Fur seals and sea lions (Otariidae): Identification of species and taxonomic review

Systematics and Biodiversity

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 339-439

  Brunner, Sylvia ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b CSIRO   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA MUSEUM   (United States)

Author keywords

Description; Fur seal; Morphometries; Otariid; Sea lion; Skull; Species; Subspecies; Taxonomy

Indexed keywords

EID: 43049108343     PISSN: 14772000     EISSN: 14780933     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S147720000300121X     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. ALLEN, J.A. 1870. On the eared seals (Otariadae), with detailed descriptions of the North Pacific species (et seqf Bulletin) of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 2, 1-108.
2. ALLEN, J.A. 1880. History of North American Pinnipeds, a Monograph of the Walruses, Sea-lions, Sea-bears and Seals of North America. U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. Miscellaneous Publications No. 12.
3. Árnason, U., Bodin, K., Gullberg, A., Ledje, C. & Mouchaty, S. 1995. A molecular view of pinniped relationships with particular emphasis on the true seals. Journal of Molecular Evolution 40, 78-85.
4. BERTA, A. & Demere, T.A. 1986. Callorhinus gilmorei n. sp. (Carnivora: Otariidae) from the San Diego Formation (Blancan) and its implications for otariid phylogeny. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 21, 111-126.
5. Berta, A. & Sumich, J.L. 1999. Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology. Academic Press, New York.
6. Berta, A. & Wyss, A.R. 1994. Pinniped phylogeny. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History 29, 33-56.
7. Bester, M.N. & van Jaarlsveld, A.S. 1994. Sex-specific and latitudinal variance in postnatal growth of the Subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis). Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, 1126-1133.
8. Bickham, J.W., Patton, J.C. & Loughlin, T.R. 1996. High variability for control-region sequences in a marine mammal: implications for conservation and biogeography of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of Mammalogy 77, 95-108.
9. Bickham, J.W., Loughlin, T.R., Calkins, D.G., Wickliffe, J.K. & PATTON, J.C. 1998. Genetic variability and population decline in Steller sea lions from the Gulf of Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 79, 1390-1395.
10. Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Gittleman, J.L. & Purvis, A. 1999. Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia). Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 74, 143-175.
11. Bonner, W.N. 1968. The fur seal of South Georgia. 81 pp. Scientific Reports of the British Antarctic Survey No. 56.
12. Bonner, W.N.1981. Southern fur seals - Arctocephalus. In: Ridgway, S. H. & Harrison, R. J., Eds., Handbook of Marine Mammals - Vol. 1 The Walrus, Sea Lions, Fur Seals and Sea Otter. Academic Press, New York.
13. Bonner, W.N. 1994. Seals and Sea Lions of the World. Facts On File, Inc., New York.
14. Boness, D.J. 1996. Reports from the International Workshop on Otariid Reproductive Strategies and Conservation. National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
15. BRUNNER, S. 1998a. Skull development and growth in the southern fur seals Arctocephalus forsteri and A. pusillus doriferus (Carnivora: Otariidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 46, 43-66.
16. BRUNNER, S.1998b. Cranial morphometries of the southern fur seals Arctocephalus forsteri and A. pusillus (Carnivora: Otariidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 46, 67-108.
17. BRUNNER, S.2000. Cranial morphometries of fur seals and sea lions (family: Otariidae) - systematics, geographic variation and growth. Vols 1 and 2. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Pathology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia (http://curator.museum.uaf.edu/Brunner7).
18. BRUNNER, S.2002. Geographic variation in skull morphology of adult Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Marine Mammal Science 18(1), 206-222.
19. Brunner, S., Bryden, M.M. & Shaughnessy, P.D. (submitted). Cranial ontogeny of otariid seals. Systematics and Biodiversity.
20. Brunner, S., Shaughnessy, P.D. & Bryden, M.M. (2002). Geographic variation of skull morphology in fur seals and sea lions (family Otariidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 50, 415-538.
21. Cabrera, A. 1940. El nombre especffico del lobo marino de un pelo. Notas del Museo de La Plata, 5 (Zoologfa) 29, 17-22.
