Non-surgical management of uterine fibroids

Human Reproduction Update

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 259-274

  Tropeano, Giovanna ^a   Amoroso, Sonia ^a   Scambia, Giovanni ^a  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Embolization; Fibroid; Focused ultrasound; Medical therapy

Indexed keywords

ASOPRISNIL; MIFEPRISTONE; PLACEBO; POLYVINYL ALCOHOL; ESTRANE DERIVATIVE; HORMONE ANTAGONIST; OXIME; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR;

AMENORRHEA; ARTIFICIAL EMBOLISM; CLINICAL TRIAL; COCHRANE LIBRARY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; ECHOGRAPHY; EMBASE; ENDOMETRIUM HYPERPLASIA; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEASIBILITY STUDY; FEMALE FERTILITY; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; MEDLINE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT SAFETY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR VOLUME; UTERINE ARTERY; UTERUS MYOMA; ARTERY; DRUG ANTAGONISM; FEMALE; LEIOMYOMA; LIGATION; METHODOLOGY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY; UTERUS; UTERUS CANCER; VASCULARIZATION;

ARTERIES; CONSTRICTION; EMBOLIZATION, THERAPEUTIC; ESTRENES; FEMALE; HORMONE ANTAGONISTS; HUMANS; LEIOMYOMA; MIFEPRISTONE; OXIMES; RECEPTORS, PROGESTERONE; ULTRASONIC THERAPY; UTERINE NEOPLASMS; UTERUS;

EID: 42449141105     PISSN: 13554786     EISSN: 14602369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmn006     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins - Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin: Surgical alternatives to hysterectomy in the management of leiomyomas [number 16, May 2000]. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2001;73 285-293.
2. ACOG Committee Opinion. Uterine artery embolization [number 293, Feb 2004]. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:403-404.
3. Ahmad A, Qadan L, Hassan N, Najarian K. Uterine artery embolization treatment of uterine fibroids: Effect on ovarian function in younger women. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002;13:1017-1020.
4. Aitken E, Khaund A, Hamid SA, Millan D, Campbell S. The normal human myometrium has a vascular spatial gradient absent in small fibroids. Hum Reprod 2006;21:2669-2678.
5. Al-Fozan H, Dufort J, Kaplow M, Valenti D, Tulandi T. Cost analysis of myomectomy, hysterectomy, and uterine artery embolization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1401-1404.
6. Andrews RT, Brown PH. Uterine artery embolization: Factors influencing patient radiation exposure. Radiology 2000;217:713-722.
7. Andrews RT, Spies JB, Sacks D, Worthington-Kirsc RL, Niedzwiecki GA, Marx MV, Hovsepian DM, Miller DL, Siskin GP, Raabe RD et al. Patient care and uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004;15:115-120.
8. Aungst M, Wilson M, Vournas K, McCarthy S. Necrotic leiomyoma and gram-negative sepsis eight weeks after uterine artery embolization. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:1161-1164.
9. Baird DD, Dunson DB, Hill MC, Cousins D, Schectman JM. High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: Ultrasound evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:100-107.
10. Baker CM, Winkel CA, Subramanian S, Spies JB. Estimated costs for uterine artery embolization and abdominal myomectomy for uterine leiomyomata: A comparative study at a single institution. J Vasc Inter Radiol 2002;13:1207-1210.
11. Bajekal N, Li TC. Fibroids, infertility and pregnancy wastage. Hum Reprod Update 2000;6:614-620.
12. Banu NS, Gaze DC, Bruce H, Collinson PO, Belli AM, Manyonda IT. Markers of muscle ischemia, necrosis, and inflammation following uterine artery embolization in the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;196:213.e1-213.e5.
13. Bazot M, Cortez A, Darai E, Rouger J, Chopier J, Antoine JM, Uzan S. Ultrasonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of adenomyosis: Correlation with histopathology. Hum Reprod 2001;16:2427-2433.
14. Beinfeld MT, Bosch JL, Isaacson KB, Gazelle GS. Cost-effectiveness of uterine artery embolization and hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Radiology 2004;230:207-213.
15. Broder MS, Goodwin S, Chen G, Tang LJ, Costantino MM, Nguyen MH, Yegul TN, Erberich H. Comparison of long-term outcomes of myomectomy and uterine artery embolization. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:864-868.
