An integrated global model of present-day plate motions and plate boundary deformation

Geophysical Journal International

Volumn 154, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 8-34

  Kreemer, Corné ^a   Holt, William E ^a   Haines, A John ^b  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Continental tectonics; Global; GPS; Plate boundary; Plate motions

Indexed keywords

GPS; PLATE BOUNDARY; PLATE MOTION; PLATE TECTONICS;

EID: 0038299391     PISSN: 0956540X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01917.x     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. Abdrakhmatov, K. Ye. et al., 1996. Relatively recent construction of the Tien Shan inferred from GPS measurements of present-day crustal deformation rates, Nature, 384, 450-453.
2. u 7.9 earthquakes south of Sumatra: deformation in the India Australia Plate, J. geophys. Res., 108, 10.1029/2001JB000 674.
3. Angermann, D., Klotz, J. & Reigber, C., 1999. Space-geodetic estimation of the Nazca South America Euler vector. Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 171, 329 334.
4. Antonelis, K., Johnson, D.J., Miller, M.M & Palmer, R., 1999. GPS determination of current Pacific North America plate motion. Geology, 27, 299 302.
5. Argus, D.F. & Gordon, R.G., 1990. Pacific North American plate motion from very long baseline interferometry: Implications for the kinematics of the western United States, J. geophys. Res., 95, 17 315 17 324.
6. Argus, D.F. & Gordon, R.G., 1991. No-net-rotation model of current plate velocities incorporating plate motion model NUVEL-1, Geophys, Res. Lett., 18, 2039 2042.
7. Argus, D.F. & Gordon, R.G., 1996. Tests of the rigid-plate hypothesis and bounds on intraplate deformation using geodetic data from very long baseline interferometry, J. geophys. Res., 101, 13 555 13 572.
8. Argus, D.F. & Heflin, M., 1995. Plate motion and crustal deformation estimated with geodetic data from the Global Positioning System. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1973 1976.
9. Armijo, R., Tapponnier, P. & Tonglin, H., 1989. Late Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip faulting in southern Tibet, J. geophys. Res., 94, 2787 2838.
10. Avouac, J.P. & Tapponnier, P., 1993. Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 895 898.
11. Ball, M.M. & Harrison, C.G.A., 1970. Crustal plates in the central Atlantic, Science, 167, 1128 1129.
12. Barazangi, M. & Isacks, B.L., 1976. Spatial distribution of earthquakes and subduction of the Nazca plate beneath South America, Geology, 4, 686 692.
13. Beavan, J. & Haines, J., 2001. Contemporary horizontal velocity and strain rate fields of the Pacific Australian plate boundary zone through New Zealand, J. geophys. Res., 106, 741 770.
14. Beavan, J. et al., 1999. Crustal deformation during 1994 1998 due to oblique continental collision in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand and implications for seismic potential of the Alpine fault. J. geophys. Res., 104, 25 233-25 255.
15. Beavan, J., Silcock, D., Hamburger, M., Ramos, E., Thibault, C. & Feir, R., 2001. Geodetic constraints on postseismic deformation following the 1990 M 7.8 Luzon earthquake and implications for Luzon tectonics and Philippine Sea plate motion, G3, 2, 2000GC000100.
16. Beavan, J., Tregoning, P., Bevis, M., Kato, T. & Meertens, C., 2002. The motion and rigidity of the Pacific plate and implications for plate boundary deformation, J. geophys. Res., 107, 10.029/2001JB000282.
17. Bendick, R., Bilham, R., Freymueller, J.T., Larson, K.M. & Yin, G.H., 2000. Geodetic evidence for a low slip rate in the Altyn Tagh fault system, Nature, 404, 69-72.
18. Bennett, R.A., Davis, J.L. & Wernicke B.P., 1999. Present-day pattern of Cordilleran deformation in the western United States. Geology. 27, 371-374.
19. Bergman, E.A., 1986. Intraplate earthquakes and the state of stress in oceanic lithosphere, Tectonophysics. 132, 1-35.
20. Bergman, E.A. & Solomon, S.C., 1980. Oceanic intraplate earthquakes: implications for local and regional intraplate stress, J. geophys. Res., 85, 5389-5410.
21. Bevts, M. et al., 1995. Geodetic observations of very rapid convergence and back-arc extension at the Tonga. Nature. 374, 249-251.
22. Bevts, M., Kendrick, E.C., Smalley, R., Herring, T., Godoy, J. & Galban, F., 1999. Crustal motion north and south of the Arica deflection: comparing recent geodetic results from the central Andes, G3, 1, 1999GC000011.