22. Clark, J.W. 1873. On the eared seals of the Auckland Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 1873, 750-760.
23. Cruwys, E. & Friday, A.E. 1995. A comparative review of condy- lobasal lengths and other craniometric characters in 30 species of pinniped. Polar Biology 31, 45-62.
24. Doutt, J.K. 1942. A review of the genus Phoca. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 29, 61-125.
25. FIGUEROA, A.L. 1994. Early lactation and attendance behavior of Guadalupe fur seal females (Arctocephalus townsendi). M.Sc. thesis. University of California, Santa Cruz, CA.
26. FRANCIS, J. & BONESS, D. 1998. A protracted foraging and attendance cycle in female Juan Fernandez fur seals. Marine Mammal Science 14, 552-574.
27. Goldsworthy, S.D., Pemberton, D. & Warneke, R.M. 1997. Field identification of Australian and New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus spp., based on external features, pp. 63-71.
28. Hindell, M. & Kemper, K., Eds., Marine Mammal Research in the Southern Hemisphere. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney, pp. 63-71.
29. Goldsworthy, S.D., Boness, F.D. & Fleischer, R. 2000. Variation in the mitochondrial control region in the Juan Fernandez fur seal (Arctocephalus philippii). Journal of Heredity 91, 371-377.
30. HELLER, E. 1904. Mammals of the Galapagos Archipelago, exclusive of the Cetacea. Papers of the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898-1899. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 3, 233-250.
31. HUBBS, C.L. & NORRIS, K.S. 1971. Original teeming abundance, supposed extinction, and survival of the Juan Fernandez fur seal. Antarctic Pinnipedia. Antarctic Research Series 18, 3552.
32. ITOO, T. 1985. New cranial materials of the Japanese sea lion, Zalophus californianus japonicus (Peters, 1866). Journal of the Mammal Society of Japan 10, 135-148.
33. JOLICOEUR, P. & MOSIMANN, J. E. 1960. Size and shape variation in the painted turtule, a principal component analysis. Growth 24, 339-354.
34. Kellogg, R. 1922. Pinnipeds from Miocene and Pleistocene deposits of California… and a resume of current theories regarding origin of Pinnipedia. Bulletin of the Department of Geology, University of California 13, 23-132.
35. Kerley, G.I.H. & Robinson, T.J. 1987. Skull morphometries of male Antarctic and Subantarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella and A. tropicalis, and their interspecific hybrids. NOAA technical Report, NMFS 51, 121-131.
36. Kim, K.C., Repenning, C.A. & Morejohn, G.V. 1975. Specific antiquity of the sucking lice and evolution of otariid seals. Rapp. P.-v. Reun. cons. int. Explor. Mer 169, 544-549.
37. King, J.E. 1954. The otariid seals of the Pacific coast of America. British Museum (Natural History) Zoological Publication 2, 309-337.
38. King, J.E. 1959a. The northern and southern populations of Arctocephalus gazella. Mammalia 23, 19-40.
39. King, J.E. 1959b. A note on the specific name of the Kerguelen fur seal. Mammalia 23, 381.
40. King, J.E.1968. On the identity of the fur seals of Australia. Nature (London) 219, 632-633.
41. King, J.E. 1969. The identity of the fur seals of Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 17, 841-853.
42. King, J.E. 1978. On the specific name of the Southern sea lion (Pinnipedia: Otariidae). Journal of Mammalogy 59, 861-863.
43. King, J.E.1983. Seals of the World (2nd edition). Cornell University Press, New York.
44. Lento, G.M., Hickson, R.E., Chambers, G.K. & Penny, D. 1995. Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds. Molecular and Biological Evolution 12, 28-52.
45. Lento, G.M., Haddon, M„ Chambers, G.K. & Baker, C.S. 1997. Genetic variation, population structure, and species identity of southern hemisphere fur seals, Arctocephalus spp. Journal of Heredity 88, 28-34.
46. Ling, J.K. & Walker, G.E. 1978. An 18-month breeding cycle in the Australian sea lion? Search 9, 464-465.
47. Maldonado, J.E., Orta, D.F., Stewart, B.S., & Geffen, E. 1995. Intraspecific genetic differentiation in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) from southern California and the Gulf of California. Marine Mammal Science 11, 46-58.
48. MARLOW, B.J. 1975. The comparative behaviour of the Australasian sea lions Neophoca cinerea and Phocarctos hookeri. Mammalia 39, 159-230.
49. Merriam, C.H. 1897. A new fur seal or sea-bear (Arctocephalus town- sendi) from Guadalupe Island, off Lower California. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 11, 175-178.
50. Milinkovitch, M.C., Orti, G. & Meyer, A. 1993. Revised phylo- geny of whales suggested by mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Nature 361, 346-348.
