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Volumn 42, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 35-46

A strange obsession with Nazi christianity: A critical comment on Richard Steigmann-Gall's The Holy Reich

Author keywords

Christianity; Church Struggle; National Socialism; Protestantism; Religion and Religious History

Indexed keywords


EID: 43249146321     PISSN: 00220094     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022009407071630     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (4)

References (68)
  • 1
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    • (Cambridge). The book is based on the author's revised dissertation, 'The Holy Reich. Religious Dimensions of Nazi Ideology, 1919-1945', University of Toronto 1999.
    • Richard Steigmann-Gall, The Holy Reich. Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945 (Cambridge 2003). The book is based on the author's revised dissertation, '"The Holy Reich". Religious Dimensions of Nazi Ideology, 1919-1945', University of Toronto 1999
    • (2003) The Holy Reich. Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945
    • Steigmann-Gall, R.1
  • 6
    • 84868460842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • idem and Michael Schäfer (eds), 'Totalitarismus' und 'Politische Religionen'. Konzepte des Diktaturvergleichs (Paderborn 1997)
    • idem and Michael Schäfer (eds), 'Totalitarismus' und 'Politische Religionen'. Konzepte des Diktaturvergleichs (Paderborn 1997)
  • 7
    • 70450057240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Totalitarismus und Politische Religionen. Deutungsgeschichte und Theorie (Paderborn 2003);
    • and Totalitarismus und Politische Religionen. Deutungsgeschichte und Theorie (Paderborn 2003)
  • 9
    • 12244300002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nationalsozialistische Mythen, Riten und Symbole 1932 bis 1945 (Vierow b. Greifswald)
    • Sabine Behrenbeck, Der Kult um die toten Helden. Nationalsozialistische Mythen, Riten und Symbole 1932 bis 1945 (Vierow b. Greifswald 1996)
    • (1996) Der Kult um die toten Helden
    • Behrenbeck, S.1
  • 13
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    • Wann kommt der Retter Deutschlands? Formen und Funktionen von politischem Messianismus in der Weimarer Republik
    • 49 1998, 1st half
    • Klaus Schreiner, '"Wann kommt der Retter Deutschlands?" Formen und Funktionen von politischem Messianismus in der Weimarer Republik', Saeculum, 49 (1998), 1st half vol., 107-60
    • Saeculum , vol.107 , pp. 160
    • Schreiner, K.1
  • 16
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    • Political Religion in Modern Germany. Reflections on Nationalism, Socialism, and National Socialism
    • Spring
    • Wolfgang Hardtwig, 'Political Religion in Modern Germany. Reflections on Nationalism, Socialism, and National Socialism', German Historical Institute, Bulletin, 28 (Spring 2001), 3-27
    • (2001) German Historical Institute Bulletin , vol.28 , pp. 3-27
    • Hardtwig, W.1
  • 20
    • 84868472687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hans Günter Hockerts, 'War der Nationalsozialismus eine politische Religion? Über Chancen und Grenzen eines Erklärungsmodells' in Klaus Hildebrand (ed.), Zwischen Politik und Religion. Studien zur Entstehung, Existenz und Wirkung des Totalitarismus (Munich 2003), 45-71. With the exception of Ley and Schoeps (eds) hardly any of the studies cited, which after all are relevant to his subject, are considered by Steigmann-Gall.
    • Hans Günter Hockerts, 'War der Nationalsozialismus eine politische Religion? Über Chancen und Grenzen eines Erklärungsmodells' in Klaus Hildebrand (ed.), Zwischen Politik und Religion. Studien zur Entstehung, Existenz und Wirkung des Totalitarismus (Munich 2003), 45-71. With the exception of Ley and Schoeps (eds) hardly any of the studies cited, which after all are relevant to his subject, are considered by Steigmann-Gall
  • 21
    • 79958981621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steigmann-Gall, Holy Reich, op. cit., 12
    • Steigmann-Gall, Holy Reich, op. cit., 12
  • 22
    • 84868494386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manfred Gailus, 'Nationalsozialistische Christen und christliche Nationalsozialisten. Anmerkungen zur Vielfalt synkretistischer Gläubigkeiten im Dritten Reich', in idem and Hartmut Lehmann (eds), Nationalprotestantische Mentalitäten. Konturen, Entwicklungslinien und Umbrüche eines Weltbildes (Göttingen 2005), 223-61.