16. Bruno J, Sterbis K, Flick P, McCullough M, Cramp M, Murphy-Skrynarz K, Spies JB. Recovery after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomas: A detailed analysis of its duration and severity. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004;15:801-807.
17. Burbank F, Hutchins FL, Jr. Uterine artery occlusion by embolization or surgery for treatment of fibroids: A unifying hypothesis - transient uterine ischemia. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2000;7:S1-S49.
18. Carpenter TT, Walker WJ. Pregnancy following uterine artery embolisation for symptomatic fibroids: A series of 26 completed pregnancies. BJOG 2005;112:321-325.
19. Chen W, Ohara N, Wang J, Xu Q, Liu J, Morikawa A, Sasaki H, Yoshida S, DeManno DA, Chwalisz K et al. A novel selective progesterone receptor modulator asoprisnil (J867) inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in cultured human uterine leiomyoma cells in the absence of comparable effects on myometrial cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:1296-1304.
20. Chrisman HB, Saker MB, Ryu RK, Nemcek AA, Jr, Gerbie MV, Milad MP, Smith SJ, Sewall LE, Omary RA, Vogelzang RL. The impact of uterine fibroid embolization on resumption of menses and ovarian function. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000;11:699-703.
21. Chrisman HB, Minocha J, Ryu RK, Vogelzang RL, Nikolaidis P, Omary RA. Uterine artery embolization: A treatment option for symptomatic fibroid in postmenopausal women. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2007;18 451-454.
22. Chwalisz K, DeManno D, Garg R, Larsen L, Mattia-Goldberg C, Stickler T. Therapeutic potential for the selective progesterone receptor modulator asoprisnil in the treatment of leiomyomata. Semin. Reprod Med 2004;22:113-119.
23. Chwalisz K, Perez MC, DeManno D, Winkel C, Schubert G, Elger W. Selective progesterone receptor modulator development and use in the treatment of leiomyomata and endometriosis. Endocr Rev 2005;26 423-438.
24. Chwalisz K, Larsen L, Mattia-Goldberg C, Edmonds A, Elger W, Winkel CA. A randomized, controlled trial of asoprisnil, a novel selective progesterone receptor modulator, in women with uterine leiomyomata. Fertil Steril 2007;87:1399-1412.
25. Coronado GD, Marshall LM, Schwartz SM. Complications in pregnancy, labor, and delivery with uterine leiomyomas: A population-based study. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:764-769.
26. de Block S, de Vries C, Prinssen HM, Blaauwgeers HL, Jorna-Meijer LB. Fatal sepsis after uterine artery embolization with microspheres. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003;14:779-783.
27. De Iaco PA, Muzzupapa G, Golfieri R, Ceccarini M, Roset B, Baroncini S. A uterine wall defect after uterine artery embolization for symptomatic myomas. Fertil Steril 2002;77:176-178.
28. deSouza NM, Williams AD. Uterine arterial embolization for leiomyomas: perfusion and volume changes at MR imaging and relation to clinical outcome. Radiology 2002;222:367-374.
29. Dembek CJ, Pelletier EM, Isaacson KB, Spies JB. Payer costs in patients undergoing uterine artery embolization, hysterectomy, or myomectomy for treatment of uterine fibroids. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2007;18: 1207-1213.
30. Dickner SK, Cooper JM, Diaz D. A nonincisional, Doppler-guided transvaginal approach to uterine artery identification and control of uterine perfusion. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2004;11:55-58.
31. Dutton S, Hirst A, McPherson K, Nicholson T, Maresh M. A UK multicentre retrospective cohort study comparing hysterectomy and uterine artery embolisation for the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids (HOPEFUL study): Main results on medium-term safety and efficacy. BJOG 2007;114:1340-1351.
32. Edwards RD, Moss JG, Lumsden MA, Wu O, Murray LS, Twaddle S, Murray GD. Uterine artery embolization versus surgery for symptomatic uterine fibroids. N Engl J Med 2007;356:360-370.
33. Eisinger SH, Meldrum S, Fiscella K, le Roux HD, Guzick DS. Low-dose mifepristone for uterine leiomyomata. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101 243-250.
34. Eisinger SH, Bonfiglio T, Fiscella K, Meldrum S, Guzick DS. Twelve-month safety and efficacy of low-dose mifepristone for uterine myomas. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005;12:227-233.
