Greater drug injecting risk for HIV, HBV, and HCV infection in a city where syringe exchange and pharmacy syringe distribution are illegal

Journal of Urban Health

Volumn 85, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 309-322

  Neaigus, Alan ^a,b   Zhao, Mingfang ^a   Gyarmathy, V Anna ^a,c   Cisek, Linda ^a   Friedman, Samuel R ^a,c   Baxter, Robert C ^d  

^a NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES   (United States)

^b Department of Medicine   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^d North Jersey Community Research Initiative   (United States)

Author keywords

Drug injectors; HBV; HCV; HIV; IDU; Needle exchange; Pharmacy syringes; Risk behaviors; Syringe exchange

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD SAMPLING; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ABUSE; LEGAL ASPECT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; PHARMACY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SERODIAGNOSIS; SYRINGE; UNITED STATES; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ADULT; ETHNIC GROUPS; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; NEEDLE SHARING; NEEDLE-EXCHANGE PROGRAMS; NEW JERSEY; NEW YORK CITY; PHARMACIES; RISK FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS; SYRINGES;

EID: 42549170210     PISSN: 10993460     EISSN: 14682869     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11524-008-9271-1     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Des Jarlais DC, Marmor M, Paone D, et al. HIV incidence among injecting drug users in New York City syringe-exchange programmes. Lancet. 1996;348(9033):987-991.
2. Bluthenthal RN, Kral AH, Gee L, Erringer EA, Edlin BR. The effect of syringe exchange use on high-risk injection drug users: a cohort study. AIDS. 2000;14(5):605-611.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: syringe exchange programs-United States, 2002. Morb Mort Wkly Rep. 2005;54(27):673-676.
4. Bailey SL, Huo D, Garfein RS, Ouellet LJ. The use of needle exchange by young injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;34(1):67-70.
5. Hagan H, Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR, Purchase D, Alter MJ. Reduced risk of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C among injecting drug users participating in the Tacoma Syringe-Exchange Program. Am J Public Health. 1995;85(11):1531-1537.
6. Hagan H, McGough JP, Thiede H, Weiss NS, Hopkins S, Alexander ER. Syringe exchange and risk of infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(3):203-213.
7. Normand J, Vlahov D, Moses L. Preventing HIV Transmission: The Role of Sterile Needles and Bleach. Washington, DC: National Academy; 1995.
8. Gibson DR, Flynn NM, Perales D. Effectiveness of syringe exchange programs in reducing HIV risk behavior and HIV seroconversion among injecting drug users. AIDS. 2001;15(11):1329-1341.
9. Ksobiech K. A meta-analysis of needle sharing, lending, and borrowing behaviors of needle exchange program attenders. AIDS Educ Prev. 2003;15(3):257-268.
10. Huo D, Ouellet LJ. Needle exchange and injection-related risk behaviors in Chicago: a longitudinal study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45(1):108-114.
11. Burris S, Vernick JS, Ditzler A, Strathdee S. The legality of selling or giving syringes to injection drug users. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2002;42(6 Suppl 2):S13-S18.
12. Bluthenthal RN, Malik MR, Grau LE, Singer M, Marshall P, Heimer R. Sterile syringe access conditions and variations in HIV risk among drug injectors in three cities. Addiction. 2004;99(9):1136-1146.
13. Taussig JA, Weinstein B, Burris S, Jones TS. Syringe laws and pharmacy regulations are structural constraints on HIV prevention in the US. AIDS. 2000;14(Suppl 1):S47-S51.
14. Rockwell R, Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR, Perlis TE, Paone D. Geographic proximity, policy and utilization of syringe exchange programmes. AIDS Care. 1999;11(4):437-442.
15. Bluthenthal RN, Kral AH, Lorvick J, Watters JK. Impact of law enforcement on syringe exchange programs: a look at Oakland and San Francisco. Med Anthropol. 1997;18(1):61-83.
16. Davis CS, Burris S, Kraut-Becher J, Lynch KG, Metzger D. Effects of an intensive street-level police intervention on syringe exchange program use in Philadelphia, PA. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(2):233-236.
17. New York State Department of Health. Expanded Syringe Access Demonstration Program (ESAP): Overview of the Law and Regulations. Accessed on: January 31, 2008. Available at: http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/aids/ harm_reduction/needles_syringes/esap/overview.htm.
18. Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies, New York Academy of Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center, and National Development and Research Institutes. New York State Expanded Syringe Access Demonstration Program Evaluation. New York: New York Academy of Medicine; 2003.
19. Fuller CM, Ahern J, Vadnai L, et al. Impact of increased syringe access: preliminary findings on injection drug user syringe source, disposal, and pharmacy sales in Harlem, New York. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2002;42(6 Suppl 2):S77-S82.
20. Rhodes T, Stimson GV, Crofts N, Ball A, Dehne K, Khodakevich L. Drug injecting, rapid HIV spread, and the 'risk environment': implications for assessment and response. AIDS. 1999;13(Suppl A):259-269.
21. Des Jarlais DC. Structural interventions to reduce HIV transmission among injecting drug users. AIDS. 2000;14(Suppl 1):S41-S46.
22. Bruneau J, Lamothe F, Franco E, et al. High rates of HIV infection among injection drug users participating in needle exchange programs in Montreal: results of a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(12):994-1002.
23. Strathdee SA, Patrick DM, Currie SL, et al. Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study. AIDS. 1997;11(8):F59-F65.
24. Schechter MT, Strathdee SA, Cornelisse PG, et al. Do needle exchange programmes increase the spread of HIV among injection drug users?: an investigation of the Vancouver outbreak. AIDS. 1999;13(6):F45-F51.