    • See also Manfred Gailus, '"Nationalsozialistische Christen" und "christliche Nationalsozialisten". Anmerkungen zur Vielfalt synkretistischer Gläubigkeiten im "Dritten Reich"', in idem and Hartmut Lehmann (eds), Nationalprotestantische Mentalitäten. Konturen, Entwicklungslinien und Umbrüche eines Weltbildes (Göttingen 2005), 223-61
  • 23
    • 79958983536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steigmann-Gall, Holy Reich, op. cit., 112
    • Steigmann-Gall, Holy Reich, op. cit., 112
  • 24
    • 84868477274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bärsch, Die politische Religion des Nationalsozialismus, op. cit. Bärsch looks at the religious-Christian substance of inter alios, Dietrich Eckart, Joseph Goebbels, Alfred Rosenberg as well as Hitler; also , The new faith was intended to replace, perspectively, the old Christian faith, By a sacralization of the nation they set the disenchantment of the world against its resacralization. The essential novelty in the National Socialist religion is the making Divine of the nation which is contained in the Aryans' divine substance, 367
    • See Bärsch, Die politische Religion des Nationalsozialismus, op. cit. Bärsch looks at the religious-Christian substance of inter alios, Dietrich Eckart, Joseph Goebbels, Alfred Rosenberg as well as Hitler; also H. St. Chamberlain, Rudolf Heß, Julius Streicher, Baldur von Schirach, Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Göring. Bärsch's summary in his very dense and complex concluding chapters is that National Socialist ideology was permeated by a 'religious dimension' which possessed the quality of a 'political religion' (343). This NS- specific religiosity was not equivalent to 'Christianity' (350). The new faith was intended to replace, perspectively, the old Christian faith. 'By a sacralization of the nation they set the disenchantment of the world against its resacralization. The essential novelty in the National Socialist religion is the making Divine of the nation which is contained in the Aryans' divine substance' (367)
    • Bärsch's summary in his very dense and complex concluding chapters is that National Socialist ideology was permeated by a 'religious dimension' which possessed the quality of a 'political religion, 343, This NS- specific religiosity was not equivalent to 'Christianity, 350
    • St. Chamberlain1    R.Heß2    J. Streicher3    B. von Schirach4    H. Himmler5    H. Göring, H.6
  • 25
    • 79958876686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steigmann-Gall, Holy Reich, op. cit., 261
    • Steigmann-Gall, Holy Reich, op. cit., 261
  • 26
    • 70449824201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hitler's 'Speeches, Writings, Directives', February 1925 to January 1933, were published by the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich between 1992 and 2003 in 13 of more than 5400 pages. They are not mentioned once in Steigmann-Gall's analysis of Hitler's 'text'.
