Prevalence and treatment of isolated and concurrent hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia in the United Kingdom

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 65, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 775-786

  MacDonald, Thomas M ^a   Morant, Steven V ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

^b Cygnus Biostatistics Ltd   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cholesterol; Cross sectional studies; Hypercholesterolaemia; Hypertension; Population based prevalence; Treatment patterns

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANION EXCHANGE RESIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLESTEROL; EZETIMIBE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FISH OIL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; NICOTINIC ACID; NITRATE; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; UNITED KINGDOM;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENTS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BLOOD PRESSURE; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE;

EID: 42149184634     PISSN: 03065251     EISSN: 13652125     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.03072.x     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Rayner M, Peterson S, for the British Heart Foundation Health Promotion Research Group. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics, 2000 edn. Oxford : British Heart Foundation Health Promotion Research Group, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Institute of Health Sciences, 2000.
2. De Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K, Brotons C, Cifkova R, Dallongeville J, Ebrahim S, Faergeman O, Graham I, Mancia G, Manger Cats V, Orth-Gomér K, Perk J, Pyörälä K, Rodicio JL, Sans S, Sansoy V, Sechtem U, Silber S, Thomsen T, Wood D. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. Eur Heart J 2003 24 : 1601 10.
3. Poulter N. Global risk of cardiovascular disease. Heart 2003 89 (Suppl. 2 ii2 5 discussion ii35 7.
4. Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet 2002 360 : 1347 60.
5. Kannel WB. Risk stratification in hypertension: new insights from the Framingham Study. Am J Hypertens 2000 13 (1 Pt 2 3S 10S.
6. Wilson PW, Kannel WB, Silbershatz H, D'Agostino RB. Clustering of metabolic factors and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1999 159 : 1104 9.
7. Onat A, Hergenc G, Sari I, Turkmen S, Can G, Sansoy V. Dyslipidemic hypertension: distinctive features and cardiovascular risk in a prospective population-based study. Am J Hypertens 2005 18 : 409 16.
8. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Chen R, Kramarz P. Prevalence of individuals with both raised blood pressure and raised cholesterol in WHO MONICA project population surveys 1989-97. Eur Heart J 2004 25 : 234.
9. Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and death from coronary heart disease. Overall findings and differences by age for 316 0 99 white men. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1992 152 : 56 64.
10. Tunstall-Pedoe H. What was preventing coronary heart disease (CHD) prevention and why its time has now come. In : Effective Secondary Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Wood D, McLeod A, Davis M, Miles A. London : Aesculapius Press, 2002 3 13.
11. Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ, Davis M, McInnes GT, Potter JF, Sever PS, Thom SMcG. Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth Working Party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV. J Hum Hypertens 2004 18 : 139 85.
12. British Cardiac Society, British Hypertension Society, Diabetes UK, HEART UK, Primary Care Cardiovascular Society, Stroke Association. JBS 2: Joint British Societies' guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Heart 2005 91 (Suppl. 5 v1 52.
13. Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD, Schellenbaum G, Pahor M, Alderman MH, Weiss NS. Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis. JAMA 2003 289 : 2534 44.
14. Turnbull F. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003 362 : 1527 35.
15. Turnbull F, Neal B, Algert C, Chalmers J, Chapman N, Cutler J, Woodward M, MacMahon S. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med 2005 165 : 1410 9.
16. Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. BMJ 2003 326 : 1427.
17. LaRosa JC, He J, Vupputuri S. Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1999 282 : 2340 6.
18. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, Kirby A, Sourjina T, Peto R, Collins R, Simes R. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90 0 56 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005 366 : 1267 78.
19. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2003 326 : 1423.
20. Joint British recommendations on prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. British Cardiac Society, British Hyperlipidaemia Association, British Hypertension Society, endorsed by the British Diabetic Association. Heart 1998 80 (Suppl. 2 S1 29.
21. European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003 21 : 1011 53.
22. EUROASPIRE II Study Group. Lifestyle and risk factor management and use of drug therapies in coronary patients from 15 countries; principal results from EUROASPIRE II Euro Heart Survey Programme. Eur Heart J 2001 22 : 554 72.
23. Pearson TA, Laurora I, Chu H, Kafonek S. The lipid treatment assessment project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidemic patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Arch Intern Med 2000 160 : 459 67.