35. Fauconnier A, Chapron C, Babaki-Fard K, Dubuisson JB. Recurrence of leiomyomata after myomectomy. Hum Reprod Update 2000;6 595-602.
36. Felemban A, Stein L, Tulandi T. Uterine restoration after repeated expulsion of myomas after uterine artery embolization. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2001;8:442-444.
37. Fennessy FM, Tempany CM, McDannold NJ, So MJ, Hesley G, Gostout B, Kim HS, Holland GA, Sarti DA, Hynynenk K et al. Uterine leiomyomas: MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound surgery - results of different treatment protocols. Radiology 2007;243:885-893.
38. Fiscella K, Eisinger SH, Meldrum S, Feng C, Fisher SG, Guzick DS. Effect of mifepristone for symptomatic leiomyomata on quality of life and uterine size. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:1381-1387.
39. Gabriel H, Pinto CM, Kumar M, Nikolaidis P, Miller FH, Weinrach DM, Vogelzang RL. MRI detection of uterine necrosis after uterine artery embolization for fibroids. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;183: 733-736.
40. Gabriel-Cox K, Jacobson GF, Armstrong MA, Hung YY, Learman LA. Predictors of hysterectomy after uterine artery embolization for leiomyoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;196:588.e1-588.e6.
41. Garza-Leal J, Eligonad G, Castillo L. Fibroid treatment by temporary uterine artery occlusion using Doppler-guided clamp. J Min Invas Gynecol 2005;12:S82-S83.
42. Godfrey CD, Zbella EA. Uterine necrosis after uterine artery embolization for leiomyoma. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:950-952.
43. Goodwin S, Mc Lucas B, Lee M, Chen G, Perrella R, Vedantham S, Muir S, Lai A, Sayre JW, DeLeon M. Uterine artery embolization for the treatment of uterine leiomyomata: Mid-term results. J Vasc Inter Radiol 1999;10:1159-1165.
44. Goodwin SC, Bradley LD, Lipman JC, Stewart FA, Nosher JL, Sterling KM, Barth MH, Siskin GP, Shlansky-Goldberg RD. Uterine artery embolization versus myomectomy: A multicenter comparative study. Fertil Steril 2006;85:14-21.
45. Goodwin SC, Spies JB, Worthington-Kirsch R, Peterson E, Pron G, Li S, Myers E. Uterine artery embolization for treatment of leiomyomata. Long-term outcomes from the FIBROID Registry. Obstet Gynecol 2008;111:22-33.
46. Goldberg J, Pereira L, Berghella V, Diamond J, Darai E, Seinera P, Seracchioli R. Pregnancy outcomes after treatment for fibromyomata: uterine artery embolization versus laparoscopic myomectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:18-21.
47. Goldberg J, Bussard A, McNeil J, Diamond J. Cost and reimbursement for three fibroid treatments: Abdominal hysterectomy, abdominal myomectomy, and uterine fibroid embolization. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol 2007; 30: 54-58.
48. Gulati MS, Srinivasan A, Paul SB, Bhatla N. Uterine restoration following fibroid expulsion after uterine artery embolisation using gelfoam. J Postgrad Med 2004;50:80-80.
49. Healey S, Buzaglo K, Seti K, Seti L, Valenti D, Tulandi T. Ovarian function after uterine artery embolization and hysterectomy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2004;11:348-352.
50. Hehenkamp WJ, Volkers NA, Van Swijndregt AD, De Blok S, Reekers JA, Ankum WM. Myoma espulsion after uterine artery embolization: complication or cure? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:1713-1715.
51. Hehenkamp WJ, Volkers NA, Donderwinkel PF, de Blok S, Birnie E, Ankum WM, Reekers JA. Uterine artery embolization versus hysterectomy in the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids (EMMY trial): Peri- and postprocedural results from a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:1618-1629.
52. Hehenkamp WJ, Volkers NA, Birnie E, Reekers JA, Ankum WM. Pain and return to daily activities after uterine artery embolization and hysterectomy in the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids: Results from the randomized EMMY trial. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol 2006; 29:179-187.
53. Hesley GK, Felmlee JP, Gebhart JB, Dunagan KT, Gorny KR, Kesler JB, Brandt KR, Glantz JN, Gostout BS. Non invasive treatment of uterine fibroids: Early Mayo Clinic experience with magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81 936-942.