51. Oliva, D. 1988. Otaria byronia (de Blainville, 1820), the valid scientific name for the southern sea lion (Carnivora: Otariidae). Journal of Natural History 22, 767-772.
52. Pimentel, R.A. 1979. Morphometries - The Multivariate Analysis of Biological Data. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.
53. Rand, R.W. 1956. Notes on the Marion Island fur seal. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 126, 65-82.
54. Reeves, R.R., Stewart, B.S. & Leatherwood, S. 1992. The Sierra Club Handbook of Seals and Sirenians. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, CA.
55. Repenning, C.A., Peterson, R.S. & Hubbs, C.L. 1971. Contributions to the systematics of the southern fur seals, with particular reference to the Juan Fernandez and Guadalupe species. Antarctic Research Series 18, 1-34.
56. Repenning, C.A. & Tedford, R.H. 1977. Otarioid seals of the Neogene. In: Geological Survey Professional Paper 992. US Govt. Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 1-93.
57. Rice, D.W. 1998. Marine Mammals of the World. Special Publication No. 4. Society for Marine Mammalogy.
58. Rodróguez, D.H. & Bastida, R.O. 1993. The southern sea lion, Otaria byronia or Otaria flavescens? Marine Mammal Science 9, 372-381.
59. ROSS, G.J.B. 1984. The smaller cetaceans of the south east coast of southern Africa. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums. Natural History 15, 173-180.
60. ROSS, G.J.B & COCKROFT, V.G. 1990. Comments on Australian bottlenose dolphins and the taxonomic status of Tursiops ad- uncas (Ehrenberg, 1832). In: Leatherwood, S. & Reeves, R.R., Eds., The Bottlenose Dolphin. Academic Press, London, pp. 101-125.
61. Scheffer, V.B. 1958. Seals, Sea Lions and Walruses - A Review of the Pinnipedia. Stanford University Press, Stanford CA.
62. SCOTT, H.H. & Lord, C. 1926. Studies in Tasmanian mammals, living and extinct. The eared seals of Tasmania. Papers of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1925, 75-78.
63. SHAUGHNESSY, P.D. 1982. The status of seals in South Africa and Namibia. In: Mammals in the Seas, Vol. TV. FAO Fisheries Series (5), 4: 383-410.
64. Shaughnessy, P.D., Adams, M. & Goldsworthy, S.D. 1998. Hybridisation of southern fur seals (Arctocephalus spp.) at Macquarie Island based on allozyme analysis. VII SCAR International Biology Symposium. Abstracts Handbook. New Zealand Natural Sciences 23, 182.
65. Shaw, G. 1800. Seals. 28: 1800-1826. In: General Zoology or Systematic Natural History. G. Kearsley, London.
66. Sivertsen, E. 1953. A new species of sea lion, Zalophus wollebaeki, from the Galapagos Islands. K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Forh 26, 1-3.
67. Sivertsen, E.1954. A survey of the eared seals (family Otariidae) with remarks on the Antarctic seals collected by M/K “Norvegia” in 1928-1929. Det Norske Videnskaps - Akademii Oslo. Scientific results of the Norwegian Antarctic expeditions 1927-1928 (et seq.).
68. STIRLING, I. & Warneke, R.M. 1971. Implications of a comparison of the airborne vocalizations and some aspects of the behaviour of the two Australian fur seals, Arctocephalus spp., on the evolution and present taxonomy of the genus. Australian Journal of Zoology 19, 227-241.
69. TRILLMICH, F. & MAJLUF, P. 1981. First observations on colony structure, behaviour, and vocal repertoire of the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis Zimmermann, 1783) in Peru. Zoolo- gische Saugetierkunde 46, 310-322.
70. Turner, W. 1888. Report on the seals collected during the voyage of H.M.S. “Challenger” in the years 1873-76, vol. 26. Edinburgh, Challenger Office, 1880-95.
71. Walbaum, J.J. 1792. Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium (et seqi). Ich- thyologiae pars III… 723. Impensis Ant. Ferdin., Grypeswal- diae.
72. WARNEKE, R.M. 1982. The distribution and abundance of seals in the Australasian region, with summaries of biology and current research. In: Mammals in the Seas, Vol. TV. FAO Fisheries Series (5), 4, 431-575.
73. Warneke, R.M. & Shaughnessy, P.D. 1985. Arctocephaluspusillus, the South African and Australian fur seal: taxonomy, evolution, biogeography, and life history. In: LING, J.K. & BRYDEN, M.M., Eds., Studies of Sea Mammals in South Latitudes. South Australian Museum, Adelaide pp. 53-77.
74. Wood Jones, F. 1925. The eared seals of South Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum 3, 9-16.
75. Majluf, P., White, R.W.G. & Slade, R. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships within the eared seals (Otariidae: Carnivora): implications for the historical biogeography of the family. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 21, 270-284.