23. Bird, P. & Liu, Z., 1999. Global finite-element model makes a small contribution to intraplate seismic hazard estimation, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 89, 1642-1647.
24. Biswas, N.N., Pujol, J., Tytgat, G. & Dean, K., 1986. Synthesis of seismicity studies for western Alaska, Tectonophysics. 131, 369-392.
25. Braunmiller, J., Kradolfer, U., Bear, M. & Giardini, D., 2002. Regional moment tensor determination in the European-Mediterranean area-initial results. Tectonophysics, 356, 5-22.
26. Bull, J.M. & Scrutton, R.A., 1992. Seismic reflection images of intraplate deformation, central Indian Ocean, and their tectonic significance, J. geol. Soc. Lond., 149, 955-966.
27. Calais, E. et al., 1998. Crustal deformation in the Baikal rift from GPS measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4003-4006.
28. Cande, S.C., 1985. Nazca-South America plate interactions since 60 my B.P., in Atlas of the Ocean Margin Program, Peru Continental Margin Region, p. 14, eds Hussong, D.M., et al. Woods Hole, MA, Marine Science Institute.
29. Cande, S.C. & Leslie, R.B., 1986. Late Cenozoic tectonics of the southern Chile Trench, J. geophys. Res., 91, 471-496.
30. Cardwell, R.K. & Isacks, B.L., 1978. Geometry of the subducted lithosphere beneath the Banda Sea in eastern Indonesia from seismicity and fault plane solutions, J. geophys. Res., 83, 2825-2838.
31. Chamot-Rooke, N. & Le Pichon, X., 1999. GPS determined eastward Sundaland motion with respect to Eurasia confirmed by earthquakes slip vectors at Sunda and Philippine trenches, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 173, 439-455.
32. Chamot-Rooke, N., Jestin, F., de Voogd, B. & Phèdre Working Group, 1993. Intraplate shortening in the central Indian Ocean determined from a 2100-km-long north-south deep seismic reflection profile. Geology, 21, 1043-1046.
33. Chapman, M.E. & Solomon, S.C., 1976. North American-Eurasian plate boundary in northeast Asia, J. geophys. Res., 81, 921-930.
34. Chase, C.G., 1972. The, n-plate problem of plate tectonics, Geophys. J.R. astr. Soc., 29, 117-122.
35. Chen, Z. et al., 2000. Global Positioning System measurements from eastern Tibet and their implications for India/Eurasia intercontinental deformation, J. geophys. Res., 105, 16 215-16 227.
36. Chu, D. & Gordon, R.G., 1999. Evidence for motion between Nubia and Somalia along the Southwest Indian ridge, Nature, 398, 64-67.
37. Clarke, P.J. et al., 1998. Crustal strain in central Greece from repeated GPS measurements in the interval 1989-1997, Geophys. J. Int. 135, 195-214.
38. Cocard, M., Kahle, H.-G., Peter, Y., Geiger, A., Veis, G., Felekis, S., Paradissis, D. & Billiris, H., 1999. New constraints on the rapid crustal motion of the Aegean region recent results inferred from GPS measurements (1993-1998) across the West Hellenic Arc, Greece. Earth planet Sci. Lett., 172, 39-47.
39. Cong, D.C. & Feigl, K.L., 1999. Geodetic measurement of horizontal strain across the Red River fault near the Thac Ba, Vietnam, 1963-1994, J. Geodesy. 73, 298-310.
40. Crétaux, J.-F., Soudarin, L., Cazenave, A. & Bouillé, F., 1998. Present-day tectonic plate motions and crustal deformations from the DORIS space system, J. geophys. Res., 103, 30 167-30 181.
41. Davies, P. & Blewitt, G., 2000. Methodology for global geodetic time series estimation: a new tool for geodynamics, J. geophys. Res., 105, 11 083-11 100.
42. DeMets, C., 1993. Earthquake slip vectors and estimates of present-day plate motions, J. geophys. Res., 98, 6703-6714.
43. DeMets, C., 2001. A new estimate for present-day Cocos-Caribbean plate motion: implications for slip along the Central American volcanic arc, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4043-4046.
44. DeMets, C. & Dixon, T.H., 1999. New kinematic models for Pacific-North America motion from 3 Ma to present, 1: Evidence for steady motion and biases in the NUVEL-1A model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1921-1924.
45. DeMets, C. & Wilson, D., 1997. Relative motions of the Pacific. Rivera, North American, and Cocos plates since 0.78 Ma. J. geophys. Res., 102, 2789-2806.
46. DeMets, C., Gordon, R.G., Stein, S. & Argus, D.F., 1987. A revised estimate of Pacific-North America motion and implications for western North America plate boundary zone tectonics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 911-914.
