Intersexual conflict and group size in Alouatta palliata: A 23-year evaluation

International Journal of Primatology

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 405-420

  Ryan, Sadie J ^a,b   Starks, Philip T ^c   Milton, Katharine ^d   Getz, Wayne M ^d,e  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Alouatta palliata; Barro Colorado Island; Group size; Reproductive success; Sex ratio

Indexed keywords

FITNESS; GROUP SIZE; INTERSEXUAL INTERACTION; PRIMATE; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; SEX RATIO; SEXUAL CONFLICT;

BARRO COLORADO ISLAND; CENTRAL AMERICA; GATUN LAKE; PANAMA [CENTRAL AMERICA];

ALOUATTA; ALOUATTA PALLIATA; PRIMATES;

EID: 42249093313     PISSN: 01640291     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10764-007-9172-2     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Alexander, R. D. (1974). The Evolution of Social Behavior. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5, 325-383.
2. Altmann, S. (1959). Field observations on a howling monkey society. Journal of Mammalogy, 40, 317-331.
3. Altmann, J. (1990). Primate males go where the females are. Animal Behaviour, 39, 193-195.
4. Anderson, C. (1986). Predation and primate evolution. Primates, 27, 15-39.
5. Belsey, D. A., Kuh, E., & Welsch, R. E. (1980). Regression diagnostics, identifying influential data and sources of collinearity. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
6. Carpenter, C. R. (1934). A field study of behavior and social relations of howling monkeys Alouatta palliata. Comparative Psychology Monographs, 10, 1-168.
7. Carpenter, C. R. (1964). Grouping behavior of howling monkeys. In C. R. Carpenter (Ed.) Naturalistic Behavior of Nonhuman Primates (pp. 386-406). University Park, PA : Pennsylvania State University Press.
8. Chapman, C. A., & Balcomb, S. R. (1998). Population characteristics of howlers: Ecological conditions or group history. International Journal of Primatology, 19, 385-403.
9. Chapman, C. A., & Chapman, L. J. (2000). Interdemic variation in mixed-species association patterns: common diurnal primates of Kibale National Park, Uganda. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 47, 129-139.
10. Chapman, C. A., & Pavelka, M. S. M. (2005). Group size in folivorous primates: Ecological constraints and the possible influence of social factors. Primates, 46, 1-9.
11. Chapman, C. A., Wrangham, R. W., & Chapman, L. J. (1995). Ecological constraints on group-size-An analysis of spider monkey and chimpanzee subgroups. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 36, 59-70.
12. Chiarello, A. G., & de Melo, F. R. (2001). Primate population densities and sizes in Atlantic forest remnants of northern Espirito Santo, Brazil. International Journal of Primatology, 22, 379-396.
13. Clarke, M. R., & Glander, K. E. (1984). Female reproductive success in a group of free-ranging howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in Costa Rica. In M. Small (Ed.) Female primates: Studies by women primatologists (pp. 111-126). New York : Alan R. Liss.
14. Clarke, M. R., & Glander, K. E. (2004). Adult migration patterns of the mantled howlers of La Pacifica. American Journal of Primatology, 62, 87.
15. Clarke, M. R., Zucker, E. L., & Scott, N. J. J. (1986). Population trends of the mantled howler groups of La Pacifica, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. American Journal of Primatology, 11, 79-88.
16. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1989). Mammalian mating systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 236, 339-372.
17. Collias, N., & Southwick, C. (1952). Field study of population density and social organization in howling monkeys. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 90, 143-155.
18. Cortes-Ortiz, L., Bermingham, E., Rico, C., Rodriguez-Luna, E., Sampaio, I., & Ruiz-Garcia, M. (2003). Molecular systematics and biogeography of the Neotropical monkey genus, Alouatta. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26, 64-81.
19. Cristobal-Azkarate, J., Dias, P. A. D., & Vea, J. J. (2004). Causes of intraspecific aggression in Alouatta palliata mexicana: Evidence from injuries, demography, and habitat. International Journal of Primatology, 25, 939-953.
20. Crockett, C. M. (1984). Emigration by female red howler monkeys and the case for female competition. In M. F. Small (Ed.) Female primates: Studies by women primatologists (pp. 159-173). New York: Alan R. Liss.
21. Crockett, C. M., & Eisenberg, J. F. (1987). Howlers: Variations in group size and demography. In B. B. Smutts, D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham, & T. T. Struhsaker (Eds.) Primate Societies (pp. 54-68). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
22. Crockett, C. M., & Janson, C. H. (2000). Infanticide in red howlers: Female group size, male membership, and a possible link to folivory. In C. P. van Schaik, & C. H. Janson (Eds.) Infanticide by males and its implications (pp. 75-98). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