25. Wood E, Lloyd-Smith E, Li K, et al. Frequent needle exchange use and HIV incidence in Vancouver, Canada. Am J Med. 2007;120(2):172-179.
26. Archibald CP, Ofner M, Strathdee SA, et al. Factors associated with frequent needle exchange program attendance in injection drug users in Vancouver, Canada. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998;17(2):160-166.
27. Hagan H, McGough JP, Thiede H, Hopkins SG, Weiss NS, Alexander ER. Volunteer bias in nonrandomized evaluations of the efficacy of needle-exchange programs. J Urban Health. 2000;77(1):103-112.
28. Fisher DG, Reynolds GL, Harbke CR. Selection effect of needle exchange in Anchorage, Alaska. J Urban Health. 2002;79(1):128-135.
29. Valente TW, Foreman RK, Junge B, Vlahov D. Satellite exchange in the Baltimore Needle Exchange Program. Public Health Rep. 1998;113(Suppl 1):90-96.
30. National Institutes of Health. Interventions to prevent HIV risk behaviors. NIH Consensus Statement. Feb 11-13. 1997;15(2):1-41.
31. Shalala D. Needle Exchange Programs in America: Review of Published Studies and Ongoing Research. Report to the Committee on Appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies. February 18, 1997.
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Incorporating HIV prevention into the medical care of persons living with HIV: recommendations of CDC, the Health Resources and Services Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003;52(RR-12):1-24.
33. US Census Bureau. Population by Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin, for All Ages and for 18 Years and Over, for the United States: 2000. Accessed on: January 31, 2008. Available at: http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html.
34. Sifaneck SJ, Neaigus A. The ethnographic accessing, sampling and screening of hidden populations: heroin sniffers in New York City. Addict Res Theory. 2001;9(6):519-543.
35. Watters J, Biernacki P. Targeted sampling: options for the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl. 1989;6(4):416-430.
36. Heckathorn DD. Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl. 1997;44(2):174-199.
37. Friedman SR, Chapman TF, Perlis TE, et al. Similarities and differences by race/ethnicity in changes of HIV seroprevalence and related behaviors among drug injectors in New York City, 1991-1996. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;22:83-91.
38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS among African Americans. CDC HIV/AIDS Fact Sheet. Accessed on: January 31, 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/aa/resources/factsheets/aa.htm.
39. Friedman SR, Des Jarlais DC, Neaigus A, et al. AIDS and the new drug injector. Nature. 1989;339(6223):333-334.
40. Holmberg SD. The estimated prevalence and incidence of HIV in 96 large US metropolitan areas. Am J Public Health. 1996;86(5):642-654.
41. Latkin CA, Forman VL. Patterns of needle acquisition and sociobehavioral correlates of needle exchange program attendance in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;27(4):398-404.
42. Latkin CA, Hua W, Davey MA. Exploring the role of needle selling in a drug-using community in Baltimore, Maryland. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38(1):57-60.
43. Bluthenthal RN, Anderson R, Flynn NM, Kral AH. Higher syringe coverage is associated with lower odds of HIV risk and does not increase unsafe syringe disposal among syringe exchange program clients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;89(2-3):214-222.
44. Hagan H, Thiede H, Weiss NS, Hopkins SG, Duchin JS, Alexander ER. Sharing of drug preparation equipment as a risk factor for hepatitis C. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(1):42-46.
45. Neaigus A, Gyarmathy VA, Miller M, et al. Injecting and sexual risk correlates of HBV and HCV seroprevalence among new drug injectors. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;89(2-3):234-243.
46. Neaigus A, Gyarmathy VA, Zhao M, Miller M, Friedman SR, Des Jarlais DC. Sexual and other noninjection risks for HBV and HCV seroconversions among noninjecting heroin users. J Infect Dis. 2007;195(7):1052-1061.
47. Morgenstern H. Ecologic studies. In: Rothman KJ, Greenland S, eds. Modern Epidemiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998:459-480.
48. Wodak A, Cooney A. Do needle syringe programs reduce HIV infection among injecting drug users: a comprehensive review of the international evidence. Subst Use Misuse. 2006;41(6-7):777-813.
49. Watters JK, Estilo MJ, Clark GL, Lorvick J. Syringe and needle exchange as HIV/AIDS prevention for injection drug users. JAMA. 1994;271(2):115-120.
50. Vlahov D, Junge B. The role of needle exchange programs in HIV prevention. Public Health Rep. 1998;113(Suppl 1):75-80.
51. van Ameijden EJC, Coutinho RA. Large decline in injecting drug use in Amsterdam, 1986-1998: explanatory mechanisms and determinants of injecting transitions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55:356-363.
52. Neaigus A, Gyarmathy VA, Miller M, Frajzyngier VM, Friedman SR, Des Jarlais DC. Transitions to injecting drug use among non-injecting heroin users: social network influence and individual susceptibility. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;41(4):493-503.
53. Hurley SF, Jolley DJ, Kaldor JM. Effectiveness of needle-exchange programmes for prevention of HIV infection. Lancet. 1997;349(9068):1797-1800.
54. New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Division of HIV/AIDS Services. Prevalence Rate of Top Ten Cities With HIV/AIDS Reported As Of June 30, 2006. Accessed on: January 31, 2008. Available at: http://www.state.nj.us/ health/aids/repa/cities.shtml.
55. New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Division of HIV/AIDS Services, Epidemiologic Services Unit. Persons reported with HIV/AIDS in City of Newark, 7/1/2005-6/30/2006. Report from Dr. Helene Cross, Ph.D., Director of the Epidemiologic Services Unit. July 6 2007.
56. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. New York City HIV/AIDS Annual Surveillance Statistics 2005. New York, NY: Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; 2006.