47. DeMets, C., Gordon, R.G., Argus, D.F. & Stein, S., 1990. Current plate motions, Geophys. J. Int., 101, 425-478.
48. DeMets, C., Gordon, R.G., Argus, D.F. & Stein, S., 1994a. Effect of recent revisions of the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2191-2194.
49. DeMets, C., Gordon, R.G. & Vogt, P., 1994b. Location of the Africa-Australia-India Triple Junction and motion between the Australian and Indian plates: results from an aeromagnetic investigation of the Central Indian and Carlsberg Ridges, Geophys. J. Int. 119, 893-930.
50. DeMets, C., Jansma, P.E., Mattioli, G.S., Dixon, T.H., Farina, F., Bilham, R., Calais, E. & Mann, P., 2000. GPS geodetic constraints on Caribbean-North America plate motion, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 437-440.
51. Deng, J. & Sykes, L.R., 1995. Determination of Euler pole for contemporary relative motion of Caribbean and North America plates using slip vectors of interplate earthquakes, Tectonics, 14, 39-53.
52. Deplus, C. et al., 1998. Direct evidence of active deformation in the eastern Indian oceanic plate, Geology, 26, 131-134.
53. Dewey, J.F. & Bird, J.M., 1970. Mountain belts and the new global tectonics, J. geophys. Res., 75, 2625-2647.
54. Dixon, T.H. & Mao, A., 1997. A GPS estimate of relative motion between North and South America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 535-538.
55. Dixon, T.H., Farina, F., DeMets, C., Jansma, P., Mann, P. & Calais, E., 1998. Relative motion between the Caribbean and North American plates and related boundary zone deformation from a decade of GPS observations, J. geophys. Res., 103, 15 157-15 182.
56. Dixon, T.H., Miller, M., Farina, F., Wang, H. & Johnson, D., 2000. Present-day motion of the Sierra Nevada block and some tectonic implications for the Basin and Range province, North American Cordillera, Tectonics, 19, 1-24.
57. Drewes, H. & Angermann, D., 2001. The Actual Plate Kinematic and Crustal Deformation Model 2000 (APKIM 2000) as a Geodetic Reference System, Proc. IAG Scientific Assembly, Budapest.
58. Dziewonski, A.M., Chou, T.-A. & Woodhouse, J.H., 1981. Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity, J. geophys. Res., 86, 2825-2852.
59. Dziewonski, A.M., Ekström, G. & Maternovskaya, N.N., 2000. Centroid-moment tensor solutions for July-September. 1999. Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 119, 311-319.
60. Engdahl, E.R., van der Hilst, R. & Buland R., 1998. Global teleseismic relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 88, 722-743.
61. England, P.C. & Houseman, G. 1986. Finite strain calculations of continental deformation. 2. Comparison with the India Asta collision zone. J. geophys. Res., 91, 3664 3676.
62. England, P.C. & McKenzie, D.P., 1982. A thin viscous sheet model for continental deformation, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 70, 295 321.
63. England, P.C. & Molnar, P., 1997. The field of crustal velocity in Asia calculated from Quaternary rates of slip on faults. Geophys. J. Int. 130, 551 582.
64. Freymueller, J.T., Murray, M.H., Segall, P. & Castillo, D., 1999. Kinematics of the Pacific North America plate boundary zone, northern California, J. geophys. Res., 104, 7419 7441.
65. Gan, W.J., Svarc, J.L., Savage, J.C. & Prescott, W.H., 2000. Strain accumulation across the Eastern California Shear Zone at latitude 36 30'N. J. geophys. Res., 105, 16 229 16 236.
66. Giardini, D., 1999. The global seismic hazard assessment program (GSHAP) 1992/1999, Ann. Geofis., 42, 957 974.
67. Gordon, R.G., 1998. The plate tectonic approximation: plate nonrigidity, diffuse plate boundaries, and global plate reconstructions, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet Sci., 26, 615-642.
68. Gordon, R.G. & Stein, S., 1992. Global tectonics and space geodesy, Science, 256, 333 342.
69. Gordon, R.G., DeMets, C. & Argus, D.F., 1990. Kinematic constraints on distributed lithospheric deformation in the equatorial Indian ocean from present motion between the Australian and Indian plates, Tectonics, 9, 409-422.
70. Gordon, R.G., Argus, D.F. & Heflin, M.B., 1999. Revised estimate of the angular velocity of India relative to Eurasia, EOS. Trans. Am geophys. Un., 80, Fall Meet. Suppl., F273.