23. Crook, J. H., & Gartlan, J. S. (1966). Evolution of primate societies. Nature, 210, 1200-1203.
24. DeGusta, D., & Milton, K. (1998). Skeletal pathologies in a population of Alouatta palliata: Behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary implications. International Journal of Primatology, 19, 615-650.
25. Dunbar, R. I. M. (1988). Primate social systems. London: Chapman & Hall.
26. Dunbar, R. I. M. (1992). Time-A hidden constraint on the behavioral ecology of baboons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 31, 35-49.
27. Dunbar, R. I. M. (1996). Determinants of group size in primates: A general model. In W. G. Runciman, J. Maynard-Smith, & R. I. M. Dunbar (Eds.) Evolution of social behavior patterns in primates and man (pp. 33-58). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
28. Eisenberg, J., Rudran, R., & Muckenhin, N. (1972). Relation between ecology and social structure in primates. Science, 176, 863.
29. Emlen, S. T., & Oring, L. W. (1977). Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science, 197, 215-223.
30. Estrada, A. (1982). Survey and census of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in the rain-forest of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. American Journal of Primatology, 2, 363-372.
31. Estrada, A., Mendoza, A., Castellanos, L., Pacheco, R., Van Belle, S., Garcia, Y., et al. (2002). Population of the black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) in a fragmented landscape in Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico. American Journal of Primatology, 58, 45-55.
32. Fleagle, J. G. (1999). Primate adaptation and evolution (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
33. Froelich, J. W., Thorington, R. W., & Otis, J. S. (1981). The demography of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. International Journal of Primatology, 2, 207-236.
34. Glander, K. E. (1980). Reproduction and population growth in free-ranging mantled howling monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 53, 25-36.
35. Glander, K. E. (1992). Dispersal patterns in Costa Rican mantled howling monkeys. International Journal of Primatology, 13, 415-436.
36. Gonzalez-Solis, J., Guix, J. C., Mateos, E., & Llorens, L. (2001). Population density of primates in a large fragment of the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10, 1267-1282.
37. Hill, R. A., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (1998). An evaluation of the roles of predation rate and predation risk as selective pressures on primate grouping behaviour. Behaviour, 135, 411-430.
38. Hill, R. A., & Lee, P. C. (1998). Predation risk as an influence on group size in cercopithecoid primates: Implications for social structure. Journal of Zoology, 245, 447-456.
39. Horwich, R. H., Brockett, R. C., James, R. A., & Jones, C. B. (2001). Population structure and group productivity of the Belizean black howling monkey (Alouatta pigra). Primate Report, 61, 47-65.
40. Hsieh, F. Y., Lavori, P. W., Cohen, H., & Feussner, J. R. (2003). An overview of variance inflation factors for sample-size calculation. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 26, 239-257.
41. Hubbell, S. P., & Foster, R. B. (1990). Structure, dynamics and equilibrium status of old-growth forest on Barro Colorado Island. In A. Gentry (Ed.) Four neotropical rainforests (pp. 522-541). New Haven: Yale University Press.
42. Isbell, L. A. (1994). Predation on primates: Ecological patterns and evolutionary consequences. Evolutionary Anthropology, 3(2), 61-71.
43. Isbell, L. A., Cheney, D. L., & Seyfarth, R. M. (1990). Costs and benefits of home range shifts among vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 27, 351-358.
44. Janson, C. H. (1988). Food competition in brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)- Quantitative effects of group-size and tree productivity. Behaviour, 105, 53-76.
45. Janson, C. H. (1992). Evolutionary ecology of primate social structure. In E. A. Smith, & B. Winterhalder (Eds.) Evolutionary ecology and human behavior (pp. 95-130). New York: de Gruyter.
46. Janson, C. H. (2000). Primate socio-ecology: The end of a golden age. Evolutionary Anthropology, 9, 73-86.
47. Janson, C. H., & Goldsmith, M. L. (1995). Predicting group-size in primates-Foraging costs and predation risks. Behavioral Ecology, 6, 326-336.
48. Jones, A. L., DeGusta, D., Turner, S. P., Campbell, C. J., & Milton, K. (2000). Craniometric variation in a population of mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata): Evidence of size selection in females and growth in dentally mature males. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 113, 411-434.
49. Krause, J., & Ruxton, G. D. (2002). Living in groups. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
