the latest works by Bruno Latour. See e.g. B. Latour, Reassembling the Social (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
18. Circumstantialism is associated with the work of Fredrik Earth. See F. Barth, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1969).
19. A typical example of primordialist theory is offered by Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (London: Penguin, 1991).
20. For a historical and conceptual reconstruction, see Philippe Poutignat & Jocelyne Streiff-Fénart, Théories de l'ethnicité (Paris: P.U.F., 1999).
21. R.D. Sack, “Human Territoriality: A Theory”, Théories de l'ethnicité 1 at 19.
22. See also R.D. Sack, Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History, Théories de l'ethnicité 1 at 55.
23. Influences upon this definition come from Jean Gottman, The Significance of Territory (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1973)
24. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (London: Penguin Books, 1977/1975).
25. An operational view of borders has been developed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. See Gilles Deleuze & Félix Guattari, Mille plateaux (Paris: P.U.F., 1980)
26. Keith Woodward & John Paul Jones III, “On the border with Deleuze and Guattari” in H. van Houtum, O. Kramsch & W. Zierhofer, eds., B/ordering Space (Hampshire: Ashgate, 2004).
27. See David Storey, Territory: The Claiming of Space (Harlow: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2001), at §3.
28. Torsten Malmberg, Human Territoriality: Survey of Behavioural Territories in Man with Preliminary Analysis and Discussion of Meaning (Den Haag, Paris, New York: Mouton Publishers, 1980) at 11.
29. On creativity as a domain of action see for instance Hans Joas, The Creativity of Action (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996).
30. See e.g. Michael Asch, “From Terra Nullius to Affirmation: Reconciling Aboriginal Rights with the Canadian Constitution” (2002) 17: 2 C.J.L.S. 23.
31. Steven Crosby, “Territoriality: The Transcendental, Primordial Feature of Modern Societies” (1995) 1:2 Nations and Nationalism 143.
32. See also Anthony D. Smith, Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
33. Interestingly, minoritarian groups, who failed to conceive and represent themselves as nations in a modernist way, or where not interested in doing so, entertain a much more ambiguous and rich relationship with territories: see Michael J. Casimir & Aparna Rao, eds., Mobility and Territoriality: Social and Spatial Boundaries among Foragers, Fishers, Pastoralists and Peripatetics (New York, Oxford: Berg, 1992).
34. On the other hand, Zygmunt Bauman has made the interesting observation that in modern society life ambitions are often expressed in terms of mobility, which brings us back to the Simmelian theme of the confrontation between settled and mobile people. See e.g. Z. Bauman, “Social uses of law and order” in D. Garland & R. Sparks, eds., Criminology and Social Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
35. The point is made cogently by Bertrand Badie, La fin des territoires. Essai sur le désordre international et sur l'utilité sociale du respect (Paris: Fayard, 1995).
36. Mircea Eliade, Le sacré et le profane (Gallimard: Paris, 1965/1957)
37. Gaston Bachelard, La poétique de l'espace (Paris: P.U.F., 1957).
38. Michel Foucault developed on this ground his concept of heterotopias as places that are foundationally incommensurable to common places and functionally oriented. See M. Foucault, “Of Other Spaces” (1986/1967) 16 Diacritics 22.
39. This is the classic distinction advanced by Michael Polanyi, The Tacit Dimension (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966).
40. In spatial analysis, Edward T. Hall developed proxemics as a semiotics of distances and proximities among interacting people, observing how boundary-drawing activities varied according to cultures, practices, and expectations. See E. T. Hall, The Hidden Dimension (New York: Doubleday & Co, 1966).