71. Gutscher, M.A., Malavieille, J., Lallemand, S. & Collot, J.Y., 1999. Tectonic segmentation of the North Andean margin: impact of the Carnegie Ridge collision, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 168, 255-270.
72. Haines, A.J. & Holt, W.E., 1993. A procedure for obtaining the complete horizontal motions within zones of distributed deformation from the inversion of strain rate data, J. geophys. Res., 98, 12 057 12 082.
73. Haines, A.J., Jackson, J.A., Holt, W.E. & Agnew, D.C., 1998. Representing distributed deformation by continuous velocity fields, Science Report 98/5, Institute of Geology and Nucl. Science, Wellington, New Zealand.
74. Haxby, W., 1987. Gravity Field of the World's Oceans. National Geophysical Data Center.
75. Heki, K., 1996. Horizontal and vertical crustal movements from three-dimensional very long baseline interferometry kinematic reference frame: implication for the reversal timescale revision, J. geophys. Res., 101, 3197 3198.
76. Heki, K. et al., 1999. The Amurian plate motion and current plate kinematics in eastern Asia, J. geophys. Res., 104, 29 147 29 155.
77. Holt, W.E. & Haines, A.J., 1995. The kinematics of northern South Island New Zealand determined from geologic strain rates, J. geophys. Res., 100, 17 991-18 010.
78. Holt, W.E., Li, M. & Haines, A.J., 1995. Earthquake strain rates and instantaneous relative motion within central and east Asia, Geophys. J. Int., 122, 569-593.
79. Holt, W.E., Chamot-Rooke, N., Le Pichon, X., Haines, A.J., Shen-Tu, B. & Ren, J., 2000a. The velocity field in Asia inferred from Quaternary fault slip rates and GPS observations, J. geophys. Res., 105, 19 185 19 210.
80. Holt, W.E., Shen-Tu, B., Haines, A.J. & Jackson, J., 2000b. On the determination of self-consistent strain rate fields within zones of distributed continental deformation, in The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions, eds Richards, M.A., Gordon, R.G. & van der Hilst, R.D., AGU, Washington, DC.
81. Humphreys, E.D. & Weldon, R.J., 1994. Deformation across the western United States: a local estimates of Pacific North America transform deformation, J. geophys. Res., 99, 19 975-20 010.
82. Isacks, B.L., Oliver, J. & Sykes, L.R., 1968. Seismology and the new global tectonics, J. geophys. Res., 73, 5855 5899.
83. Jackson, J., 2002. Faulting, flow, and the strength of the continental lithosphere, Int. Geology Rev., 44, 39-61.
84. Jansma, P., Mattioli, G.S., Lopez, A., DeMets, C., Dixon, T.H., Mann, P. & Calais, E., 2000. Neotectonics of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. northeastern Caribbean, from GPS geodesy. Tectonics. 19, 1021 1037.
85. Jestin, F., Huchon, P. & Gaulier, J.M., 1994. The Somalia plate and the East African Rift System: present-day kinematics. Geophys. J. Int. 116, 637 654.
86. Johnson, H.O. & Agnew, D.C., 1995. Monument motion and measurement of crustal velocities, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2905-2908.
87. Kagan, Y.Y., 1999. Universality of the seismic moment frequency relation. Pure appl. Geophys., 155, 537-573.
88. Kagan, Y.Y., 2002. Seismic moment distribution revisited: II. Moment conservation principle, Geophys. J. Int., 149, 731 754.
89. Kahle, H.-G. et al., 1999. The GPS strain rate field in the Aegean Sea and western Anatolia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2513-2516.
90. Kahle, H.-G., Cocard, M., Peter, Y., Geiger, A., Reilinger, R., Barka, A. & Veis, G., 2000. GPS-derived strain rate field within the boundary zones of the Eurasian, African, and Arabian plates, J. geophys. Res., 105, 23 353-23 370.
91. Kato, T. et al., 1998. Initial results from WING, the continuous GPS network in the western Pacific area, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 369-372.
92. Kelleher, J. & McCann, W., 1976. Buoyant zones, great earthquakes, and unstable boundaries of subduction, J. geophys. Res., 81, 4885-4896.
93. Kogan, M.G. et al., 2000. Geodetic constraints on the rigidity and relative motion of Eurasia and North America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2041 2044.
94. Kostrov, V.V., 1974. Seismic moment and energy of earthquakes, and seismic flow of rocks, Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR phys. Solid Earth, Engl. Transl., 1, 23-44.
95. Kotzev, V., Nakov, R., Burchfiel, B.C., King, R. & Reilinger, R., 2001. GPS study of active tectonics in Bulgaria: results from 1996 to 1998. J. Geodyn., 31, 189 200.