54. Hindley J, Gedroyc WM, Regan L, Stewart E, Tempany C, Hynyen K, Mcdannold N, Inbar Y, Itzchak Y, Rabinovici J et al. MRI guidance of focused ultrasound therapy of uterine fibroids: Early results. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;183:1713-1719.
55. Holub Z, Mara M, Kuzal D, Jabor A, Maskova J, Eim J. Pregnancy outcomes after uterine artery occlusion: Prospective multicentric study. Fertil Steril 2007 (Epub ahead of print).
56. Hovsepian DM, Siskin GP, Bonn J, Cardella JF, Clark TW, Lampmann LE, Miller DL, Omary RA, Pelage JP, Rajan D et al. Quality improvement guidelines for uterine artery embolization for symptomatic leiomyomata. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004;15:535-541.
57. Hovsepian DM, Ratts VS, Rodriguez M, Huang JS, Aubuchon MG, Pilgram TK. A prospective comparison of the impact of uterine artery embolization, myomectomy, and hysterectomy on ovarian function. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006;17:1111-1115.
58. Huang JY, Kafy S, Dugas A, Valenti D, Tulandi T. Failure of uterine fibroid embolization. Fertil Steril 2006;85:30-35.
59. Hutchins FL, Jr, Worthington-Kirsch R, Berkowitz RP. Selective uterine artery embolization as primary treatment for symptomatic leiomyomata uteri. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1999;6:279-284.
60. Isonishi S, Coleman RL, Himara M, Iida Y, Kitai S, Nagase M, Ochiai K. Analysis of prognostic factors for patients with leiomyoma treated with uterine arterial embolization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; Nov 9; Epub ahead of print.
61. Istre O, Hald K, Qvigstad E. Multiple myomas braled with a temporary, non-invasive, Doppler-directed, transvaginal uterine artery clamp. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2004;11:273-276.
62. Jenkinson C, Peto V, Coulter A. Making sense of ambiguity: Evaluation of internal reliability and face validity of the SF 36 questionnaire in women presenting with menorrhagia. Qual Health Care 1996;5 9-12.
63. Katsumori T, Nakajima K, Mihara T, Tokuhiro M. Uterine artery embolization using gelatin sponge particles alone for symtomatic uterine fibroids: Mid-term results. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;178 135-139.
64. Katsumori T, Nakajima K, Mihara T. Is a large fibroid a high-risk factor for uterine artery embolization? Am J Roentgenol 2003;181 1309-1314.
65. Katsumori T, Akazawa K, Mihara T. Uterine artery embolization for peduncolated subserosal fibroids. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;18 399-402.
66. Katsumori T, Kasahara T, Akazawa K. Long-term outcomes of uterine artery embolization using gelatine sponge particles alone for symptomatic fibroids. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006;186:848-854.
67. Kroencke TJ, Gauruder-Burmester A, Enzweiler CN, Taupitz M, Hamm B. Disintegration and stepwise expulsion of a large uterine leiomyoma with restoration of the uterine architecture after successful uterine fibroid-embolization: Case report. Hum Reprod 2003;18 863-865.
68. Lanocita R, Frigerio LF, Patelli G, Di Tolla G, Spreatico C. A fatal complication of percutaneous transcatheter embolization for treatment of uterine fibroids. In. SMIT/CIMIT 11th Annual Scientific Meeting. Boston, MA, USA, 1999.
69. Lohle PN, Boekkooi FP, Smeets AJ, Pieters JJ, Vervest HA, Lampmann LE, Sluzewski M. Limited uterine artery embolization for leiomyomas with tris-acryl gelatine microspheres: 1-year follow-up. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006;17:283-287.
70. Lichtinger M, Burbank F, Hallson L, Herbert S, Uyeno J, Jones M. The time course of myometrial ischemia and reperfusion after laparoscopic uterine artery occlusion-theoretical implication. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2003;10:554-563.
71. Lichtinger M, Herbert S, Memmolo A. Temporary, transvaginal occlusion of the uterine arteries: A feasibility and safety study. J Min Invas Gynecol 2005;12:40-42.
72. Mara M, Fucikova Z, Maskova J, Kuzel D, Haakova L. Uterine fibroid embolization versus myomectomy in women wishing to preserve fertility: preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006;126:226-233.