24. Primatesta P, Poulter NR. Lipid levels and the use of lipid-lowering agents in England and Scotland. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2004 11 : 484 8.
25. van Wyk JT, Picelli G, Dieleman JP, Mozaffari E, Kramarz P, van Wijk MA, van der Lei J, Sturkenboom MC. Management of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia in primary care in The Netherlands. Curr Med Res Opin 2005 21 : 839 48.
26. Johnson ML, Pietz K, Battleman DS, Beyth RJ. Therapeutic goal attainment in patients with hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia. Med Care 2006 44 : 39 46.
27. Primatesta P, Poulter NR. Levels of hypercholesterolaemia and improvement in its management in England: results from the Health Survey for England 2003. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006 64 : 292 8.
28. Primatesta P, Poulter NR. Lipid concentrations and the use of lipid lowering drugs: evidence from a national cross sectional survey. BMJ 2000 321 : 1322 5.
29. Primatesta P, Brookes M, Poulter NR. Improved hypertension management and control: results from the health survey for England 1998. Hypertension 2001 38 : 827 32.
30. Bourke A, Dattani H, Robinson M. Feasibility study and methodology to create a quality evaluated database of primary care data. Inform Prim Care 2004 12 : 171 177.
31. Bajekal M, Boreham R, Brookes M, Falaschetti E, Hirani V, Laiho V, Prior G, Tait C. Health Survey for England: Cardiovascular Disease. The Stationary Office, 1999. Available at http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/ doh/survey98/hse98.htm (last accessed 17 July 2007).
32. National Centre for Social Research and University College London, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 1998 [Computer File], 4th edn. Colchester : UK Data Archive, 2002. SN: 4150.
33. Sproston K, Primatesta P, eds. Health Survey for England: Cardiovascular Disease. The Stationary Office, 2003. Available at http://www.archive2.official- documents.co.uk/document/deps/doh/survey03/cardd/cardd05.htm (last accessed 17 December 2007).
34. National Centre for Social Research and University College London, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 2003 [computer file]. Colchester : UK Data Archive, 2005. SN: 5098.
35. Ramsay LE, Williams B, Johnston GD, MacGregor GA, Poston L, Potter JF, Poulter NR, Russell G. British Hypertension Society guidelines for hypertension management 1999: summary. BMJ 1999 319 : 630 5.
36. Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on coronary prevention. Eur Heart J 1998 19 : 1434 503.
37. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Whelton PK, He J. Worldwide prevalence of hypertension: a systematic review. J Hypertens 2004 22 : 11 9.
38. Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH, Mensah GA. Serum total cholesterol concentrations and awareness, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia among US adults: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000. Circulation 2003 107 : 2185 9.
39. Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Verschuren WM, Klungel OH, Kromhout D, Lindemans AD, Avorn J, Porsius AJ, de Boer A. Undertreatment of hypercholesterolaemia: a population-based study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003 55 : 389 97.
40. Selby JV, Peng T, Karter AJ, Alexander M, Sidney S, Lian J, Arnold A, Pettitt D. High rates of co-occurrence of hypertension, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and diabetes mellitus in a large managed care population. Am J Manag Care 2004 10 (2 Pt 2 163 70.
41. Johnson ML, Pietz K, Battleman DS, Beyth RJ. Prevalence of comorbid hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia and associated cardiovascular disease. Am J Manag Care 2004 10 : 926 32.
42. Wong ND, Lopez V, Franklin SS, Tang S, Williams GR. Prevalence, treatment status, and control of concomitant hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia in US adults in 2001-2002. Circulation 2005 112 : 831 (abstract, 3840).
43. Thomas F, Rudnichi A, Bacri AM, Bean K, Guize L, Benetos A. Cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive men according to presence of associated risk factors. Hypertension 2001 37 : 1256 61.
44. O'Meara JG, Kardia SL, Armon JJ, Brown CA, Boerwinkle E, Turner ST. Ethnic and sex differences in the prevalence, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolaemia among hypertensive adults in the GENOA study. Arch Intern Med 2004 164 : 1313 8.
45. Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Kramer H, Banegas JR, Giampaoli S, Joffres MR, Poulter N, Primatesta P, Stegamayr B, Thamm M. Hypertension treatment and control in five European Countries, Canada, and the United States. Hypertension 2004 43 : 10 7.
46. Ulrich S, Hingorani AD, Martin J, Vallance P. What is the optimal age for starting lipid lowering treatment? A mathematical model. BMJ 2000 320 : 1134 40.
47. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O'Brien E, Ostergren J ASCOT investigators. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial - Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003 361 : 1149 58.
48. Grol R, Grimshaw J. From best evidence to best practice: effective implementation of change in patients' care. Lancet 2003 362 : 1225 30.
49. Wald NJ, Law MR. A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. BMJ 2003 326 : 1419.
50. Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Lancet 2000 356 : 1955 64.
51. Joint National Committee on Prevention D, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health; 2003 May. Report no. 03-5233.
52. Beardon PH, McGilchrist MM, McKendrick AD, McDevitt DG, MacDonald TM. Primary non-compliance with prescribed medication in primary care. BMJ 1993 307 : 846 8.