96. Kreemer, C. & Holt, W.E., 2001. A no-net-rotation model of present-day surface motions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4407-4410.
97. Kreemer, C., Haines, A.J., Holt, W.E., Blewitt, G. & Lavallée, D., 2000a. On the determination of a global strain rate model, Earth Planets Space. 52, 765 770.
98. Kreemer, C., Holt, W.E., Goes, S. & Govers, R., 2000b. Active deformation in eastern Indonesia and the Philippines from GPS and seismicity data, J. geophys. Res., 105, 663-680.
99. Kreemer, C., Holt, W.E. & Haines, A.J., 2002. The global moment rate distribution within plate boundary zones, in Plate Boundary Zones, Vol. 30, eds Stein S. & Freymueller, J.T., Geodyn. Ser., 10/1029/030GD10. AGU, Washington, DC.
100. Lamb, S.H., 1994. Behaviour of the brittle crust in wide plate boundary zones, J. geophys. Res., 99, 4457-4483.
101. Larson, K.M., Freymueller, J.T. & Philipsen S., 1997. Global plate velocities from the Global Positioning System, J. geophys. Res., 102, 9961 9981.
102. Larson, K.M., Bürgmann, R., Bilham, R. & Freymueller, J.T., 1999. Kinematics of the India Eurasia collision zone from GPS measurements, J. geophys. Res., 104, 1077 1093.
103. Lavallée, D. et al., 2001. GPSVEL Project: towards a dense global GPS velocity field, Proc. IAG Scientific Assembly, Budapest.
104. LeLoup, P.H. et al., 1995. The Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone (Yunnan, China). Tertiary transform boundary of Indochina, Tectonophysics. 251, 3 84.
105. Leroy, S. & Mauffret, A., 1996. Intraplate deformation in the Caribbean region, J. Geodyn., 21, 113-122.
106. Ma, C. & Ryan, J.W., 1998. NASA Space Geodesy Program-GSFC DATA Analysis-1998, VLBI Geodetic Results 1979-1998, August.
107. Machette, M.N., 2000. Active, capable, and potentially active faults a paleoseismic perspective, J. Geodyn., 29, 387 392.
108. MacMillan, D.S. & Ma, C., 1999. VLBI measurements of Caribbean and South American motion, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 919-922.
109. Mackey, K.G., Fujita, K., Gunbina, L.V., Kovalev, V.N., Imaev, V.S., Koz'min, B.M. & Imaeva, L.P., 1997. Seismicity of the Bering Strait region: evidence for a Bering block, Geology. 25, 979-982.
110. Mao, A.L., Harrison, C.G.A. & Dixon, T.H., 1999. Noise in GPS coordinate time series, J. geophys. Res., 104, 2797 2816.
111. McAdoo, D.C. & Sandwell, D.T., 1985. Folding of the oceanic lithosphere. J. geophys. Res., 90, 8563-8569.
112. McCaffrey, R., Long, M.D., Goldfinger, C., Zwick, P.C., Nabelek, J.L., Johnson, C.K. & Smith, C., 2000. Rotation and plate locking at the southern Cascadia subduction zone. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3117-3120.
113. McClusky, S. et al., 2000. Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus, J. geophys. Res., 105, 5695-5719.
114. McKenzie, D.P., Davies, D. & Molnar, P., 1970. Plate tectonics of the Red Sea and East Africa, Nature. 226, 243-248.
115. Michel, G. et al., 2001. Crustal motion and block behaviour in SE-Asia from GPS measurements, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 187, 239-244.
116. Miller, M.M., Johnson, D.J., Rubin, C.M., Dragert, H., Wang, K., Qamar, A. & Goldfinger, C., 2001. GPS-determination of along-strike variation in Cascadia margin kinematics: Implications for relative plate motion, subduction zone coupling, and permanent deformation, Tectonics. 20, 161-176.
117. Minster, J.B. & Jordan, T.H., 1978. Present-day plate motions, J. geophys. Res., 83, 5331-5354.
118. Minster, J.B. & Jordan, T.H., 1987. Vector constraints on western US deformation from space geodesy, neotectonics, and plate motions, J. geophys. Res., 92, 4798-4804.
119. Molnar, P., 1988. Continental tectonics in the aftermath of plate tectonics, Nature. 335, 131-137.
120. Molnar, P. & Gipson, J.M., 1996. A bound on the rheology of continental lithosphere using very long baseline interferometry: the velocity of south China with respect to Eurasia, J. geophys. Res., 101, 545-553.
121. Molnar, P. & Tapponier, P., 1975. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: Effects of a Continental Collision, Science, 189, 419-425.