    • Hitler's 'Speeches, Writings, Directives', February 1925 to January 1933, were published by the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich between 1992 and 2003 in 13 volumes of more than 5400 pages. They are not mentioned once in Steigmann-Gall's analysis of Hitler's 'text'
  • 27
    • 84868487244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die Hitler-Edition des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte
    • 281 2005
    • See Wolfram Pyta, 'Die Hitler-Edition des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte' in Historische Zeitschrift 281 (2005), 381-94
    • Historische Zeitschrift , pp. 381-394
    • Pyta, W.1
  • 29
    • 79958915133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teil II: Diktate 1941-1945, 15 vols (Munich 1993-1996)
    • Teil II: Diktate 1941-1945, 15 vols (Munich 1993-1996)
  • 30
    • 79958982652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Questionable, as he repeatedly represents quotations of the protagonist Michael Voormann included in Goebbels' novel Michael as authentic Goebbels. Unfortunately, similar inaccuracies occur frequently. Steigmann-Gall attributes authenticity to an alleged comment by Himmler, I've nothing against Christianity in itself, as recalled after the war by his masseur Felix Kersten, even according it prominence as the heading of one of his chapters (218, However, the published and authentic secret talks of Himmler remain unmentioned , In June 1942, for instance, in a speech to the chiefs of office in the Reichssicherheitshauptamt, Himmler proclaimed: 'We will have to finish with Christendom in an even stronger manner than up to now. We will have to finish with this Christendom, this greatest plague that was able to attack us in history and that m
    • Questionable, as he repeatedly represents quotations of the protagonist Michael Voormann included in Goebbels' novel Michael as authentic Goebbels. Unfortunately, similar inaccuracies occur frequently. Steigmann-Gall attributes authenticity to an alleged comment by Himmler ('I've nothing against Christianity in itself') as recalled after the war by his masseur Felix Kersten, even according it prominence as the heading of one of his chapters (218). However, the published and authentic secret talks of Himmler remain unmentioned. See Bradley F. Smith and Agnes F. Peterson, Heinrich Himmler. Geheimreden 1933 bis 1945 und andere Ansprachen (Frankfurt am Main 1974). In June 1942, for instance, in a speech to the chiefs of office in the Reichssicherheitshauptamt, Himmler proclaimed: 'We will have to finish with Christendom in an even stronger manner than up to now. We will have to finish with this Christendom, this greatest plague that was able to attack us in history and that made us weak for every fight. If our generation does not do it, I think, it will last a very long time' (ibid., 159)
    • Geheimreden 1933 bis 1945 und andere Ansprachen Frankfurt am Main 1974
    • Smith1    A.F. Peterson2    H. Himmler, B.F.3
  • 31
    • 79958941532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steigmann-Gall, Holy Reich, op. cit., 124
    • Steigmann-Gall, Holy Reich, op. cit., 124
  • 32
    • 84868460230 scopus 로고
    • Elke Fröhlich ed, October-December, Munich
    • Elke Fröhlich (ed.), Goebbels Diaries, Part II: Diktate 1941-1945, vol. 2: October-December 1941 (Munich 1996), 506ff
    • (1941) Goebbels Diaries, Part II: Diktate 1941-1945 , vol.2 , pp. 506
  • 33
    • 84868460868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To my knowledge no similar analysis exists, centred on a religious-historical enquiry into the Goebbels texts. For an early attempt Hans Günter Hockerts, 'Die Goebbels-Tagebücher 1913-1941.
    • To my knowledge no similar analysis exists, centred on a religious-historical enquiry into the Goebbels texts. For an early attempt see Hans Günter Hockerts, 'Die Goebbels-Tagebücher 1913-1941
  • 34
    • 84868509933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eine neue Hauptquelle zur Erforschung der nationalsozialistischen Kirchenpolitik' in Dieter Albrecht et al. (eds), Politik und Konfession. Festschrift für Konrad Repgen zum 60. Geburtstag (Berlin 1983), 359-414.
    • Eine neue Hauptquelle zur Erforschung der nationalsozialistischen Kirchenpolitik' in Dieter Albrecht et al. (eds), Politik und Konfession. Festschrift für Konrad Repgen zum 60. Geburtstag (Berlin 1983), 359-414
  • 37
    • 84919992580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gläubigkeit im Nationalsozialismus
    • Maier and Schäfer (eds)', op. cit.
    • Klaus Vondung, '"Gläubigkeit" im Nationalsozialismus', in Maier and Schäfer (eds), 'Totalitarismus', op. cit., 15-28
    • Totalitarismus , pp. 15-28
    • Vondung, K.1
  • 39
    • 79954061299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feiergestaltung. Zur planmäßigen Entwicklung eines aus nationalsozialistischer Weltanschauung geborenen, neuen arteigenen Brauchtums am Amt Rosenberg
    • von Schnurbein and Ulbricht (eds), Völkische Religion, op. cit.