41. See Deleuze and Guattari, The Hidden Dimension 9.
42. The authors trace their concept of territorial agencements from a number of sources including biologists like Jakob von Uexküll and anthropologists like André Leroi-Gourhan. See in particular J. von Uexküll, The Hidden Dimension 3
43. André Leroi-Gourhan, Le geste et la parole (Albin Michel, Paris, 1964), Vol. 1.
44. Gilles Deleuze, Différence et répétition (Paris: P.U.F., 1968).
45. André Leroi-Gourhan, Différence et répétition 20.
46. See for instance the anthropologist Jonathan Friedman, “From roots to routes. Tropes for trippers” (2002) 2:1 Anthropological Theory 21
47. the geographer Stuart Elden, “Missing the point: globalization, deterritorialization and the space of the world” (2005) 30:1 Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 8.
48. See for instance David Jacobson, “New Frontiers: Territory, Social Spaces, and the State” (1997) 12:1 Sociological Forum 121
49. Matthew Gandy, “Cyborg Urbanization: Complexity and Monstruosity in the Contemporary City” (2005) 29:1 International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26.
50. On the legal and institutional constitution of racial boundaries, see Ian F. Haney López, White by Law. The Legal Construction of Race (New York: New York University Press, 1996)
51. D. Delaney, Race, The Legal Construction of Race 2
52. Geoffrey C. Bowker & Susan Leigh Star, Sorting Things Out. Classification and Its Consequences (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999)
53. Sheila Dawn Gill, “The Unspeakability of Racism: Mapping Law's Complicity in Manitoba's Racialized Spaces” (2000) 15:2 C.J.L.S. 131.
54. On illegal migrants as “exceptional” beings and on their foundational role for boundaries in an Agamben-based perspective, see Prem Kumar Rajaram & Carl Grundy-Warr, “The Irregular Migrant as Homo Sacer: Migration and Detention in Australia, Malaysia, and Thailand” (2004) 42:1 Intemational Migration 33
55. Andrea Brighenti, “Dogville, or, the Dirty Birth of Law” (2006) 87 Thesis Eleven 96.
56. David Lyon, Surveillance after September 11 (Cambridge: Blackwell, 2003).
57. See also Mark B. Salter “Passports, Mobility, and Security: How smart can the border be?” (2004) 5:1 International Studies Perspectives 71.
58. Warren Moran, “The Wine Appellation as Territory in France and California” (1993) 83:4 Annals of the Association of American Geographers 694.
59. Guy Debord, “Théorie de la dérive” (1958) 2 Internationale Situationniste online: Situationist International . There is a clear echo of flâneurisme in the practice of dérive.
60. See the classic Walter Benjamin's Passagen-Werk project: W. Benjamin, The Arcades Project (Cambridge & London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999).
61. J. Gottman, The Arcades Project 8
62. R.D. Sack, The Arcades Project 1.
63. For a recent discussion on property rights and on the shortcomings of the liberal-legal perspective, see Richard A. Brisbin J. & Susan Hunter, “The Transformation of Canadian Property Rights?” (2006) 21:1 C.J.L.S. 135.
64. See for instance the discussion of the feeling of déplacement, out-of-placedness, in Bourdieu, C.J.L.S. 3.
65. Bourdieu's concept of habitus can be useful to appreciate the fixation of territorial relationships in action. See Pierre Bourdieu, Méditations pascaliennes (Paris: Seuil, 1997).
66. Andrea Brighenti, “Did we really get rid of commands?” (2006) 17:1 Law & Critique 47.
67. Here the term “hegemony” is used simply in the original Gramscian meaning, as the “intellectual and moral headship” exercised by an agent or a class in a spontaneous, molecular and organic way so as to generate a wide, accepted and shared framework within which even conflict and dissent can be accomodated, and which ultimately determines the features of a historic bloc. See Antonio Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (Roma: Editori Riuniti 1975).
68. It is not possible here to venture further into the vast literature on hegemony and ideology. On the interplay between power and space, see in particular G. Rose, Quaderni del carcere 2
69. N. Blomley, Quaderni del carcere 2
70. D. Massey, Quaderni del carcere 2
71. D. Harvey, Quaderni del carcere 2
72. Andrew J. Herod & Melissa W. Wright, eds., The Geography of Power: Making Scale (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002).