73. Mara M, Maskova J, Fucinova Z, Kuzel D, Belsan T, Sosna O. Midterm clinical and first reproductive results of a randomized controlled trial comparing uterine fibroid embolization and myomectomy. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol 2007 (Epub ahead of print).
74. Maresh MJ, Metcalfe MA, McPherson K, Overton C, Hale V, Hargreaves J, Bridgman S, Dobbins J, Cosbard A. The VALUE national hysterectomy study: description of the patients and their surgery. BJOG. 2002;109 302-312.
75. Marret H, Alonso AM, Cottier JP, Tranquart F, Herbreteau D, Body G. Leiomyoma recurrence after uterine artery embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003;14:1395-1400.
76. Marret H. Keris Yle B, Acker O, Cottier JP, Herbreteau D. Late leiomyoma expulsion after uterine artery embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004;15:1483-1485.
77. Marret H, Cottier JP, Alonso AM, Giraudeau B, Body G, Herbreteau D. Predictive factors for fibroid recurrence after uterine artery embolisation. BJOG 2005;112:461-465.
78. Matchar DB, Myers ER, Barber MW, Couchman GM, Datta S, Gray RN, Gustilo-Ashby T, Kolimaga JT, McCrory DC. Management of uterine fibroids. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) 2001;34:1-6.
79. McLucas B, Adler L, Perrella R. Uterine fibroid embolization: nonsurgical treatment for symptomatic fibroids. J Am Coll Surg 2001a;192:95-105.
80. McLucas B, Goodwin S, Adler L, Rappaport A, Reed R, Perrella R. Pregnancy following uterine fibroid embolization. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2001b;74:1-7.
81. McLucas B, Perrella R, Adler L. Embolization for the treatment of adenomyosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;178:1028-1029.
82. Murphy AA, Kettel LM, Morales AJ, Roberts VJ, Yen SS. Regression of uterine leiomyomata in response to the antiprogesterone RU 486. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:513-517.
83. Murphy AA, Morales AJ, Kettel LM, Yen SS. Regression of uterine leiomyomata to the antiprogesterone RU486: Dose-response effect. Fertil Steril 1995;64:187-190.
84. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Heavy Menstrual Bleeding. London: NICELondon, 2007. NICE. guideline CG44.2007. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG44/guidance/pdf/English.
85. Nikolic B, Abbara S, Levy E, Imaoka I, Lundsten ML, Jha RC, Spies JB. Influence of radiographic technique and equipment on adsorbed ovarian dose associated with uterine artery embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000;11:1173-1178.
86. Nikolic B, Nguyen K, Martin LG, Redd DC, Best I, Silverstein MI. Pyosalpinx developing from a preexisting hydrosalpinx after uterine artery embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004;15:297-301.
87. Ogliari KS, Mohallem SV, Barrozo P, Viscomi F. A uterine cavity-myoma communication after uterine artery embolization: Two case reports. Fertil Steril 2005;83:220-222.
88. Payne JF, Robboy SJ, Haney AF. Embolic microspheres within ovarian arterial vasculature after uterine artery embolization. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:883-886.
89. Park HR, Kim MD, Kim NK, Kim HJ, Yoon SW, Park WK, Lee MH. Uterine restoration after repeated sloughing of fibroids. Eur Radiol 2005;15:1850-1854.
90. Pelage JP, Le Dref O, Soyer P, Kardache M, Dahan H, Abitbol M, Merland JJ, Ravina JH, Rymer R. Fibroid-related menorrhagia: Treatment with superselective embolization of the uterine arteries and midterm follow-up. Radiology 2000;215:428-431.
91. Pelage JP, Guaou NG, Jha RC, Ascher SM, Spies JB. Uterine fibroid tumors: Long-term MR imaging outcome after embolization. Radiology 2004;230:803-809.
92. Pelage JP, Jacob D, Fazel A, Namur J, Laurent A, Rymer R, Le Dref O. Midterm results of uterine artery embolization for symptomatic adenomyosis: Initial experience. Radiology 2005;234:948-953.
93. Philibert D, Deraedt R, Teutsch G. RU38486: A Potent Antiglucocorticoid in vivo. Tokyo, Japan: The VII International Congress of Pharmacology Tokyo, Japan, 1981.
94. Philibert D. RU38486: An original multifaceted antihormone in vivo. In: Agaruval M (ed). Adrenal Steroid Antagonism. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter and Co.Berlin, 1984. 77-101.