50. Lande, R., & Arnold, S. J. (1983). The measurement of selection on correlated characters. Evolution, 37, 1210-1226.
51. Milton, K. (1980). The foraging strategy of howler monkeys: A study in primate economics. New York: Columbia University Press.
52. Milton, K. (1982). Dietary quality and demographic regulation in a howler monkey population. In E. G. Leigh, E. S. Rand, & D. M. Windsor (Eds.) The ecology of a tropical rain forest: Seasonal rhythms and long-term changes (pp. 273-289). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
53. Milton, K. (1984). Habitat, diet, and activity patterns of free-ranging woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides E: Geoffroy 1806). International Journal of Primatology, 5, 491-514.
54. Milton, K. (1996). Effects of bot fly (Alouattamyia baeri) parasitism on a free-ranging howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) population in Panama. Journal of Zoology, 239, 39-63.
55. Milton, K., Giacalone, J., Wright, S. J., & Stockmayer, G. (2005). Do population fluctuations of neotropical frugivores reflect fruit production estimates? Evidence from Barro Colorado Island. In J. L. Dew, & J. P. Boubli (Eds.) Tropical fruits and frugivores: The search for strong interactors (pp. 5-35). The Netherlands: Springer.
56. Nunn, C. L. (1999). The number of males in primate social groups: A comparative test of the socioecological model. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 46, 1-13.
57. Ostro, L. E. T., Silver, S. C., Koontz, F. W., Horwich, R. H., & Brockett, R. (2001). Shifts in social structure of black howler (Alouatta pigra) groups associated with natural and experimental variation in population density. International Journal of Primatology, 22, 733-748.
58. Pope, T. R. (1998). Effects of demographic change on group kin structure and gene dynamics of populations of red howling monkeys. Journal of Mammalogy, 79, 692-712.
59. Pope, T. R. (2000). Reproductive success increases with degree of kinship in cooperative coalitions of female red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 48, 253-267.
60. Sall, J. (1990). Leverage plots for general linear hypotheses. American Statistician, 44, 308-315.
61. SAS (1989-2002) JMP Version 5 (Academic). In SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
62. Snaith, T. V., & Chapman, C. A. (2007). Primate group size and interpreting socioecological models: Do folivores really play by different rules. Evolutionary Anthropology, 16, 94-106.
63. Southwick, C. H. (1963). Challenging aspects of the behavioral ecology of howling monkeys. In C. H. Southwick (Ed.) Primate social behavior (pp. 185-191). Princeton: D. Van Nostrand.
64. Steenbeek, R., Piek, R. C., van Buul, M., & van Hooff, J. (1999). Vigilance in wild Thomas's langurs (Presbytis thomasi): The importance of infanticide risk. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 45, 137-150.
65. Sterck, E. H. M., Watts, D. P., & van Schaik, C. P. (1997). The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 41, 291-309.
66. Treves, A. (2001). Reproductive consequences of variation in the composition of howler monkey (Alouatta spp.) groups. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 61-71.
67. Treves, A., & Chapman, C. A. (1996). Conspecific threat, predation avoidance, and resource defense: Implications for grouping in langurs. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 39, 43-53.
68. van Schaik, C. P. (1983). Why are diurnal primates living in groups. Behaviour, 87, 120-144.
69. van Schaik, C. P. (1996). Social evolution in primates: the role of ecological factors and male behaviour. In W. G. Runciman, J. Maynard-Smith, & R. I. M. Dunbar (Eds.) Evolution of social behavior patterns in primates and man (pp. 9-31). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
70. van Schaik, C. P., & Horstermann, M. (1994). Predation risk and the number of adult males in a primate group-A comparative test. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 35, 261-272.
71. Velleman, P. F., & Welsch, R. E. (1981). Efficient computing of regression diagnostics. American Statistician, 35, 234-242.
72. Wang, E., & Milton, K. (2003). Intragroup social relationships of male Alouatta palliata on Barro Colorado Island, Republic of Panama. International Journal of Primatology, 24, 1227-1243.
73. Wrangham, R. W. (1980). An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups. Behaviour, 75, 262-300.
74. Wrangham, R. W., Gittleman, J. L., & Chapman, C. A. (1993). Constraints on group size in primates and carnivores population density and day range as assays of exploitation competition. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 32, 199-209.
75. Zucker, E. L., & Clarke, M. R. (2003). Longitudinal assessment of immature-to-adult ratios in two groups of Costa Rican Alouatta palliata. International Journal of Primatology, 24, 87-101.