    • Esther Gajek, '"Feiergestaltung". Zur planmäßigen Entwicklung eines "aus nationalsozialistischer Weltanschauung geborenen, neuen arteigenen Brauchtums" am Amt Rosenberg', in von Schnurbein and Ulbricht (eds), Völkische Religion, op. cit., 386-408
    • Gajek, E.1
  • 40
    • 84868460866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albert Speer could not even recall the Holocaust when the war was over. The extent to which the perspective in all his 1969 'Erinnerungen' was distorted has only recently become clear during discussion prompted by Heinrich Breloers' TV documentary 'Speer und Er'; also Susanne Willems, Der entsiedelte Jude. Albert Speers Wohnungsmarktpolitik für den Berliner Hauptstadtbau (Berlin 2002);
    • Albert Speer could not even recall the Holocaust when the war was over. The extent to which the perspective in all his 1969 'Erinnerungen' was distorted has only recently become clear during discussion prompted by Heinrich Breloers' TV documentary 'Speer und Er'; cf. also Susanne Willems, Der entsiedelte Jude. Albert Speers Wohnungsmarktpolitik für den Berliner Hauptstadtbau (Berlin 2002)
  • 41
    • 84868497028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Der Engel fährt zur Hölle. Breloers Film über Albert Speer
    • 18.3
    • Frank Schirmacher, 'Der Engel fährt zur Hölle. Breloers Film über Albert Speer', Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, no. 65, 18.3.2005, 39
    • (2005) Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Issue.65 , pp. 39
    • Schirmacher, F.1
  • 46
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    • Overwhelmed by their own fascination with the 'Ideas of 1933': Berlin's Protestant Social Milieu in the Third Reich'
    • idem, '"Overwhelmed by their own fascination with the 'Ideas of 1933'": Berlin's Protestant Social Milieu in the Third Reich', German History, 20 (2002), no. 4, 462-93
    • (2002) German History , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 462-493
    • Gailus, M.1
  • 47
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    • als protestantisches Erlebnis: Emphatische Selbsttransformation und Spaltung
    • idem, '1933 als protestantisches Erlebnis: emphatische Selbsttransformation und Spaltung', Geschichte und Gesellschaft 29, 2003, 481-511
    • (1933) Geschichte und Gesellschaft , vol.29 , pp. 481-511
    • Gailus, M.1
  • 48
    • 84868460864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The heroic historical concept of the domestically generated history of Catholicism is in urgent need of revision. First attempts can be found in critical regional studies: Cornelia Rauh-Kühne, Katholisches Milieu und Kleinstadtgesellschaft. Ettlingen 1918-1939 (Sigmaringen 1991);
    • The heroic historical concept of the domestically generated history of Catholicism is in urgent need of revision. First attempts can be found in critical regional studies: Cornelia Rauh-Kühne, Katholisches Milieu und Kleinstadtgesellschaft. Ettlingen 1918-1939 (Sigmaringen 1991)
  • 52
    • 84868506535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tyrannei und Tradition in der Region. Abweichende Urteile über die Katholiken im Nationalsozialismus
    • Olaf Blaschke, 'Tyrannei und Tradition in der Region. Abweichende Urteile über die Katholiken im Nationalsozialismus', Archiv für Sozialgeschichte, 36 (1996), 471-80
    • (1996) Archiv für Sozialgeschichte , vol.36 , pp. 471-480
    • Blaschke, O.1
  • 53
    • 70450059614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die "Reichspogromnacht" und die Haltung von katholischer Bevölkerung und Kirche
    • idem, 'Die "Reichspogromnacht" und die Haltung von katholischer Bevölkerung und Kirche', Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte, 52 (2000), no. 1, 47-74
    • (2000) Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte , vol.52 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-74
    • Blaschke, O.1
  • 54
    • 79958878375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nowhere is it explained who and what precisely is meant by 'liberal Protestantism' or 'Kulturprotestantismus'. For clarification the article 'Liberale Theologie', Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 4th edn, 5 (2002), esp. columns 310-14;
    • Nowhere is it explained who and what precisely is meant by 'liberal Protestantism' or 'Kulturprotestantismus'. For clarification see the article 'Liberale Theologie', Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 4th edn, vol. 5 (2002), esp. columns 310-14
  • 55
    • 79958920422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and the article 'Kultur-protestantismus', in ibid., 4 (2001), columns 1850-2.