122. Molnar, P., Atwater, T., Mammerickx, J. & Smith, S.M., 1975. Magnetic anomalies, bathymetry, and the tectonic evolution of the South Pacific since the late Cretaceous, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 40, 383-420.
123. Müller, R.D. & Smith, W.H.F., 1993. Deformation of the oceanic crust between the North American and South American plates, J. geophys. Res., 98, 8275-8291.
124. Norabuena, E., Leffler-Griffin, L., Mao, A., Dixon, T., Stein, S., Sacks, I.S., Ocala, L. & Ellis, M., 1998. Space geodetic constraints of Nazca-South America convergence across the central Andes, Science, 279, 358-362.
125. Norabuena, E.O., Dixon, T.H., Stein, S. & Harrison, C.G.A., 1999. Decelerating Nazca-South America and Nazca-Pacific plate motions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3405-3408.
126. Pardo-Casas, F. & Molnar, P., 1987. Relative motion of the Nazca (Farallon) and South American plates since late Cretaceous time, Tectonics, 6, 233-248.
127. Paul, J. et al., 2001. The motion and active deformation of India, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 647-650.
128. Pelayo, A.M. & Wiens, D.A., 1989. Seismotectonics and relative plate motions in the Scotia Sea region, J. geophys. Res., 94, 7293-7320.
129. Peltzer, G. & Saucier, F., 1996. Present-day kinematics of Asia derived from geologic fault rates, J. geophys. Res., 101, 27 943-27 956.
130. Peltzer, G., Tapponnier, P. & Armijo, R., 1989. Magnitude of the Late Quaternary left-lateral displacements along the north edge of Tibet, Science. 246, 1285-1289.
131. w = 7.6 Manyi (Tibet) earthquake, Science, 286, 272-276.
132. Pérez, O.J., Bilham, R., Bendick, R., Velandia, J.R., Hernández, N., Moncayo, C., Hoyer, M. & Kozuch, M., 2001. Velocity field across the southern Caribbean plate boundary and estimates of Caribbean/South-American plate motion using GPS geodesy 1994-2000, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2987-2990.
133. Peterson, M.D. & Wesnousky, S.G., 1994. Fault slip rates and earthquake histories for active faults in southern CA, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 84, 1608-1649.
134. Peterson, M.D. et al., 1996. Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for the state of California, Division of Mines and Geology, Open-file Report 96-08, Sacramento, California.
135. Pilger, R.H., 1981. Plate reconstructions, aseismic ridges, and low-angle subduction beneath the Andes, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 92, 448-456.
136. Pondrelli, S., Morelli, A., Ekström, G., Mazza, S., Boschi, E. & Dziewonski, A.M., 2002. European-Mediterranean regional centroid-moment tensors: 1997-2000, Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 130, 71-101.
137. Porth, R., 2000. A strain-rate-dependent force model of lithospheric strength, Geophys. J. Int., 141, 647-660.
138. Puntodewo, S.S.O. et al., 1994. GPS measurements of crustal deformation within the Pacific-Australia plate boundary zone in Irian Jaya, Indonesia, Tectonophysics, 237, 141-153.
139. Ramos, V.A. & Kay, S.M., 1992. Southern Patagonian plateau basalts and deformation: backarc testimony of ridge collisions, Tectonophysics, 205, 261-282.
140. Rangin, C., Le Pichon, X., Mazzotti, S., Pubellier, M., Chamot-Rooke, N., Aurellio, M., Walpersdorf, A. & Quebral, R., 1999. Plate convergence measured by GPS across the Sundaland/Philippine Sea plate deformed boundary: the Philippines and eastern Indonesia, Geophys. J. Int., 139, 296-316.
141. Robinson, D.P., Henry, C., Das, S. & Woodhouse, J.H., 2001. Simultaneous rupture along two conjugate planes of the Wharton Basin earthquake, Science. 292, 1145-1148.
142. Roest, W.R. & Collette, B.J., 1986. The Fifteen Twenty Fracture Zone and the North American-South American plate boundary, J. geol. Soc. Lond., 143, 833-843.
143. Royer, J.-Y. & Chang, T., 1991. Evidence for relative motions between the Indian and Australian plates during the last 20 m.y. from plate reconstructions: Implications for the deformation of the Indo-Australian plate, J. geophys. Res., 96, 11 779-11 802.
144. Royer, J.-Y. & Gordon, R.G., 1997. The motion and boundary between the Capricorn and Australian plates, Science, 277, 1268-1274.
145. Sagiya, T., Miyazaki, S. & Tada, T., 2000. Continuous GPS array and present-day crustal deformation of Japan, Pure appl. Geophys., 157, 2303-2322.