73. Henri Lefebvre, Eléments de rhythmanalyse (Paris: Syllepse, 1992).
74. Erving Goffman, Relations in Public. Microstudies of the Public Order (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972).
75. See also id., Behavior in Public Places. Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings (Chicago: The Free Press, 1963).
76. See for instance D. Harvey, Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings 2.
77. D. Storey, Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings 10
78. Richard A. Wright, “Operations on the Boundary: The State, the Border and Marginalized Identities” (2004) 36:2 Antipode 138
79. D. Delaney, Territory, Antipode 2.
80. See Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1983).
81. James A. Tyner, “Territoriality, social justice and gendered revolutions in the speeches of Malcolm X” (2004) 29:3 Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 330.
82. Consider the case of residential segregation. For three recent research projects on Europe, U.S. and Canada, compare Anita I. Drever, “Separate Spaces, Separate Outcomes? Neighbourhood Impacts on Minorities in Germany” (2004) 41:8 Urban Studies 1423
83. Mark Ellis, Richard Wright & Virginia Parks, “Work Together, Live Apart? Geographies of Racial and Ethnic Segregation at Home and at Work” (2004) 94:3 Annals of the Association of American Geographers 620
84. John Myles and Feng Hou “Changing Colours: Spatial Assimilation and New Racial Minority Immigrants” (2004) 29:1 Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 29.
85. Michel Foucault, “Governmentality” (1978) in Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon & Peter Miller, eds., The Foucault Effect. Studies in Governmentality (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991) 87.
86. Michel Foucault, Sécurité, territoire, population. Cours au Collège de France, 1977–1978, Francois Ewald, Alessandro Fontana & Michel Senellart eds., (Paris: Hautes Etudes, Gallimard, Seuil, 2004).
87. Joshua Castellino & Steve Allen, Title to Territory in International Law: A Temporal Analysis (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003).
88. Alexander B. Murphy, “Historical Justifications for Territorial Claims” (1990) 80:4 Annals of the Association of American Geographers 531.
89. Alberto Corsíin Jiménez, “On Space as a Capacity” (2003) 9 Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 137.
90. G. Rose, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2.
91. Mark Monmonier, How to Lie With Maps (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991)
92. Sallie A. Marston, “The social construction of scale” (2000) 24:2 Progress in Human Geography 219
93. A.J. Herod & M.W. Wright, Progress in Human Geography 34.
94. I have tried to develop visibility as an analytical category in a forthcoming article. See Andrea Brighenti, “Visibility, a category for the social sciences” (2007) 55:3 Current Sociology [forthcoming].
95. Constitutions are the institutional frameworks of different accomodation strategies. See for instance Roderick A. Macdonald, “The Design of Constitutions to Accomodate Linguistic, Cultural and Ethnic Diversity: The Canadian Experiment” in D. Szabo & K. Kulczar, eds., Dual Images: Multiculturalism on the Two Sides of the Atlantic (Budapest: Royal Society of Canada, 1996).
96. On graffiti as boundary-drawing devices, see David Ley & Roman Cybriwsky, “Urban Graffiti as Territorial Markers” (1974) 64:4 Annals of the Association of American Geographers 491.
97. On policing as urban territorial management, see Steve Herbert, “The Normative Ordering of Police Territoriality: Making and Marking Space with the Los Angeles Police Department” (1996) 86:3 Annals of the Association of American Geographers 567.
98. On fear as a territory-making device, the urban ecology of fear, and its effects of enclosure, see Mike Davis, Ecology of Fear (New York: Metropolitan books, 1998).
99. On the subtle multidimensional legal implications of deceivingly simple spaces such as offices, see Roderick A. Macdonald and Jonathan Widell, “Office Politics (Again)!” (2005) 20:2 C.J.L.S. 1.