    • and the article 'Kultur-protestantismus', in ibid., vol. 4 (2001), columns 1850-2
  • 56
    • 79959016161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This perverse thesis about Liberal Protestantism runs similarly obsessively throughout the book as does his actual thesis. Steigmann-Gall, Holy Reich, op. cit, esp. 37-41, 78 ff, 85, 263
    • This perverse thesis about Liberal Protestantism runs similarly obsessively throughout the book as does his actual thesis. Cf. Steigmann-Gall, Holy Reich, op. cit., esp. 37-41, 78 ff., 85, 263
  • 57
    • 84868509929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mention will only be made here of Karl Barth, Richard Karwehl, Martin Albertz, Günther Dehn, Otto Dibelius, Willy Oelsner, Rudolf Jungklaus and Arthur Rackwitz; Gailus, Protestantismus und Nationalsozialismus, op. cit., esp. 628; clearly one should refrain from drawing too sharp a line of continuity connecting the liberal pre-war theology with the Confessing Church.
    • Mention will only be made here of Karl Barth, Richard Karwehl, Martin Albertz, Günther Dehn, Otto Dibelius, Willy Oelsner, Rudolf Jungklaus and Arthur Rackwitz; see Gailus, Protestantismus und Nationalsozialismus, op. cit., esp. 628; clearly one should refrain from drawing too sharp a line of continuity connecting the liberal pre-war theology with the Confessing Church
  • 58
    • 84868509930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Seeberg Thomas Kaufmann, 'Die Harnacks und die Seebergs. Nationalprotestantische Mentalitäten im Spiegel zweier Theologenfamilien', in Gailus and Lehmann (eds), Nationalprotestantische Mentalitäten, op. cit., 165-222. The two parallel family stories are clear in their expression: Ernst von Harnack, Harnack's son, a 'religious socialist', was in the resistance, was arrested after 20 July 1944 and executed on 3 March 1945. Erich Seeberg, like his father a Berlin theologian, was one of the keenest of the nazi professors at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-University and was one of the most perfidious string-pullers in National Socialist university and academic politics.
    • For Seeberg see Thomas Kaufmann, 'Die Harnacks und die Seebergs. "Nationalprotestantische Mentalitäten" im Spiegel zweier Theologenfamilien', in Gailus and Lehmann (eds), Nationalprotestantische Mentalitäten, op. cit., 165-222. The two parallel family stories are clear in their expression: Ernst von Harnack, Harnack's son, a 'religious socialist', was in the resistance, was arrested after 20 July 1944 and executed on 3 March 1945. Erich Seeberg, like his father a Berlin theologian, was one of the keenest of the nazi professors at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-University and was one of the most perfidious string-pullers in National Socialist university and academic politics
  • 59
    • 79959019204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In this connection Gailus, Protestantismus und Nationalsozialismus, op. cit., esp. 17
    • In this connection see Gailus, Protestantismus und Nationalsozialismus, op. cit., esp. 17
  • 61
    • 84868509931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It is unnecessary to note here the extensive source material. Most recently: Hans Günter Hockerts and Hans Maier (eds), Christlicher Widerstand im Dritten Reich (Annweiler 2003);
    • It is unnecessary to note here the extensive source material. Most recently: Hans Günter Hockerts and Hans Maier (eds), Christlicher Widerstand im Dritten Reich (Annweiler 2003)
  • 62
    • 84868509928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Günther van Norden and Klaus Schmidt (eds), Sie schwammen gegen den Strom. Widersetzlichkeit und Verfolgung rheinischer Protestanten im 'Dritten Reich' (Cologne 2006).