95. Pinto I, Chimeno P, Romo A, Paul L, Haya J, de la Cal MA, Bajo J. Uterine fibroids: Uterine artery embolization versus abdominal hysterectomy for treatment - a prospective, randomized, and controlled clinical trial. Radiology 2003;226:425-431.
96. Pourrat XJL, Fourquet F, Gueriff F, Viratelle N, Herbreteau D, Marret H. Medico-economic approach to the management of uterine myomas: A 6-month cost-effectiveness study of pelvic embolization versus vaginal hysterectomy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003;111 59-64.
97. Prollius A, de Vries C, Loggenberg E, du Plessis A, Nel M, Wessels PH. Uterine artery embolisation for symptomatic fibroids: The effect of the large uterus on outcome. BJOG 2004;111:239-242.
98. Pron G, Bennett J, Common A, Wall J, Asch M, Sniderman K. The Ontario Uterine Fibroid Embolization Trial. Part 2. Uterine fibroid reduction and symptom relief after uterine artery embolization for fibroids. Fertil Steril 2003a;79:120-127.
99. Pron G, Bennett J, Common A, Sniderman K, Asch M, Bell S, Kozak R, Vanderburgh L, Garvin G, Simons M et al. Technical results and effects of operator experience on uterine artery embolization for fibroids: The Ontario Uterine Fibroid Embolization Trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003c;14:545-554.
100. Pron G, Mocarski E, Bennet J, Vilos G, Common A, Zaid M, Sniderman K, Asch M, Kozak R, Simons M et al. Tolerance, hospital stay, and recovery after uterine artery embolization for fibroids: The Ontario Uterine Fibroid Embolization Trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003b; 14:1243-1250.
101. Pron G, Mocarski E, Bennett J, Vilos G, Common A, Vanderburgh L Ontario UFE Collaborative Group. Pregnancy after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata: The Ontario multicenter trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105: 67-76.
102. Rajan DK, Beecroft JR, Clark TW, Asch MR, Simons ME, Kachura JR, Sved M, Sniderman KW. Risk of intrauterine infectious complications after uterine artery embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004;12 1414-1421.
103. Ravina JH, Herbreteau D, Ciraru-Vigneron N, Bouret JM, Houdart E, Aymard A, Merland JJ. Arterial embolisation to treat uterine myomata. Lancet 1995;346:671-672.
104. Ravina JH, Vigneron N, Aymard A, Le Dref O, Merland JJ. Pregnancy after embolization of uterine myoma: Report of 12 cases. Fertil Steril 2000;73:1241-1243.
105. Razavi MK, Hwang G, Jahed A, Modanloo S, Chen B. Abdominal myomectomy versus uterine fibroid embolization in the treatment of symptomatic uterine leiomyomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003;180:1571-1575.
106. Reinsch RC, Murphy AA, Morales AJ, Yen SS. The effects of RU 486 and leuprolide acetate on uterine artery blood flow in the fibroid uterus: A prospective, randomized study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170: 1623-1627.
107. Ruta DA, Garrat AM, Chadha YC, Flott GM, Hall MH, Russell IT. Assessment of patients with menorrhagia: How valid is a structured clinical history as a measure of health status? Qual Life Res 1995;4:33-40.
108. Scheurig C, Gauruder-Burmester A, Kluner C, Kurzeja R, Lembcke A, Zimmermann E, Hamm B, Kroencke T. Uterine artery embolization for symptomatic fibroids: Short-term versus mid- term changes in disease-specific symptoms, quality of life and magnetic resonance imaging results. Hum Reprod 2006;21:3270-3277.
109. Shashoua AR, Stringer NH, Pearlman JB, Behmaram B, Stringer EA. Ischemic uterine rupture and hysterectomy 3 months after uterine artery embolization. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2002;9:217-220.
110. Smart DO, Hindley JT, Regan L, Gedroyc WG. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and magnetic resonance guided ultrasound surgery for uterine leiomyomata. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:49-54.
111. Smith WJ, Upton E, Shuster EJ, Klein AJ, Schwartz ML. Patient satisfaction and disease specific quality of life after uterine artery embolization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190:1697-1703.
112. SOGC Clinical Practice Guidelines. Uterine fibroid embolization (UFE). Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2005;89:305-318.