146. San'kov, V., Déverchère, J., Gaudemer, Y., Houdry, F. & Filippov, A., 2000. Geometry and rate of faulting in the North Baikal Rift, Siberia, Tectonics. 19, 707-722.
147. Sauber, J., McClusky, S. & King, R., 1997. Relation of ongoing deformation rates to the subduction zone process in southern Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2853-2856.
148. Sclater, J. & Franchateau, J., 1970. The implications of terrestrial heat flow observations on current tectonics and geochemical models of the crust and upper mantle of the Earth. Geophys. J., 20, 509-542.
149. Sella, G., Dixon, T.H. & Mao, A., 2002. REVEL: a model for recent plate velocities from space geodesy, J. geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2000JB000033.
150. Shen, Z.-K., Zhao, C., Yin, A., Li, Y., Jackson, D.D., Fang, P. & Dong, D., 2000. Contemporary crustal deformation in east Asia constrained by Global Positioning System measurements. J. geophys. Res., 105, 5721-5734.
151. Shen, Z.-K., Wang, M., Li, Y., Jackson, D.D., Yin, A., Dong, D. & Fang, P., 2001. Crustal deformation along the Altyn Tagh Fault system, western China. from GPS, J. geophys. Res., 106, 30 607-30 621.
152. Shen-Tu, B., Holt, W.E. & Haines, A.J., 1998. Contemporary kinematics of the western United States determined from earthquake moment tensors, very long baseline interferometry, and GPS observations, J. geophys. Res., 103, 18 087-18 117.
153. Shen-Tu, B., Holt, W.E. & Haines, A.J., 1999. The kinematics of the western United States estimated from Quaternary fault slip rates and recent geodetic data, J. geophys. Res., 104, 28 927-28 955.
154. Silver, E.A., 1971. Tectonics of the Mendocino Triple Junction, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 82, 2965-2978.
155. Simons, W.M.F. et al., 1999. Observing plate motions in SE Asia: geodetic results of the GEODYSSEA project, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2081-2084.
156. Smith, D.E. et al., 1994. Contemporary global horizontal crustal motion, Geophys. J. Int., 119, 511-520.
157. Somoza, R., 1998. Updated Nazca (Farallon)-South America relative motions during the last 40 Myr, J. south am. Earth Sci., 11, 211-215.
158. Stauder, W., 1975. Subduction of the Nazca plate under Peru as evidenced by focal mechanisms and by seismicity. J. geophys Res., 80, 1053 1064.
159. Stein, S., 1993. Space geodesy and plate motions, in, Contributions of Space Geodesy to Geodynamics: Crustal Dynamics. Geodyn. Ser., Vol. 23, pp. 5 20. eds Smith, D.E. & Turcotte, D.L., AGU, Washington, DC.
160. Stein, S. & Gordon, R.G., 1984. Statistical tests of additional plate boundaries from plate motion inversions, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 69, 401 412.
161. Stein, S., Engeln, J.F., Wiens, D.A., Fujita, K. & Speed, R.C., 1982. Subduction seismicity and tectonics in the Lesser Antilles Arc, J. geophys. Res., 87, 8642 8664.
162. Stevens, C. et al., 1999. Rapid rotations about a vertical axis in a collisional setting revealed by the Palu fault, Sulawesi, Indonesia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2677 2680.
163. Stock, J. & Molnar, P., 1982. Uncertainties in the relative positions of the Australia, Antarctica. Lord Howe, and Pacific plates since the late Cretaceous, J. geophys. Res., 87, 4697-4714.
164. Sutherland, R., 1995. The Australia Pacific boundary and Cenozoic plate motions in the SW Pacific: some constraints from Geosat data, Tectonics, 14, 819 831.
165. Tapponnier, P., Peltzer, G., Le Dain, A.Y., Armijo, R. & Cobbold, P., 1982. Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: new insights from simple experiments with plasticine, Geology, 10, 611 616.
166. Taylor, F.W. et al., 1995. Geodetic measurements of convergence at the New Hebrides island arc indicate fragmentation caused by an impringing aseismic ridge, Geology, 23, 1011 1014.
167. Thatcher, W., 1995. Microplate versus continuum descriptions of active deformation, J. geophys. Res., 100, 3885 3894.
168. Tinnon, M.J., Holt, W.E. & Haines, A.J., 1995. Velocity gradients in the northern Indian Ocean inferred from earthquake moment tensors and relative plate velocities, J. geophys. Res., 100, 24 315 24 329.
169. Tregoning, P. et al., 1998a. Estimation of current plate motions in Papua New Guinea from Global Positioning System observations, J. geophys Res., 103, 12 181 12 203.