100. E. Goffman, Behavior, C.J.L.S. 36.
101. One can get an a contrario example of the territorial dimension of intimate adult relationships by considering the case of sexual abuse as territorial trespassing. See e.g. Joanne Wright, “Consent and Sexual Violence in Canadian Public Discourse: Reflections on Ewanchuk” (2001) 16:2 C.J.L.S. 173.
102. For a continuist take on the legal dimension in between everyday life and formal, institutionalized organizations, see Daniel Jutras, “The Legal Dimensions of Everyday Life” (2001) 16:1 C.J.L.S. 45.
103. Classic anthropological descriptions of body decoration practices are provided e.g. by Claude Lévi-Strauss, Tristes tropiques (Paris: Plon, 1955).
104. Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization. A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason (New York: Vintage Books, 1965/1961) at §V.
105. “Where Id was, there shall Ego be.” The motto appears as an exergo to the 1933 edition of the Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (1915–16). The idea is clearly present in Sigmund Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920). A complete theoretical formulation of the idea can be found in The Ego and the Id (1923).
106. See Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, 24 volumes (London: Hogarth Press, 1958).
107. Emanuel Maier, “Torah as Movable Territory” (1975) 65:1 Annals of the Association of American Geographers 18.
108. David Lyon, Surveillance Society. Monitoring Everyday Life (Buckingham: Open University Press, 2001)
109. See also D. Lyon, Monitoring Everyday Life 26
110. Kevin Haggerty & Richard Ericson, “The surveillant assemblage” (2000) 51:4 British Journal of Sociology 605.
111. See G. Agamben, L'aperto: l'uomo e l'animale (Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 2002).
112. Richard Ford, “Law's Territory (A History of Jurisdiction)” (1999) 97:4 Michigan L. Rev. 843.
113. J. Gottman, Michigan L. Rev. 8.
114. For an interesting case revealing the interplay between language, boundary-drawing, editorial customs, criminal law application and the administration of justice in Quebec, see Nicholas Kasirer, “The Annotated Criminal Code en version québécoise: Signs of Territoriality in Canadian Criminal Law” (1990) 13 Dalhousie L.J. 520.
115. D. Delaney, Race, Dalhousie L.J. 2.
116. Robert Leckey, “Territoriality in Canadian Administrative Law” (2004) 54 U. Toronto L.J. 352.
117. See also Suzanne Comtois, Vers la primauté de l'approche pragmatique et fonctionnelle. Précis du contrôle judiciaire des décisions de fond des organismes administratifs (Cowansville: Yvon Blais, 2003).
118. Peter Fitzpatrick, “Taking Place: The Spaces and Timing of Law” (Paper presented at Birkbeck College Anthropology of Law Workshop, 2005) [unpublished].
119. Peter Fitzpatrick, Modernism and the Grounds of Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
120. Roderick A. Macdonald, “Kaleidoscopic Federalism” in J.F. Gaudreault-Desbiens & F. Gé1inas, eds., Moods of Federalism: Governance, Identity and Methodology (Montreal: Yvon Blais/Brussels: Bruylant, 2005).
121. See in particular Roderick A. Macdonald, “Here, There and Everywhere: the Legal Pluralism of Jacques Vanderlinden” in N. Kasirer, ed., Mélanges Jacques Vanderlinden (Montreal: Yvon Blais, 2006).
122. The dichotomy is introduced and discussed at length by Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Toward a New Common Sense. Law, Science and Politics in the Paradigmatic Transition (London: Routledge, 1995) at §7.
123. See Gunther Teubner, Global law without a state (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1997)
124. Volkmar Gessner & Ali Gem Budak, eds., Emerging Legal Certainty: Empirical Studies on the Globalization of Law (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998).
125. Saskia Sassen, “Territory and Territoriality in the Global Economy” (2000) 15 International Sociology 372
126. Saskia Sassen, Territory, Authority, Rights (Princeton; Princeton University Press, 2005).