113. Spielmann AL, Keogh C, Forster BB, Martin ML, Machan LS. Comparison of MRI and sonography in the preliminary evaluation for fibroid embolization AJR. Am J Roentgenol 2006;187:1499-1504.
114. Spies JB, Scialli AR, Jha RC, Imaoka I, Ascher SM, Fraga VM, Barth Kh. Initial results from uterine fibroid embolization for symptomatic leiomyomata. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1999;10: 1149-1157.
115. Spies JB, Ascher SA, Roth AR, Kim J, Levy EB, Gomez-Jorge J. Uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata. Obstet Gynecol 2001a;98 29-34.
116. Spies JB, Roth AR, Gonsalves SM, Murphy-Skrzyniarz KM. Ovarian function after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata: Assessment with use of serum follicle stimulating hormone assay. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001b;12:437-442.
117. Spies JB, Coyne K, Guaou Guaou N, Boyle D, Skyrnarz-Murphy K, Gonzalves SM. The UFS-QOL, a new disease-specific symptom and health-related quality of life questionnaire for leiomyomata. Obstet Gynecol 2002a;99:290-300.
118. Spies JB, Spector A, Roth AR, Baker CM, Mauro L, Murphy-Skrynarz K. Complications after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomas. Obstet Gynecol 2002b;100:873-880.
119. Spies JB. Uterine artery embolization for fibroids: Understanding the technical causes of failure. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003;14 11-14.
120. Spies JB, Sacks D. Credentials for uterine artery embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004;15:111-113.
121. Spies JB, Allison S, Flick P, McCullough M, Serbis K, Cramp M, Bruno J, Jha R. Polyvinyl alcohol particles and tris-acryl gelatin microspheres for uterine artery embolization for leiomyomas: Results of a randomized comparative study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004a;15:793-800.
122. Spies JB, Cooper JM, Worthington-Kirsch R, Lipman JC, Mills BB, Benenati JF. Outcome from uterine embolization and hysterectomy for leiomyomas: results of a multi-center study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004b;191 22-31.
123. Spies JB, Myers ER, Worthington- Kirsch R, Mulgund J, Goodwin S, Mauro M. The FIBROID Registry: Symptom and quality-of-life status 1 year after therapy. Obstet Gynecol 2005a;106:1309-1318.
124. Spies JB, Bruno J, Czeyda-Pommersheim F, Magee ST, Ascher SA, Jha RC. Long-term outcome of uterine artery embolization of leiomyomas. Obstet Gynecol 2005b;106:933-939.
125. Steinauer J, Pritts EA, Jackson R, Jacoby AF. Systematic review of mifepristone for the treatment of uterine leiomyomata. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:1331-1336.
126. Stewart EA, Gedroyc WM, Tempany CM, Quade BJ, Inbar Y, Ehrenstein T, Shushan A, Hindley T, Goldin RD, David M et al. Focused ultrasound treatment of uterine fibroid tumors: Safety and feasibility of a non-invasive thermoablative technique. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189:48-54.
127. Stewart EA, Rabinovici J, Tempany CM, Inbar Y, Regan L, Gostout B, Hesley G, Kim HS, Hengst S, Gedroyc WM. Clinical outcomes of focused ultrasound surgery for the treatment of uterine fibroids. Fertil Steril 2006;85:22-29.
128. Stewart EA, Gostout B, Rabinovici J, Kim HS, Regan L, Tempany CM. Sustained relief of leiomyoma symptoms by using focused ultrasound surgery. Obstet Gynecol 2007;110:279-284.
129. Tempany CM, Stewart EA, McDannold N, Quade BJ, Jolesz FA, Hynynen K. MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound surgery of uterine leiomyomas: A feasibility study. Radiology 2003,226:897-905.
130. Torigian DA, Siegelman ES, Terhune KP, Butts SF, Blasco L, Shlansky-Goldberg RD. MRI of uterine necrosis after uterine artery embolization for treatment of uterine leiomyomata, Am J Roentgenol 2005;184:555-559.
131. Tropeano G, Litwicka K, Di Stasi C, Romano D, Mancuso S. Permanent amemorrhea associated with endometrial atrophy after uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids. Fertil Steril 2003;79:132-135.
132. Tropeano G, Di Stasi C, Litwicka K, Romano D, Draisci G, Mancuso S. Uterine artery embolization does not have adverse effects on ovarian reserve in regularly cycling women younger than 40 years. Fertil Steril 2004;81:1055-1061.