170. Tregoning, P., Tan, F., Gilliland, J., McQueen, H. & Lambeck, K., 1998b. Present-day crustal motion in the Solomon Islands from GPS observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3627 3630.
171. Tregoning, P., Jackson, R.J., McQueen, H., Lambeck, K., Stevens, C., Little, R.P., Curley, R. & Rosa, R., 1999. Motion of the South Bismarck plate, Papua New Guinea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3517 3520.
172. Trenkamp, R., Kellogg, J.N., Freymueller, J.T. & Mora, H.P., 2002. Wide plate margin deformation, southern Central America and northwestern South America, CASA GPS observations, J. south am. Earth Sci., 15, 157 171.
173. Van Orman, J., Cochran, J.R., Weissel, J.K. & Jestin, F., 1995. Distribution of shortening between the Indian and Australian plates in the central Indian Ocean, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 133, 35 46.
174. Vine, F.J. & Matthews, D.H., 1963. Magnetic anomalies over ocean ridges, Nature, 199, 947 949.
175. Vogt, P.R., 1973. Subduction and aseismic ridges, Nature, 241, 189 191.
176. Vogt, P.R., Lowrie, A., Bracey, D.R. & Hey, R.N., 1976. Subduction of aseismic oceanic ridges: effects on shape, seismicity and other characteristics of consuming plate boundaries, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 172, 59.
177. Von Huene, R., Corvalán, J., Fluch, E.R., Hinz, K., Korstgard, J., Ranero, C.R., Weinrebe, W. & the CONDOR Scientists, 1997. Tectonic control of the subducting Juan Fernández Ridge on the Andean margin near Valparaiso, Chile, Tectonics. 16, 474 488.
178. Walpersdorf, A., Vigny, C., Ruegg, J.-C., Huchon, P., Asfaw, L.M. & Kirbash, S.A., 1999. 5 years of geodynamics of the Afar triple junction area, J. Geodyn., 28, 225 236.
179. Wang, Q. et al., 2001. Present-day crustal deformation in China constrained by Global Positioning System measurements, Science, 294, 574 577.
180. Ward, S.N., 1990. Pacific North America plate motions: new results from very long baseline interferometry, J. geophys. Res., 95, 21 965 21 981.
181. Ward, S.N., 1994. A multidisciplinary approach to seismic hazard in southern California, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 84, 1293 1309.
182. Wdowinski, S., 1998. A theory of intraplate tectonics, J. geophys. Res., 103, 5037 5059.
183. Weber, J.C. et al., 2001. GPS estimate of relative motion between the Caribbean and South American plates, and geologic implications for Trinidad and Venezuela, Geology, 29, 75 78.
184. Weissel, J.K. & Anderson, R.N., 1978. Is there a Caroline plate?, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 41, 143 158.
185. Weissel, J.K., Hayes, D.E. & Herron, E.M., 1977. Plate tectonic synthesis: the displacements between Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica since the Late Cretaceous, Mar. Geol., 25, 231 277.
186. Weissel, J.K., Anderson, R.N. & Geller, C.A., 1980. Deformation of the Indo-Australian plate, Nature, 287, 284 291.
187. Wessel, P. & Smith, W.F., 1991. Free software helps map and display data, EOS. Trans. Am. geophys. Un., 72, 441.
188. Wiens, D.A. et al., 1985. A diffuse plate boundary model for Indian Ocean tectonics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 429 432.
189. Wilson, D.S., 1993. Confidence intervals for motion and deformation of the Juan de Fuca plate, J. geophys. Res., 98, 16 053 16 071.
190. Wysession, M.E., Wilson, J., Bartkó, L. & Sakata, R., 1995. Intraplate seismicity in the Atlantic Ocean basin: A teleseismic catalog, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 85, 755 774.
191. Yu, S.-B., Kuo, L.-C., Punongbayan, R.S. & Ramos, E.G., 1999. GPS observation of crustal deformation in the Taiwan Luzon region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 923 926.
192. Zhang, J., Bock, Y., Johnson, H., Fang, P., Williams, S., Genrich, J., Wdowinski, S. & Behr, J., 1997. Southern California Permanent GPS Geodetic array: error analysis of daily position estimates and site velocities, J. geophys. Res., 102, 18 035 18 055.
193. Zhao, S.R., 1995. Joint inversion of observed gravity and GPS base-line changes for the detection of the active fault segment at the Red river fault zone, Geophys. J. Int. 122, 70 88.
194. Zumberge, J.F. & Liu, R., eds, 1995. Densification of the IERS Terrestrial Reference Frame through regional GPS networks, IGS Workshop Proc. Pasadena, CA, IAG IUGG.