    • Günther van Norden and Klaus Schmidt (eds), Sie schwammen gegen den Strom. Widersetzlichkeit und Verfolgung rheinischer Protestanten im 'Dritten Reich' (Cologne 2006)
  • 63
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    • Vom Feldgeistlichen des Ersten Weltkriegs zum politischen Prediger des Bürgerkriegs. Kontinuitäten in der Berliner Pfarrerfamilie Wessel
    • On the subject of the embedding of Wessel's Protestant family historical biography
    • On the subject of the embedding of Wessel's Protestant family historical biography see Manfred Gailus, 'Vom Feldgeistlichen des Ersten Weltkriegs zum politischen Prediger des Bürgerkriegs. Kontinuitäten in der Berliner Pfarrerfamilie Wessel', Zeitschrift für Geschichts-wissenschaft 50 (2002), 9, 773-803
    • (2002) Zeitschrift für Geschichts-wissenschaft , vol.50 , Issue.9 , pp. 773-803
    • Gailus, M.1
  • 64
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    • Matthes Ziegler und die Erzählforschung des Amtes Rosenberg. Ein Beitrag zur Ideologie der nationalsozialistischen Volkskunde
    • He could have easily looked this up in the ethnological debates of the 1980s about National Socialist folklore
    • He could have easily looked this up in the ethnological debates of the 1980s about National Socialist folklore: see Hannjost Lixfeld, 'Matthes Ziegler und die Erzählforschung des Amtes Rosenberg. Ein Beitrag zur Ideologie der nationalsozialistischen Volkskunde', Rheinisches Jahrbuch für Volkskunde, 26 (1985/86), 37-59
    • (1985) Rheinisches Jahrbuch für Volkskunde , vol.26 , pp. 37-59
    • Lixfeld, H.1
  • 65
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    • Volkskunde als gläubige Wissenschaft. Zum protestantischen Aspekt der ideologischen Wurzeln deutscher Volkskultur-Konzepte
    • Nils-Arvid Bringéus et al, eds, Münster
    • Wolfgang Brückner, 'Volkskunde als gläubige Wissenschaft. Zum protestantischen Aspekt der ideologischen Wurzeln deutscher Volkskultur- Konzepte', in Nils-Arvid Bringéus et al. (eds), Wandel der Volkskultur in Europa, I. Festschrift für Günter Wiegelmann zum 60. Geburtstag (Münster 1988), 17-42
    • (1988) Wandel der Volkskultur in Europa, I. Festschrift für Günter Wiegelmann zum 60. Geburtstag , pp. 17-42
    • Brückner, W.1
  • 66
    • 79958993614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ash Wednesday denotes the Wednesday before the first Sunday of Lent (which normally falls in February!); in the cited context (April 1935), the author (who has confused Easter with Whitsun) presumably intended to refer to the Wednesday of Holy Week, in other words prior to Easter Sunday.
    • Ash Wednesday denotes the Wednesday before the first Sunday of Lent (which normally falls in February!); in the cited context (April 1935), the author (who has confused Easter with Whitsun) presumably intended to refer to the Wednesday of Holy Week, in other words prior to Easter Sunday
  • 67
    • 79958929694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • using the example of approx. 15 Protestant regional cultures, Manfred Gailus and Wolfgang Krogel (eds), Von der babylonischen Gefangenschaft der Kirche im Nationalen. Protestantismus, Nationalsozialismus und Nachkriegsgeschichte 1930 bis 2000 (Berlin 2006).
    • See, using the example of approx. 15 Protestant regional cultures, Manfred Gailus and Wolfgang Krogel (eds), Von der babylonischen Gefangenschaft der Kirche im Nationalen. Protestantismus, Nationalsozialismus und Nachkriegsgeschichte 1930 bis 2000 (Berlin 2006)


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