133. Tulandi T, Sammour A, Valenti D, Child TJ, Seti L, Tan SL. Ovarian reserve after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata. Fertil Steril 2002;78:197-198.
134. Vashist A, Studd J, Carey A, Bum P. Fatal septicaemia after fibroid embolization. Lancet 1999;354:307-308.
135. Vilos GA, Vilos EC, Romano W, Abu-Rafea B. Temporary uterine artery occlusion for treatment of menorrhagia and uterine fibroids using an incisionless Doppler-guided transvaginal clamp: Case report. Hum Reprod 2006;21:269-271.
136. Vitiello D, McCarthy S. Diagnostic imaging of myomas. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2006;33:85-95.
137. Volkers NA, Hehenkamp WJ, Birnie E, de Vries C, Holt C, Ankum WM, Reekers JA. Uterine artery embolization in the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids tumors (EMMY Trial): Periprocedural results and complications. J Vasc Inter Radiol 2006;17:471-480.
138. Volkers NA, Hehenkamp WJ, Birnie E, Ankum WM, Reekers JA. Uterine artery embolization versus hysterectomy in the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids: 2 years' outcome from the randomized EMMY trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;196: 519.e1-519.e11.
139. Walker WJ, Pelage JP. Uterine artery embolisation for symptomatic fibroids: Clinical results in 400 women with imaging follow-up. Br J Obstet Gynecol 2002;109:1263-1272.
140. Walker WJ, Carpenter TT, Kent AS. Persistent vaginal discharge after uterine artery embolization for fibroid tumors: Cause of the condition, magnetic resonance imaging appearance, and surgical. treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190:1230-1233.
141. Walker WJ, Barton-Smith P. Long-term follow-up of uterine artery embolization - an effective alternative in the treatment of fibroids. BJOG 2006a;113:464-468.
142. Walker WJ, McDowell SJ. Pregnancy after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata: A series of 56 completed pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006b;195:1266-1271.
143. Walker WJ, Bratby MJ. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) analysis of fibroid location in women achieving pregnancy after uterine artery embolization. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol 2007;30:876-881.
144. Wang J, Ohara N, Wang Z, Chen W, Morikawa A, Sasaki H, DeManno DA, Chwalisz K, Maruo T. A novel selective progesterone receptor modulator down-regulates the expressiQn of EGF IGF-1. TGFβ3, and their receptors in cultured uterine leiomyoma cells. Hum Reprod. 2006;21 1869-1877.
145. Watson GM, Walker WJ. Uterine artery embolisation for the treatment of symptomatic fibroids in 114 women: Reduction in size of the fibroids and women's, view of the success of the treatment. Br J Obstet Gynecol 2002;10:129-135.
146. White AM, Banovac F, Spies JB. Patient radiation exposure during uterine fibroid embolization and the dose attributable to aortography. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2007;18:573-576.
147. Worthington-Kirsch R, Popky GL, Hutchins FL, Jr. Uterine arterial embolization for the management of leiomyomas: Quality-of-life assessment and clinical response. Radiology 1998;208:625-629.
148. Worthington-Kirsch R. Personal communication. 31st Annual Meeting of the American Association of the Gynecologic Laparoscopists. Miami Beach, Florida, November 20-24 2002.
149. Worthington-Kirsch R, Koller NE. Time course of pain after uterine artery embolization for fibroid disease. Medscape Womens Health 2002b;7:4.
150. Worthington-Kirsch R, Spies JB, Myers ER, Mulgund J, Mauro M, Pron G,. Peterson ED, Goodwin S. The Fibroid Registry for Outcomes Data (FIBROID) for uterine embolizalion: Short term outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:52-59.
151. Wu O, Briggs A, Dutton S, Hirst A, Maresh M, Nicholson A, McPherson K. Uterine artery embolization or hysterectomy for the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids: A cost-utility analysis of the Hopeful study. BJOG 2007;114:1352-1362.
152. Young SL, Al-Hendy A, Copland JA. Potential non hormonal therapeutics for medical treatment of leiomyomas. Semin Reprod Med 2004;22 121-130.
153. Zupi E, Pocek M, Dauri M, Marconi M, Sbracia M, Piccione E, Simonetti G. Selective uterine artry embolization in the management of uterine myomas. Fertil Steril 2003;79:107-111.